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Masters Dissertation Integrated Management of Solanum Masters Dissertation Integrated management of Solanum mauritianum in the Highveld of Gauteng, South Africa Sanele Mtetwa Supervisors: Prof. Marcus J. Byrne Prof. Ed T. F. Witkowski University of the Witwatersrand School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences May 2019 i DECLARATION I, Sanele Mtetwa, declare that this Dissertation is my own work. It is being submitted for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted by me before for any other degree, diploma or examination at any other University or tertiary institution. Signature of candidate 28th day of May 2019 Supervisors: Prof. Marcus J. Byrne (University of the Witwatersrand) Prof. Ed T. F. Witkowski (University of the Witwatersrand) i DEDICATION To my late two grandmothers Agnes Mtetwa and Matuzana Gladys Mteto, and my late grandfather Ephraim Mnyamana Mtetwa, who played major roles in my life. My mother (Gloria Mtetwa), thank you for your love and support. Thank you! ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Marcus Byrne and Prof. Ed Witkowski for their guidance and support throughout my MSc. I would like to thank Wits University for paying my MSc tuition fees through the Wits Postgraduate Merit Award. I thank GDARD for providing funding for this project and for the love and support from the GDARD team whenever we met on our quarterly meetings and in symposiums. I also thank my friends for scooping laughs all the time and for reminding me that to finish was the goal. Most importantly I am very grateful to my grandparents for loving me always, and my mother for her big sense of humour in sunny days and the dark ones too. Thank you Ma for continuing to allow me to fall and not picking me up when I’m down. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................... 1 Biological invasions ............................................................................................................................ 1 Biological control................................................................................................................................ 3 Mechanical control .............................................................................................................................. 7 Integrated control ................................................................................................................................ 7 The target weed: Solanum mauritianum ............................................................................................. 8 Solanum mauritianum biology and invasiveness ............................................................................ 8 Solanum mauritianum reproduction .............................................................................................. 10 Solanum mauritianum impacts...................................................................................................... 10 Biocontrol of Solanum mauritianum................................................................................................. 11 Gargaphia decoris ........................................................................................................................ 11 Anthonomus santacruzi ................................................................................................................. 12 Integrated control of Solanum mauritianum ..................................................................................... 14 Aim and Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 15 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER TWO: Establishment of Gargaphia decoris and Anthonomus santacruzi in the Highveld ............................................................................................................................................... 16 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Methods and Materials ...................................................................................................................... 21 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 27 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER THREE: Impacts of mechanical control and, mechanical and chemical control combined, on Solanum mauritianum survival and re-growth ......................................................... 41 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................. 41 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 42 iv Methods and Materials ...................................................................................................................... 44 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 46 Effect of stem diameter ................................................................................................................. 48 Effect of the number of stems per tree .......................................................................................... 53 Effect of cutting height ................................................................................................................. 53 Effect of cutting season ................................................................................................................. 55 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................... 57 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER FOUR: Synthesis and conclusion .................................................................................. 61 References ......................................................................................................................................... 65 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 86 v LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER ONE: Figure 1: The recorded distribution of Solanum mauritianum in South Africa. (www.arc.agric.za). ... 9 Figure 2: Adults of the sap-sucking lace bug, Gargaphia decoris. (www.arc.agric.za). ..................... 12 Figure 3: Anthonomus santacruzi adult weevil. (www.arc.agric.za). .................................................. 13 CHAPTER TWO: Figure 1: Different release strategies of Anthonomus santacruzi and Gargaphia decoris on Solanum mauritianum trees: (a) Bagged insects, (b) unbagged insects, (c) protecting the insects with ant-tack, and (d) not protecting the insects with ant-tack. ................................................................................... 25 Figure 2: The survival of bagged Gargaphia decoris and Anthonomus santacruzi on Solanum mauritianum trees at the Wits nursery. The treatments (n=7 trees each) included trees exposed to G. decoris only, A. santacruzi only, A. santacruzi and G. decoris together, and a control (no insects). A total of n=20 insects were released per tree. Anthonomus santacruzi and G. decoris together, had n=10 A. santacruzi and n=10 G. decoris insects per tree (mean ±SE). In each treatment four trees were protected by ant-tack and three were unprotected (without ant-tack). (N=total count, n=sample count).
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