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Earls Colne's Early Modern Landscapes EARLS COLNE’S EARLY MODERN LANDSCAPES For my father Coinneach MhicFhionghuin (1927–1990), from the Isle of Skye, Scotland & Mary Valley, Queensland, Australia & my Great Aunt Mary Wall (1904–1992) from Cumberland, England, and Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. Earls Colne’s Early Modern Landscapes D OLLY MACKINNON University of Queensland, Australia First published 2014 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Dolly MacKinnon 2014 Dolly MacKinnon has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: MacKinnon, Dolly. Earls Colne’s early modern landscapes / by Dolly MacKinnon. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–7546–3964–0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Earls Colne (England) – History. 2. Earls Colne (England) – Historical geography. 3. Material culture – England – Earls Colne – History. 4. Earls Colne (England) – Ar- chival resources. I. Title. DA 690.E1187M33 2014 942.6’715–dc23 2013042218 ISBN 9780754639640 (hbk) ISBN 9781315578361 (ebk) Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Plates xi List of Abbreviations and Symbols xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Prologue: A Well-trodden Field 1 PART I: WAYS OF SEEING AND REMEMBERING GOd’s LANDSCAPE 2 In the Footsteps of Antiquarians: Earls Colne 23 3 Amyce’s Plot in 1598 37 4 God’s Landscape: St Andrew’s Church and Beyond 61 5 Death’s Posthumous Hand 79 PART II: INHABITING THE LORD’S LANDSCAPE 6 Pews: ‘may sit to pray’ 89 7 The ‘concession to erect seats’ 99 8 Populating the Pews: Ship Money 113 9 Voices from the Pews: Petitions 123 10 ‘My body to the earth’: Burial Nominations 139 11 What the Dead have to say for Themselves 149 vi Earls Colne’s Early Modern Landscapes 12 Perpetual Memorials 159 13 What the Burial Registers have to say about the Dead 197 14 Inclusions and Exclusions 211 15 Scratched into History 223 PART III: REMEMBERING, FORGETTING AND CLAIMING THE LANDSCAPE 16 Re-membering the Priory 231 17 The Diabolical in Earls Colne 249 18 From Cross Gate Road to Coggeshall Road 263 19 The Quaker’s Landscape 271 20 Epilogue: Signatures in the Landscape 285 Bibliography 293 Index 315 List of Figures 2.1 John Wale’s modifications to the Priory Manor House, c.1740. 31 2.2 Earls Colne Priory, Sketch by Elizabeth Phillips, c.1817. 34 3.1 Amyce’s building symbols, 1598, for houses, mills and barns used in the map of Earls Colne. 53 3.2 Chalkney Mill, c.1780. 54 3.3 A comparison of the symbols used by Amyce in 1598 with the symbols used by Carwardine, c.1810. 58 4.1 Sketch of St Andrew’s Church, Earls Colne, Essex by Daniel King, 1653. 66 4.2 Evolution of St Andrew’s Church, c.1313–1864. 70 6.1 Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford. 92 7.1 St Andrew’s Church seating, c.1590–1835. 100 7.2 ICBS Plan of St Andrew’s Church, Earls Colne, 1835. 105 7.3 ICBS plans of St Andrew’s Church seating, 1838. 106 7.4 ICBS plan of St Andrew’s Church seating, c.1864. 107 11.1 Funeral monuments in St Andrew’s Church, c.1490–1750. 152 11.2 St Andrew’s Churchyard, 1598–1866. 156–7 12.1 Roger Harlakenden monument of 1602/03. 165 12.2 Jane and Mabel Harlakenden monument of 1614. 169 12.3 Mehetabell Elliston monument of 1657. 171 12.4 George Cressener monument of 1722. 179 12.5 Thomas, 8th Earl of Oxford. 185 12.6 Richard, 11th Earl of Oxford. 186 12.7 Alice Sergeaux. 187 12.8 John Eldred monument of 1646. 189 16.1 Avenue to Earls Colne Church, Sketch by Elizabeth Phillips, 1842. 232 16.2 Cross, erected by the Earls Colne Society, 2000. 234 viii Earls Colne’s Early Modern Landscapes 16.3 F.H. Fairweather Plan of Colne Priory, 1938. 235 19.1 Quaker Meeting House, 1980. 275 20.1 Ralph Josselin, west door St Andrew’s Church, 1993. 287 List of Tables 2.1 De Vere interments, monuments and epitaphs at Colne Priory, c.1110–1526. 26 3.1 Manorial Lords of the manors of Earls Colne and Colne Priory, c.1100–c.1750. 41 3.2 Stewards for the manor of Earls Colne, 1585–1750. 43 3.3 The Stewards of Colne Priory Manor, 1592–1750. 44 3.4 Years manorial courts were not held, 1604–1750. 46 3.5 Months in which manorial courts were held for Colne Priory, 1561–1750, and for Earls Colne, 1577–1750. 46 3.6 Full tenants’ list for Colne Priory compiled by Thomas Cole Esq., steward, 1625. 47 3.7 Total combined demesne, freehold and copyhold acreages for the manors of Earls Colne and Colne Priory, lying in Earls Colne, Colne Engaine and White Colne in 1598. 49 3.8 Demesne, freehold and copyhold acreages in Earls Colne and Colne Priory manors in 1598. 50 3.9 Wooded areas in both manors in 1598. 59 4.1 Measurements of the chancel of St Andrew’s Church, Earls Colne. 72 8.1 Distribution of villagers assessed in the Ship Money return of 1636–37. 116 8.2 Title or occupation of villagers and the size of the Ship Money rate they paid in 1636–37. 118 10.1 Earls Colne burial nominations, 1490–1750. 144 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Plates (Plates between pages 158 and 159) 1 Arms, in stained glass, in the Chamber over Hall, Colne Priory, by D.K., 1653. Source: Reproduction of Add. 27348 fol. 32 by permission of The British Library Board. 2 Glass Windows in the Hall, Earls Colne Priory, by D.K., 1653. Source: Reproduction of Add. 27348 fol. 33 by permission of The British Library Board. 3 Overview of the Amyce map, 1598. 4 Detail of Colne Priory Manor House partially enclosed by brick walls, and part of Holt Street and the River Colne, from Amyce map, 1598. 5 Detail of Lodge Farm, which is a moated site from the Amyce map, 1598. 6 Detail of Prucknutts Farm and Mitchells Copyhold on Cross Gate Road (by the seventeenth century known as Coggeshall Road) from the Amyce map, 1598. 7 Missal, leaf and sheet with music. Source: Reproduction of D/Dpr553 by courtesy of the Essex Record Office. 8 Richard Harlakenden’s initials. Author’s photo. This page has been left blank intentionally List of Abbreviations and Symbols b. buried bap. baptised BL British Library bn. born c. circa ch. christened d pence d. died ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ERO Essex Record Office fl. flourished Fr Friday FAS Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ICBS Incorporated Church Building Society LPL Lambeth Palace Library LRO London Record Office Li £ sterling Mo Monday NSPMD National Society for Preserving the Memorials of the Dead PRO Public Record Office (now The National Archives) RCHME Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England Sa Saturday S shilling SPAB Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Su Sunday Tu Tuesday TNA The National Archives Th Thursday VCH Victoria County History We Wednesday xiv Earls Colne’s Early Modern Landscapes Land Measurements All land measurements are listed in acres (a), roods or rod (r) and perches (p). 40 perches = 1 rood (or rod) 40 roods = 1 acre 1 acre = 160 perches Length Measurements The following symbols are used in this book: feet (‘), and inches (‘’). 12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet = 1 yard English Currency All monetary amounts are listed in pounds (£), shillings (s) and pence (d). 12 pennies = 1 shilling 20 shillings = £1 1 guinea = Usually 21 shillings but also can be 20s. After 1717, fixed at £1 1s. Dates Dates used throughout this book adhere to the Julian calendar, with each year beginning on 25 March. Earls Colne Printed and Electronic Archives Both the printed and electronic versions of this archive are used throughout this book: A. Macfarlane (ed.), Records of an English Village, Earls Colne 1400–1750 [Microfiche] (Cambridge, 1980) andEarls Colne, Essex: Records of an English Village, 1375–1854, http://linux02.lib.cam.ac.uk/earlscolne/. When quoting from either source I have given the details of the holding archive, the individual document number for each item in square brackets, followed by the record series name, and the date. My citations distinguish between the microfiche and website documents: microfiche numbers use a decimal point system, whereas the website documents do not. Acknowledgements Anyone moderately familiar with the rigours of composition will not need to be told the story in detail; how he wrote and it seemed good; read and it seemed vile; corrected and tore up; cut out; put in; was in ecstasy; in despair; had his good nights and bad mornings; snatched at ideas and lost them; saw his book plain before him and it vanished; acted his people’s parts as he ate; mouthed them as he walked; now cried; now laughed; vacillated between this style and that; now preferred the heroic and pompous; next the plain and simple; now the vales of Tempe; then the fields of Kent or Cornwall; and could not decide whether he was the divinest genius or the greatest fool in the world.1 I would like to offer my thanks to the following people: Professor
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