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Historical Review HISTORICAL REVIEW APRIL 1965 ST. LOUIS LEVEE, 1871 The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1949, Chapter 183. OFFICERS 1962-65 Roy D. WILLIAMS, Boonville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, Second Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Third Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Fourth Vice President WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fifth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau L. M. WHITE, Mexico GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1965 FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis R. I. COLBORN, Paris GEORGE W. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana WILLIAM C. TUCKER, Warrensburg Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1966 BARTLETT BODER, St. Joseph LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville STANLEY J. GOODMAN, St. Louis W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, Stanberry JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston HENRY C. THOMPSON, Bonne Terre Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1967 WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington *FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis JAMES TODD, Moberly GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee. FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President of the Society at each annual meeting of the Executive Committee constitute the Finance Committee. L. M. WHITE, Mexico, Chairman ELMER ELLIS, Columbia GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City W. C. HEWITT, Shelbyville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield •Deceased Volume LIX April 1965 Number 3 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL -•^-r.-7T-"T.sr"f •• • "-/L^fe SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR JAMES E. MOSS ASSOCIATE EDITOR DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSISTANT EDITOR The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is published quar­ terly at 119 South Elson Street, Kirksville, Missouri. Send communications and change of address to The State Histor­ ical Societv of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Second class postage is paid al Kirksville, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The Stole Historical Society of Missouri Membership dues in the Society are $1.00 a year or $25 for an individual life member­ ship. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. CONTENTS Page MOSES LEWIS LINTON, "DOCTOR OF EPIGRAMS." By William E. Parrish. .293 STEAMBOATS AT THE BAR. THE KEOKUK NORTHERN LINE, 1873-1888. By Robert C. Toole 302 POPE'S NEW MADRID AND ISLAND NUMBER TEN CAMPAIGNS. By Jay Carlton Mullen 324 A NOTE ON THE LEAD MINES OF MISSOURI: HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT TO WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD, 1820. By Brad Luckingham 344 MARK TWAIN'S BASIC POLITICAL CONCEPTS: MAN, PARTIES, DEMOCRACY. By /. Harold Smith 349 NOTES ON THE MISSOURI GERMANS ON SLAVERY. By A. A. Dunson 355 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Governor Dalton Presents Official Papers to Western Historical Manu­ scripts and State Historical Society 367 The Shooting Match 368 List of Champion Trees in Missouri 370 News in Brief 372 Local Historical Societies 374 Commemorative Events 386 Honors and Tributes 387 Gifts 388 Missouri History in Newspapers 390 Missouri Historical Data in Magazines 394 In Memoriam 396 Book Reviews 398 Book Notes 406 PHELPS COUNTY COURTHOUSE Verso Back Cover WILLIAM CARR LANE Back Cover THE COVER: "The Levee At St. Louis, 1871." The October 14, 1871, issue of Harper's Weekly published in New York City, from which the cover illustration was taken, reported that the St. Louis levee "extends for miles along the river-bank, and, as our illustration shows, presents a very lively appearance. The western steamboats are better subjects for the artist's pencil than those to which we are accustomed, being more picturesque in form, and the character and costumes of crew and passengers being often outlandish and curious." See page 302 for article on steamboating. MOSES LEWIS LINTON BY WILLIAM E. PARRISH* ''Richmond is ours, Rebellion's crushed, And Treason now must yield; Yea, yield it must altho' there were 'Three Richmonds in the field.' The victor power, the glorious power Will then its scourgings cease, And welcome back her erring sons With Godlike smiles of peace." In such an impromptu fashion Dr. Moses Lewis Linton of St. Louis revealed his emotions as he sat on the floor of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1865 and heard the announcement of the fall of Richmond to General Grant's army. The leading spirit of the Convention, Charles Daniel Drake of St. Louis, seized an *William E. Parrish, Ph.D., professor of history at Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, is the author of two books, David Rice Atchison of Missouri, Border Politician and Turbulent Partner­ ship: Missouri and the Union, 1861-1865, and numerous historical articles which have appeared in a variety of scholarly journals. 293 294 Missouri Historical Review American flag, sprang upon a chair, and called for nine cheers, "which was done with a will."1 The State constitution which the Convention was just complet­ ing failed to evidence the noble sentiments expressed by Dr. Linton in the last two lines of his verse. Missouri had emerged from the Civil War riding a wave of Radicalism calling for a spirit of venge­ ance toward those who had sympathized in any fashion with the defeated South. Led by Drake, the Radical party produced a new organic law for Missouri in 1865 which reflected that feeling in its "iron-clad" oath. As embodied in Article II the oath bound anyone who would vote, hold office, perform jury service, practice law, teach, preach, perform marriage ceremonies, or serve as a corpora­ tion official to swear on as many as eighty-six counts that he had given no aid or comfort to any enemy of the United States at any time whatsoever.2 As the struggle over the constitution developed within the Convention, Dr. Linton proved one of the most caustic critics of that document and of Drake. Through his florid debate and his epigrammatic wit, both in the Convention and during the ratifica­ tion campaign, Linton kept up a steady torrent of argument against what he sardonically termed the "Draconian Code."3 Indeed, in hurling this bitter phrase at the constitution, Linton provided Drake's enemies with an epithet which they used mercilessly in the years which followed.4 A native of Kentucky, Dr. Linton had graduated from Transyl­ vania University and then studied abroad at Edinburgh and Paris. In the French capital, he met Dr. Charles A. Pope of St. Louis who persuaded him to join the first faculty of the new medical college of St. Louis University in 1842 as professor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. The following year, Linton established the St. Louis Medical and Surgical Journal, the first such publication west of the Mississippi. Thereafter he made frequent scholarly contributions to the field of publication in medicine. For thirty Charles Daniel Drake, "Autobiography," manuscript collections, State Historical Societv of Missouri, 1078-79. '-AVilliam E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861-1865 (Columbia, Mo., 1963), 200-2. sThis had reference to the first codification of laws in ancient Greece in the 7th century, B. C, by one Dracon. Although he did not establish any new laws, Dracon's work in codifying the existing practices of the courts brought into bold relief the harshness of society. Upon their realization of the extremity of the law, especially as it applied to homicide, the common people are said to have cried out: "The laws of Dracon are written in blood. These are not the laws of Dracon, but of dracon (dragon)." Herbert N. Couch and Russell M. Geer, Classical Civilization: Greece (New York, 1940), 109. 4Linton apparently first used this term in replying to a speech by Drake defending certain provisions of the "iron-clad oath." He used it again in his final speech to the convention when he denounced the constitution and stated his reasons for voting against it. St. Louis Missouri Republi­ can, January 30, 1865; St. Louis Missouri Democrat, April 10, 1865. Moses Lewis Linton 295 years he devoted himself to his calling with occasional side-trips into politics. At his death in 1872, the St. Louis Missouri Democrat could reflect: "As a teacher he was distinguished for faithfulness and ability, and as a practitioner for conscientiousness and great profesvsional skill."5 Drake characterized Linton as "a good man, and a true Unionist, but before all things and above all things ... in every fibre a Roman Catholic." He contended that the doctor's hostility derived from his primary loyalty to his church.6 The constitution provided that only governmental property and that used
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