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Sports Tourism Participation at the World Gymnaestrada

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Sports Tourism Participation at the World Gymnaestrada SPORTS TOURISM PARTICIPATION AT THE WORLD GYMNAESTRADA: AN EXPRESSION AND EXPERIENCE OF COMMUNITY AND IDENTITY ANGELA WICHMANN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Brighton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 This page intentionally left blank. 2 Abstract This PhD thesis is concerned with sports tourism as a way of experiencing a sense of self, belonging and location in the social world. It is about how identity is developed, expressed and experienced when gymnasts interact within their specific sports community while travelling to take part in a non-competitive, international group gymnastics event. In particular, the research aim is to identify and make sense of the meaning participants attach to their involvement in sports event tourism in the context of the 2011 World Gymnaestrada in Lausanne/Switzerland, the purely non- competitive, official world event of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). The research intends to contribute to a more comprehensive and differentiated understanding of participation in sports tourism. It is informed by a rich theoretical framework consisting of the conceptual notion of community, along with identity, Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘habitus’ and Robert Stebbins’ ‘Serious Leisure’. All four concepts address questions of belonging and distinction, of similarity and difference, of access to and membership of a collective, and, last but not least, of locating oneself in the social world. Not only are these and related issues deemed under-researched, yet insightful in the field of sports tourism; they also emerge as significant themes and insights from the socio-historical analysis of the World Gymnaestrada. Drawing on subtle realism as a philosophical position and informed by ethnographic principles, rich qualitative data were collected during a three-phase research process (pre-event, event, post-event), combining participant observation, in-depth interviews and document analysis. The findings reveal that participating in the World Gymnaestrada provides a platform to experience and conceptualise a sense of belonging to a group in both a physical and social way. The participants form a community whose constituents of affiliation endorsement are commitment, expertise and telling stories and whose basic foundation is travelling and being away from home. The World Gymnaestrada community is simultaneously social and physical, place- bound and spread beyond boundaries. It develops, expresses and experiences a collective identity that is episodic and, at the same time, perpetual in nature. The 3 community, hence, both challenges and balances many of the binaries the literature on community and identity proposes. The contribution to knowledge is constituted on various levels. Firstly, the research provides an in-depth and context-based understanding of participation in sports tourism by identifying a variety of relationships between emerging research themes in the field. Secondly, the contribution to knowledge stems from exploring theoretical notions which emerge from the socio-historical analysis of gymnastics in a contemporary research setting that is beneficial for the theoretical ideas to emerge. Thirdly, the PhD thesis helps to better understand the notion of community in the twenty-first century by concluding with a context-based interpretation of the concept that connects sports tourism participation to wider issues in the social world in which it occurs. Drawing on the metaphor of hibernation, this interpretation suggests a unique form of community that is constituted and confirmed through intense social and physical encounters that keep the community’s meaning alive in the participants’ minds until they meet again next time. Key words: Sports tourism participation; World Gymnaestrada; gymnastics; community; identity; sense of self; sense of belonging 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 7 List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... 11 Declaration ................................................................................................................................................ 13 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Background and rationale .................................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Research aim and objectives ................................................................................................................ 17 1.3 The structure of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 20 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 The socio-historical context of the World Gymnaestrada ...................................................................... 24 2.1.1 The emergence and socio-political significance of gymnastics movements .................................... 24 2.1.2 National gymnastics festivals as symbols and catalysts of the gymnastics movements ................... 29 2.1.3 The development and meaning of collective gymnastics displays .................................................. 33 2.1.4 The emergence and development of the World Gymnaestrada ..................................................... 36 2.2 The development and nature of understanding sports tourism participation ........................................ 40 2.2.1 The development of sports tourism .............................................................................................. 41 2.2.2 Conceptual debates, issues and research topics ............................................................................ 47 2.2.3 Categorising sports tourism: The significance and limitations of typologies ................................... 52 2.2.4 Making sense of sports tourism: Understanding the nature of participation .................................. 57 2.2.5 Researching sports tourism: Methodological considerations, approaches and problems ............... 71 2.2.6 Sports tourism research into aesthetic sports................................................................................ 77 2.2.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 80 2.3 Theorising sports tourism participation ................................................................................................ 81 2.3.1 Serious Leisure ............................................................................................................................. 84 2.3.2 Habitus ......................................................................................................................................... 88 2.3.3 Identity ......................................................................................................................................... 95 2.3.4 Community ................................................................................................................................. 101 2.4 Conclusion: The World Gymnaestrada as the focus for researching sports tourism participation ......... 109 3. METHODOLOGY AND METHODS ............................................................................................. 113 3.1 Research approach: Theoretical considerations .................................................................................. 113 3.1.1 Debates related to the research purpose .................................................................................... 114 3.1.2 Theoretical perspective: Realism, relativism, reflexivity ............................................................... 118 5 3.1.3 Research methodology: An approach drawing on ethnographic principles .................................. 121 3.2 Research design: Methods and process .............................................................................................. 125 3.2.1 Research methods ...................................................................................................................... 125 3.2.2 Research process ........................................................................................................................ 127 3.2.3 Ethical considerations ................................................................................................................. 142 3.2.4 Data collection and analysis ........................................................................................................ 144 3.2.5 Criteria for evaluation ................................................................................................................. 147 3.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................
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