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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 17 Maggio 2021

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Coronavirus: Quello Che C'è Da Sapere – 17 Maggio 2021 Coronavirus: quello che c’è da sapere – 17 maggio 2021 Sommario Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ...................................................................2 Come viene diagnosticata la malattia Covid-19? ...................................22 Quando è arrivata in Italia? .......................................................................2 Che cosa sono i test sierologici? a cosa servono? ................................24 A cosa è dovuta l’infezione? .....................................................................2 Chi viene colpito dalla malattia Covid-19? ............................................24 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia? ....................................................................2 Quanto è letale il virus? Quali sono i fattori di rischio? .........................25 Che cosa sono i coronavirus? ...................................................................2 Quali sono le conseguenze a medio e lungo termine del Covid-19? .....29 Qual è l’origine del virus? .........................................................................4 Il virus può mutare? ..................................................................................5 Esiste un vaccino? ...................................................................................30 Come si trasmette l’infezione? .................................................................9 Quali sono le terapie disponibili?............................................................43 I bambini sono più soggetti all’infezione? .............................................12 Quali sono i rischi sanitari legati all’epidemia? .....................................55 La malattia può essere trasmessa da una persona senza sintomi? .....15 Quali sono i rischi politici, economici e sociali legati all’epidemia? ....59 L’infezione può essere trasmessa dagli animali all’uomo (e Quali sono le nazioni più colpite dall’epidemia? ....................................60 viceversa)? ...............................................................................................16 Quanto è diffusa l’epidemia in Italia? .....................................................62 Come è possibile limitare la diffusione del virus? .................................17 È utile indossare la mascherina? ............................................................18 Quali misure sono state prese in Italia? .................................................64 Quanto dura l’immunità? È possibile reinfettarsi? ................................19 Possiamo viaggiare in Italia ed all’estero? ............................................69 Il virus può diventare endemico?............................................................21 Dove è possibile trovare informazioni affidabili? ..................................72 I prodotti alimentari che acquistiamo e l’acqua potabile sono sicuri? .22 Il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale e il ruolo dell’Istituto Nazionale Cosa fare se si sospetta di aver contratto l’infezione? ..........................22 Malattie Infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” ................................................73 Indice dei grafici e delle tabelle Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 Andamento delle vaccinazioni nel mondo, 17 maggio 2021..................37 abitanti, settimane 17-18 (26 aprile - 9 maggio) .....................................1 Andamento della campagna vaccinale in Italia, 17 maggio 2021 .........38 Totale casi e decessi nel mondo, 17 maggio 2021 ...................................3 Andamento della campagna vaccinale per regione, 17 maggio 2021 ...39 I quattro scenari possibili di inizio dell’epidemia ....................................4 Prime 10 nazioni per numero di nuovi casi, 17 maggio 2021 ................42 Riepilogo delle principali varianti virali ....................................................6 Sperimentazioni cliniche approvate in Italia al 29 aprile 2020 .............44 Incidenza del Covid-19 in Europa, casi per 100.000 abitanti, L’epidemia in Italia, 17 maggio 2021 ......................................................48 settimane 17-18 (26 aprile - 9 maggio) ....................................................8 Nuovi casi positivi in Italia nell’ultimo mese ..........................................51 Incremento giornaliero dei casi positivi nel mondo nell’ultimo mese ..11 Le dieci Regioni italiane con più casi, 17 maggio 2021 .........................52 Strumenti di mitigazione per ridurre la trasmissione del virus .............12 Decessi Covid-19 per 100.000 abitanti in Italia, 17 maggio 2021 .........55 Decessi Covid-19 per milione di abitanti, 17 maggio 2021 ...................14 Tasso di positività dei tamponi effettuati in Italia ..................................56 Distribuzione dei casi nel mondo e in Europa, 17 maggio 2021 ............16 Trend settimanale e mensile di casi e decessi nelle regioni OMS, 17 Le dieci nazioni con più casi e decessi, 17 maggio 2021 ......................18 maggio 2021 ............................................................................................59 Casi positivi per fasce di età in Italia 16 aprile - 16 maggio .................24 Indicatori dell’epidemia per regione, 17 maggio 2021 ..........................61 Principali patologie associate ai decessi in Italia, 29 aprile 2021.........25 Fase 2: monitoraggio regionale 3 - 9 maggio 2021 ................................63 Mortalità in eccesso in Italia tra il 1 gennaio 2020 e il 28 febbraio Decessi per fasce di età in Italia, 12 maggio 2021 ................................26 2021 rispetto alla media 2015-2019 .......................................................65 Casi e decessi giornalieri nelle aree più colpite, 17 maggio 2021 ........28 Decessi in Italia 1 marzo 2020 - 28 febbraio 2021 a confronto con la Vaccini approvati per l’utilizzo e sperimentazioni interrotte, 17 media 2015-2019 .....................................................................................66 maggio 2021 ............................................................................................31 Andamento dei decessi in Italia suddivisi per regione, gennaio 2020 Candidati vaccini in fase clinica, 10 maggio 2021 .................................32 - febbraio 2021 ........................................................................................71 Per agevolare la lettura, nell’indice e nel documento sono evidenziate in giallo le parti aggiornate rispetto all’edizione precedente. https://www.inmi.it/aggiornamenti-coronavirus Incidenza del Covid-19 negli ultimi 14 giorni, casi per 100.000 abitanti, settimane 17-18 (26 aprile - 9 maggio) Fonte: ECDC a cura di Salvatore Curiale - direzione scientifica Istituto Nazionale Malattie infettive “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS – Roma – © INMI 2021 1 Quando è iniziata l’epidemia? ha condotto una analisi retrospettiva6 sui tamponi oro-faringei dei Il 31 dicembre 2019 le autorità sanitarie cinesi hanno reso nota la casi sospetti di morbillo raccolti tra settembre 2019 e febbraio 2020 presenza di un focolaio di sindrome febbrile, associata a polmonite di nell’ambito della rete di sorveglianza integrata morbillo e rosolia Mo- origine sconosciuta, tra gli abitanti di Wuhan, città di circa 11 milio- RoNet. Dall’analisi è emersa la positività ad un gene del SARS-CoV-2 ni di abitanti situata nella provincia di Hubei, nella Cina Centro-me- del campione di un bambino di 4 anni abitante nell’hinterland mila- ridionale, alla confluenza tra il Fiume Azzurro e il fiume Han, a circa nese e senza alcun link con la Cina, che il 21 novembre 2019 aveva 1.100 chilometri da Pechino, 800 da Shangai, 1.000 da Hong Kong. manifestato sintomi (tosse e rinite), il 30 novembre era stato porta- In un primo momento il punto di partenza dell’infezione è stato iden- to al pronto soccorso con sintomi respiratori e vomito, il 1° dicembre tificato nel mercato del pesce e di altri animali vivi (c.d. “wet market”) aveva avuto un’eruzione cutanea simile a quella che si manifesta con di Huanan, al centro della città di Wuhan, che è stato chiuso il 1 gen- il morbillo, e il 5 dicembre aveva effettuato il tampone oro-faringeo naio 2020, ma è ormai confermato che il mercato è stato soltanto il per la diagnosi clinica del sospetto morbillo. Un altro studio condot- primo amplificatore dell’infezione, iniziata settimane prima. to dall’Istituto Tumori di Milano e dall’Università di Siena7 ha cerca- L’analisi del sangue di oltre 38.000 donatori sani a Wuhan e in altre to gli anticorpi del SARS-CoV-2 nei campioni di sangue prelevati a due città cinesi, Shenzen (estremo sud) e Shijiazhuang (estremo nord) 959 pazienti che tra settembre 2019 e marzo 2020 si erano sottopo- tra gennaio ed aprile 2020) ha evidenziato una prevalenza, ovvero una sti a screening per la prevenzione del cancro al polmone. Gli anticorpi percentuale di persone che avevano sviluppato anticorpi contro il vi- del coronavirus sono stati individuati nell’11,6% dei pazienti, in alcu- rus Sars-CoV-2, del 2,66% a Wuhan, dello 0,033% a Shenzen e dello ni casi in campioni prelevati a settembre del 2019. La ricerca sembre- 0,0028% a Shijiazhuang1. rebbe indicare una circolazione molto precoce del SARS-CoV-2 tra Nel corso di una conferenza stampa svoltasi a Wuhan il 9 febbra- individui asintomatici in Italia diversi mesi prima dell’identificazione io 2021 con gli esperti dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità del primo paziente. Si tratta di una ipotesi che necessita di ulteriori (OMS) chiamati ad indagare sull’origine dell’epidemia, si è appreso e solide conferme, da
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