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Collector's Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage
Liberty Coin Service Collector’s Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage (49 BC - AD 518) The Twelve Caesars - The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians (49 BC - AD 96) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Julius Caesar (49-44 BC) Augustus (31 BC-AD 14) Tiberius (AD 14 - AD 37) Caligula (AD 37 - AD 41) Claudius (AD 41 - AD 54) Tiberius Nero (AD 54 - AD 68) Galba (AD 68 - AD 69) Otho (AD 69) Nero Vitellius (AD 69) Vespasian (AD 69 - AD 79) Otho Titus (AD 79 - AD 81) Domitian (AD 81 - AD 96) The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (AD 96 - AD 192) Nerva (AD 96-AD 98) Trajan (AD 98-AD 117) Hadrian (AD 117 - AD 138) Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - AD 161) Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - AD 180) Hadrian Lucius Verus (AD 161 - AD 169) Commodus (AD 177 - AD 192) Marcus Aurelius Years of Transition (AD 193 - AD 195) Pertinax (AD 193) Didius Julianus (AD 193) Pescennius Niger (AD 193) Clodius Albinus (AD 193- AD 195) The Severans (AD 193 - AD 235) Clodius Albinus Septimus Severus (AD 193 - AD 211) Caracalla (AD 198 - AD 217) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Geta (AD 209 - AD 212) Macrinus (AD 217 - AD 218) Diadumedian as Caesar (AD 217 - AD 218) Elagabalus (AD 218 - AD 222) Severus Alexander (AD 222 - AD 235) Severus The Military Emperors (AD 235 - AD 284) Alexander Maximinus (AD 235 - AD 238) Maximus Caesar (AD 235 - AD 238) Balbinus (AD 238) Maximinus Pupienus (AD 238) Gordian I (AD 238) Gordian II (AD 238) Gordian III (AD 238 - AD 244) Philip I (AD 244 - AD 249) Philip II (AD 247 - AD 249) Gordian III Trajan Decius (AD 249 - AD 251) Herennius Etruscus -
Calendar of Roman Events
Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th. -
Ancient Roman Civilization
ANCIENT ROMAN CIVILIZATION HANDOUT PACKAGE FALL 2009 HISTORY 4322/6322 Dr. Peter J. Brand 1 MOST ANCIENT ROME: ORIGINS AND BEGINNINGS Legend of Trojan origins: dates back at least to 5th century BCE, when Greek historian Hellanicus refers to it. Trojan hero Aeneas, in flight from Troy, lands on Italian coast and intermarries with Latin ruling family. His descendants are Romulus and Remus. Aeneas himself was worshipped in Rome under the label Iuppiter Indiges (“native Jupiter”). She-Wolf Legend: current in Italy by late 5th or earlier 4th century, though not clearly with reference to Rome. A statue of babies Romulus and Remus with she-wolf is known to have been set up in Rome as early as 296 BCE. “Latial”/ “Villanovan” settlement on Palatine Hill, which Romans regarded as site of Romulus’ original settlement Sabine component of Roman population: (1) early inhabitants of Quirinal Hill (2) Term for people “Quirites,” originally referring to Sabines, later used for Romans as group. (3) Legend of Sabine women probably is ex-post-facto explanation of Sabine component in Roman makeup. Foundation of Rome: traditionally agreed as being April 21, 753; Roman time-reckoning was generally in terms of so many years “since the founding of the city” (ab urbe condita, abbreviated AUC) Etruscan kings of Rome: Tarquinius Priscus (# 5) and Tarquin the Proud (# 7). The traditional date of his expulsion is 509 BCE. The Republic was believed to have begun immediately afterwards, but this is complicated by Lars Porsenna (of Clusium): attacked, and probably took Rome after Tarquin the Proud was expelled, but did not reinstall him. -
Name Reign Succession Died
Name Reign Succession Died March 20, 235 CE - Proclaimed emperor by German legions April 238 CE; Assasinated by Praetorian Maximinus I April 238 CE after the murder of Severus Alexander Guard Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but March 22, 238 CE - retrospectively legitimised by the April 238 CE; Committed suicide upon Gordian I April 12, 238 CE accession of Gordian III hearing of the death of Gordian II. Proclaimed emperor, alongside father March 22, 238 CE - Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by April 238 CE; Killed during the Battle of Gordian II April 12, 238 CE act of the Senate Carthage fighting a pro-Maximinus army Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to April 22, 238 AD – Maximinus; later co-emperor with July 29, 238 CE; Assassinated by the Pupienus July 29, 238 AD Balbinus. Praetorian Guard Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I & April 22, 238 AD – II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co- July 29, 238 CE; Assassinated by the Balbinus July 29, 238 AD emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III Praetorian Guard Proclaimed emperor by supporters of April 22, 238 AD – Gordian I & II, then by the Senate; joint February 11, 244 emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus February 11, 244 CE; Unknown, possibly Gordian III AD until July 238 AD. murdered on orders of Philip I February 244 AD – Praetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took September/October -
Dying by the Sword: Did the Severan Dynasty Owe Its Downfall to Its Ultimate Failure to Live up to Its Own Militaristic Identity?
Dying by the Sword: Did the Severan dynasty owe its downfall to its ultimate failure to live up to its own militaristic identity? Exam Number: B043183 Master of Arts with Honours in Classical Studies Exam Number: B043183 1 Acknowledgements Warm thanks to Dr Matthew Hoskin for his keen supervision, and to Dr Alex Imrie for playing devil’s advocate and putting up with my daft questions. Thanks must also go to my family whose optimism and belief in my ability so often outweighs my own. Exam Number: B043183 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations 3 Introduction 4 Chapter One – Living by the Sword 6 Chapter Two – Dying by the Sword 23 Chapter Three – Of Rocky Ground and Great Expectations 38 Conclusion 45 Bibliography 48 Word Count: 14,000 Exam Number: B043183 3 List of Illustrations Fig. 1. Chart detailing the percentage of military coin types promoted by emperors from Pertinax to Numerian inclusive (Source: Manders, E. (2012), Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, AD 193-284, Leiden, p. 65, fig. 17). Fig. 2. Portrait statue showing Caracalla in full military guise (Source: https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2016/08/02/worlds-only-single-piece-2nd-century- caracalla-statue-discovered-in-southern-turkey (Accessed 14/01/17). Fig. 3. Bust of Caracalla wearing sword strap and paludamentum (Source: Leander Touati, A.M. (1991), ‘Portrait and historical relief. Some remarks on the meaning of Caracalla’s sole ruler portrait’, in A.M. Leander Touati, E. Rystedt, and O. Wikander (eds.), Munusula Romana, Stockholm, 117-31, p. -
An Introduction to Latin Literature and Style Pursue in Greater Depth; (C) It Increases an Awareness of Style and Linguistic Structure
An Introduction to Latin Literature and Style by Floyd L. Moreland Rita M. Fleischer revised by Andrew Keller Stephanie Russell Clement Dunbar The Latin/Greek Institute The City University ojNew York Introduction These materials have been prepared to fit the needs of the Summer Latin Institute of Brooklyn College and The City University of New York. and they are structured as an appropriate sequel to Moreland and Fleischer. Latin: An Intensive Course (University of California Press. 1974). However, students can use these materials with equal effectiveness after the completion of any basic grammar text and in any intermediate Latin course whose aim is to introduce students to a variety of authors of both prose and poetry. The materials are especially suited to an intensive or accelerated intermediate course. The authors firmly believe that, upon completion of a basic introduction to grammar. the only way to learn Latin well is to read as much as possible. A prime obstacle to reading is vocabulary: students spend much energy and time looking up the enormous number of words they do not know. Following the system used by Clyde Pharr in Vergil's Aeneid. Books I-VI (Heath. 1930), this problem is minimized by glossing unfamiliar words on each page oftext. Whether a word is familiar or not has been determined by its occurrence or omission in the formal unit vocabularies of Moreland and Fleischer, Latin: An Intensive Course. Students will need to know the words included in the vocabularies of that text and be acquainted with some of the basic principles of word formation. -
Ancient Rome - AD 238 Pupienus AR Denarius NGC MS Fine Style Ex
Ancient Rome - AD 238 Pupienus AR Denarius NGC MS Fine Style Ex. Kern SKU: 3819713017 Stock Qty: 0 Retail Price: $3,975.00 PCGS #: Product Description Pupienus (Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus, c. 165/170--29 July 238), also known as Pupienus Maximus, was Roman Emperor with Balbinus for three months during 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. A member of the aristocracy, he served in several important positions during the rule of the Severan dynasty. While serving as governor in one of the German provinces, Pupienus became very popular and won military victories over the Sarmatians and German tribes. The year 234 saw him appointed Urban Prefect of Rome, gaining a reputation for harshness that made him unpopular with the Roman mob. After Gordian I and his son were proclaimed Emperors in Africa, the Senate created a committee of 20 senators to organize operations against Maximinus Thrax, the much-hated Emperor who was being pushed out of power, until the Gordians arrived in Rome. In 238, after news of the Gordians' defeat and deaths, however, the Senate met in a closed session and voted for two committee members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to rule as co-emperors. Pupienus was a soldier and Balbinus a civilian. However they were forced to take on Gordian III as a colleague. This was because there were factions within the Senate, however, that had hoped to profit from the rule of Gordian I and II. To that end, they did their best to turn the people and the Praetorian Guard against Pupienus and Balbinus, and promoted the idea of making the 13-year-old Gordian III Emperor. -
Debasement and the Decline of Rome Kevin Butcher1
Debasement and the decline of Rome KEVIN BUTCHER1 On April 23, 1919, the London Daily Chronicle carried an article that claimed to contain notes of an interview with Lenin, conveyed by an anonymous visitor to Moscow.2 This explained how ‘the high priest of Bolshevism’ had a plan ‘for the annihilation of the power of money in this world.’ The plan was presented in a collection of quotations allegedly from Lenin’s own mouth: “Hundreds of thousands of rouble notes are being issued daily by our treasury. This is done, not in order to fill the coffers of the State with practically worthless paper, but with the deliberate intention of destroying the value of money as a means of payment … The simplest way to exterminate the very spirit of capitalism is therefore to flood the country with notes of a high face-value without financial guarantees of any sort. Already the hundred-rouble note is almost valueless in Russia. Soon even the simplest peasant will realise that it is only a scrap of paper … and the great illusion of the value and power of money, on which the capitalist state is based, will have been destroyed. This is the real reason why our presses are printing rouble bills day and night, without rest.” Whether Lenin really uttered these words is uncertain.3 What seems certain, however, is that the real reason the Russian presses were printing money was not to destroy the very concept of money. It was to finance their war against their political opponents. The reality was that the Bolsheviks had carelessly created the conditions for hyperinflation. -
Barbarian Invasion
The Representation of the Roman Army c.363-425AD in Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion Daniel McDevitt Senior Sophister Trinity College Dublin Word Count: 11,539 McDevitt i Acknowledgments An enormous thank you to Dr. Hazel Dodge for all her help with this paper, for not laughing too much when I suggested the idea of analyzing a video game, and for her speedy and timely responses to my many frantic emails. A thank you to my mom and grandmom for encouraging me to pursue my education and supporting me in my moving to a foreign country for university. A thank you to my muse who inspires me to be a better person and has supported me in my many moments of selfdoubt. And finally a thank you to my father for always giving me the motivation to succeed. McDevitt ii Table of Contents Abbreviations………………………………………………………….pg iii Introduction…………………………………………………………….pg 1 Chapter 1: Military Unit Types and Titles …………………….…....pg 4 Chapter 2: Army Recruitment, Training, and Upkeep………….. pg 21 Chapter 3: Arms and Armor ……………………………………….pg 36 Conclusion………………………………………………………….. pg 49 Appendix ………………………………………………………….... pg 51 Bibliography……………………………………………………...…. pg 65 McDevitt iii Abbreviations Amm. Ammianus Marcellinus Barbarian Invasion Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion C.Th. C odex Theodosianus Not. Dig. N otitia Dignitatum Veg. Vegetius Zos. Zosimus McDevitt 1 Introduction The working objective of this dissertation is to examine the manner in which the video game R ome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion represents the realities of the Roman army between 363 and 425 AD. Before getting into format and layout, a few notes first on the relevance of the objective of this paper, the time period under study, and the video game itself. -
Studia in Honorem Iiro Kajanto
ARCTOS ACTA FHILOLOGICA FENNICA SUFFLEMENTUM II STUDIA IN HONOREM IIRO KAJANTO HELSINKI 1985 HELSINGFORS INDEX Geza Alföldy Ein neues Zeugnis für "suprafamiliare organisationen" im antiken Hispanien ............................... 9 E. Badian Apollonius at Tarsus 15 Patrick Bruun Gloria Rarnanorum . 2 3 Pierre Grimal Le Dialogue des Ü'rateurs - temoin de son temps . 3 3 Anne Helttula Post depositum militiae munus. Official Phraseology in Am- mianus Marcellinus ................................ 41 G. L. Huxley Kastor on the Foundation of Eleusis 57 Iosephus I]sewijn D'e huius nympha loci {CIL VI/5, 3 + e) eiusque fortuna poetica syntagmation 61 Siegfried Jäkel Tt -ro croc:p6v; Einige Überlegungen zu Euripides, Bakeben 8 7 7' 8 97 . ~ . 69 Maarit Kaimio The Theme of Victory in Aeschylus' Oresteia and Ag. 314 -316 . 79 Bengt Löfstedt Lexikalisches zur Vulgata 99 01ivier Masson Sur le nom de Bilistiche, favorite de Ptolemee II . 109 Dag Norberg Original ou fautes de copie? . 113 Ulla Nyberg Zu den inschriftlichen Kontraktionen von dominus in der sakralen und in der profanen Bedeutung . 12 5 Martti Nyman The Meaning of micarius . 143 Teivas Oksala Carmen Vergili? abituri (Catal. 5) 147 Sil vio Panciera Qualehe n uova iscrizione ur bana d 'in teresse onomastico . 15 3 Fran~ois Paschoud Le debut de l'ouvrage historique d'Olympiodore . 185 Tuomo Pekkanen Notes on Tac. Germ. 46,3 . 197 Reijo Pitkäranta Zur wissenschaftlichen Terminologie e1ner mathematischen Dissertation in Turku 1645 . 215 Heikki Solin Namenpaare 229 Giancarlo Susini Una memoria fotografica della tradizione bolognese di C. Mario .......................................... 26·1 Ronald Syme Praesens the F riend of Hadrian . 2 7 3 Holger Thesleff Notes on the Name of Homer and the Homeric Question . -
Imperial Legitimacy in the Roman Empire of the Third Century: AD
Imperial Legitimacy in the Roman Empire of the Third Century: AD 193 – 337 by Matthew Kraig Shaw, B.Com., B.A. (Hons), M.Teach. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts University of Tasmania, July 2010 This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: Matthew Shaw iii This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. This thesis does not contain any material that infringes copyright. Signed: Matthew Shaw iv Abstract. Septimius Severus, according to Cassius Dio, told his sons to enrich the soldiers and look down on all other men (Cass. Dio 77.15.2). This recognised the perceived importance of the army in establishing and maintaining the legitimacy of an emperor. This thesis explores the role of the army in the legitimation of emperors. It also considers whether there were other groups, such as the Senate and people, which emperors needed to consider in order to establish and maintain their position as well as the methods they used to do so. Enriching the soldiers was not the only method used and not the only way an emperor could be successful. The rapid turn over of emperors after Septimius' death, however, suggests that legitimacy was proving difficult to maintain even though all emperors all tried to establish and maintain the legitimacy of their regime. -
Roman Empire Roman Empire
NON- FICTION UNABRIDGED Edward Gibbon THE Decline and Fall ––––––––––––– of the ––––––––––––– Roman Empire Read by David Timson Volum e I 1 Chapter 1 9:25 2 But the superior merit of Agricola... 10:54 3 The terror of the Roman arms added weight... 9:24 4 Nine centuries of war had gradually introduced... 9:21 5 The camp of a Roman legion presented the appearance... 10:04 6 Ancient Gaul, as it contained the whole country... 10:36 7 Such was the state of Europe under the Roman emperors. 10:43 8 Chapter 2 8:46 9 Notwithstanding the fashionable irreligion which prevailed... 9:08 10 Till the privileges of Romans had been progressively extended... 7:33 11 So sensible were the Romans of the influence of language... 8:54 12 Hope, the best comfort of our imperfect condition... 7:47 13 It is natural to suppose that the greatest number... 11:11 14 We have computed the inhabitants, and contemplated... 9:38 15 Whatever evils either reason or declamation have imputed... 7:08 16 But it is no easy task to confine luxury... 11:44 17 Chapter 3 6:08 18 Amidst this confusion of sentiments... 9:08 19 Although Augustus considered a military force… 8:09 20 By declaring themselves the protectors of the people... 10:39 2 21 I: The death of Caesar was ever before his eyes. 9:49 22 Nerva had scarcely accepted the purple... 10:09 23 If a man were called to fix the period in the history... 12:44 24 Chapter 4 9:31 25 One evening (A.D.