Chapter 1: the Ocean System
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Time and Tides in the Gulf of Maine a Dockside Dialogue Between Two Old Friends
1 Time and Tides in the Gulf of Maine A dockside dialogue between two old friends by David A. Brooks It's impossible to visit Maine's coast and not notice the tides. The twice-daily rise and fall of sea level never fails to impress, especially downeast, toward the Canadian border, where the tidal range can exceed twenty feet. Proceeding northeastward into the Bay of Fundy, the range grows steadily larger, until at the head of the bay, "moon" tides of greater than fifty feet can leave ships wallowing in the mud, awaiting the water's return. My dockside companion, nodding impatiently, interrupts: Yes, yes, but why is this so? Why are the tides so large along the Maine coast, and why does the tidal range increase so dramatically northeastward? Well, my friend, before we address these important questions, we should review some basic facts about the tides. Here, let me sketch a few things that will remind you about our place in the sky. A quiet rumble, as if a dark cloud had suddenly passed overhead. Didn’t expect a physics lesson on this beautiful day. 2 The only physics needed, my friend, you learned as a child, so not to worry. The sketch is a top view, looking down on the earth’s north pole. You see the moon in its monthly orbit, moving in the same direction as the earth’s rotation. And while this is going on, the earth and moon together orbit the distant sun once a year, in about twelve months, right? Got it skippah. -
Chapter 10. Thermohaline Circulation
Chapter 10. Thermohaline Circulation Main References: Schloesser, F., R. Furue, J. P. McCreary, and A. Timmermann, 2012: Dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Part 1: Buoyancy-forced response. Progress in Oceanography, 101, 33-62. F. Schloesser, R. Furue, J. P. McCreary, A. Timmermann, 2014: Dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Part 2: forcing by winds and buoyancy. Progress in Oceanography, 120, 154-176. Other references: Bryan, F., 1987. On the parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 970–985. Kawase, M., 1987. Establishment of deep ocean circulation driven by deep water production. Journal of Physical Oceanography 17, 2294–2317. Stommel, H., Arons, A.B., 1960. On the abyssal circulation of the world ocean—I Stationary planetary flow pattern on a sphere. Deep-Sea Research 6, 140–154. Toggweiler, J.R., Samuels, B., 1995. Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Research 42, 477–500. Vallis, G.K., 2000. Large-scale circulation and production of stratification: effects of wind, geometry and diffusion. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30, 933–954. 10.1 The Thermohaline Circulation (THC): Concept, Structure and Climatic Effect 10.1.1 Concept and structure The Thermohaline Circulation (THC) is a global-scale ocean circulation driven by the equator-to-pole surface density differences of seawater. The equator-to-pole density contrast, in turn, is controlled by temperature (thermal) and salinity (haline) variations. In the Atlantic Ocean where North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) forms, the THC is often referred to as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). -
Moons Phases and Tides
Moon’s Phases and Tides Moon Phases Half of the Moon is always lit up by the sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see different parts of the lighted area. From Earth, the lit portion we see of the moon waxes (grows) and wanes (shrinks). The revolution of the Moon around the Earth makes the Moon look as if it is changing shape in the sky The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order: New moon Waxing Crescent First quarter Waxing Gibbous Full moon Waning Gibbous Third (last) Quarter Waning Crescent • IF LIT FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WAXING OR GROWING • IF DARKENING FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WANING (SHRINKING) Tides • The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth cause the seas and oceans to rise and fall in an endless cycle of low and high tides. • Much of the Earth's shoreline life depends on the tides. – Crabs, starfish, mussels, barnacles, etc. – Tides caused by the Moon • The Earth's tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon. • The Earth bulges slightly both toward and away from the Moon. -As the Earth rotates daily, the bulges move across the Earth. • The moon pulls strongly on the water on the side of Earth closest to the moon, causing the water to bulge. • It also pulls less strongly on Earth and on the water on the far side of Earth, which results in tides. What causes tides? • Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water. -
A Comparison of Global Estimates of Marine Primary Production from Ocean Color
ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 53 (2006) 741–770 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 A comparison of global estimates of marine primary production from ocean color Mary-Elena Carra,Ã, Marjorie A.M. Friedrichsb,bb, Marjorie Schmeltza, Maki Noguchi Aitac, David Antoined, Kevin R. Arrigoe, Ichio Asanumaf, Olivier Aumontg, Richard Barberh, Michael Behrenfeldi, Robert Bidigarej, Erik T. Buitenhuisk, Janet Campbelll, Aurea Ciottim, Heidi Dierssenn, Mark Dowello, John Dunnep, Wayne Esaiasq, Bernard Gentilid, Watson Greggq, Steve Groomr, Nicolas Hoepffnero, Joji Ishizakas, Takahiko Kamedat, Corinne Le Que´re´k,u, Steven Lohrenzv, John Marraw, Fre´de´ric Me´lino, Keith Moorex, Andre´Moreld, Tasha E. Reddye, John Ryany, Michele Scardiz, Tim Smythr, Kevin Turpieq, Gavin Tilstoner, Kirk Watersaa, Yasuhiro Yamanakac aJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91101-8099, USA bCenter for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Crittenton Hall, 768 West 52nd Street, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA cEcosystem Change Research Program, Frontier Research Center for Global Change, 3173-25,Showa-machi, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan dLaboratoire d’Oce´anographie de Villefranche, 06238, Villefranche sur Mer, France eDepartment of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2215, USA fTokyo University of Information Sciences 1200-1, Yato, Wakaba, Chiba 265-8501, Japan gLaboratoire d’Oce´anographie Dynamique et de Climatologie, Univ Paris 06, MNHN, IRD,CNRS, Paris F-75252 05, France hDuke University -
Fronts in the World Ocean's Large Marine Ecosystems. ICES CM 2007
- 1 - This paper can be freely cited without prior reference to the authors International Council ICES CM 2007/D:21 for the Exploration Theme Session D: Comparative Marine Ecosystem of the Sea (ICES) Structure and Function: Descriptors and Characteristics Fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems Igor M. Belkin and Peter C. Cornillon Abstract. Oceanic fronts shape marine ecosystems; therefore front mapping and characterization is one of the most important aspects of physical oceanography. Here we report on the first effort to map and describe all major fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). Apart from a geographical review, these fronts are classified according to their origin and physical mechanisms that maintain them. This first-ever zero-order pattern of the LME fronts is based on a unique global frontal data base assembled at the University of Rhode Island. Thermal fronts were automatically derived from 12 years (1985-1996) of twice-daily satellite 9-km resolution global AVHRR SST fields with the Cayula-Cornillon front detection algorithm. These frontal maps serve as guidance in using hydrographic data to explore subsurface thermohaline fronts, whose surface thermal signatures have been mapped from space. Our most recent study of chlorophyll fronts in the Northwest Atlantic from high-resolution 1-km data (Belkin and O’Reilly, 2007) revealed a close spatial association between chlorophyll fronts and SST fronts, suggesting causative links between these two types of fronts. Keywords: Fronts; Large Marine Ecosystems; World Ocean; sea surface temperature. Igor M. Belkin: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA [tel.: +1 401 874 6533, fax: +1 874 6728, email: [email protected]]. -
Euphotic Zone Depth: Its Derivation and Implication to Ocean-Color Remote Sensing" (2007)
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Marine Science Faculty Publications College of Marine Science 3-16-2007 Euphotic Zone Depth: Its Derivation and Implication to Ocean- Color Remote Sensing ZhongPing Lee Stennis Space Center Alan Weidemann Stennis Space Center John Kindle Stennis Space Center Robert Arnone Stennis Space Center Kendall L. Carder University of South Florida, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/msc_facpub Part of the Marine Biology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Lee, ZhongPing; Weidemann, Alan; Kindle, John; Arnone, Robert; Carder, Kendall L.; and Davis, Curtiss, "Euphotic Zone Depth: Its Derivation and Implication to Ocean-Color Remote Sensing" (2007). Marine Science Faculty Publications. 11. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/msc_facpub/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Marine Science at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors ZhongPing Lee, Alan Weidemann, John Kindle, Robert Arnone, Kendall L. Carder, and Curtiss Davis This article is available at Scholar Commons: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/msc_facpub/11 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, C03009, doi:10.1029/2006JC003802, 2007 Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing ZhongPing Lee,1 Alan Weidemann,1 John Kindle,1 Robert Arnone,1 Kendall L. Carder,2 and Curtiss Davis3 Received 6 July 2006; revised 12 October 2006; accepted 1 November 2006; published 16 March 2007. [1] Euphotic zone depth, z1%, reflects the depth where photosynthetic available radiation (PAR) is 1% of its surface value. -
Observation of Rip Currents by Synthetic Aperture Radar
OBSERVATION OF RIP CURRENTS BY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR José C.B. da Silva (1) , Francisco Sancho (2) and Luis Quaresma (3) (1) Institute of Oceanography & Dept. of Physics, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal (2) Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Av. do Brasil, 101 , 1700-066, Lisbon, Portugal (3) Instituto Hidrográfico, Rua das Trinas, 49, 1249-093 Lisboa , Portugal ABSTRACT Rip currents are near-shore cellular circulations that can be described as narrow, jet-like and seaward directed flows. These flows originate close to the shoreline and may be a result of alongshore variations in the surface wave field. The onshore mass transport produced by surface waves leads to a slight increase of the mean water surface level (set-up) toward the shoreline. When this set-up is spatially non-uniform alongshore (due, for example, to non-uniform wave breaking field), a pressure gradient is produced and rip currents are formed by converging alongshore flows with offshore flows concentrated in regions of low set-up and onshore flows in between. Observation of rip currents is important in coastal engineering studies because they can cause a seaward transport of beach sand and thus change beach morphology. Since rip currents are an efficient mechanism for exchange of near-shore and offshore water, they are important for across shore mixing of heat, nutrients, pollutants and biological species. So far however, studies of rip currents have mainly relied on numerical modelling and video camera observations. We show an ENVISAT ASAR observation in Precision Image mode of bright near-shore cell-like signatures on a dark background that are interpreted as surface signatures of rip currents. -
Tsunami, Seiches, and Tides Key Ideas Seiches
Tsunami, Seiches, And Tides Key Ideas l The wavelengths of tsunami, seiches and tides are so great that they always behave as shallow-water waves. l Because wave speed is proportional to wavelength, these waves move rapidly through the water. l A seiche is a pendulum-like rocking of water in a basin. l Tsunami are caused by displacement of water by forces that cause earthquakes, by landslides, by eruptions or by asteroid impacts. l Tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon, by inertia, and by basin resonance. 1 Seiches What are the characteristics of a seiche? Water rocking back and forth at a specific resonant frequency in a confined area is a seiche. Seiches are also called standing waves. The node is the position in a standing wave where water moves sideways, but does not rise or fall. 2 1 Seiches A seiche in Lake Geneva. The blue line represents the hypothetical whole wave of which the seiche is a part. 3 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves Tsunami are long-wavelength, shallow-water, progressive waves caused by the rapid displacement of ocean water. Tsunami generated by the vertical movement of earth along faults are seismic sea waves. What else can generate tsunami? llandslides licebergs falling from glaciers lvolcanic eruptions lother direct displacements of the water surface 4 2 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves A tsunami, which occurred in 1946, was generated by a rupture along a submerged fault. The tsunami traveled at speeds of 212 meters per second. 5 Tsunami Speed How can the speed of a tsunami be calculated? Remember, because tsunami have extremely long wavelengths, they always behave as shallow water waves. -
Lesson 8: Currents
Standards Addressed National Science Lesson 8: Currents Education Standards, Grades 9-12 Unifying concepts and Overview processes Physical science Lesson 8 presents the mechanisms that drive surface and deep ocean currents. The process of global ocean Ocean Literacy circulation is presented, emphasizing the importance of Principles this process for climate regulation. In the activity, students The Earth has one big play a game focused on the primary surface current names ocean with many and locations. features Lesson Objectives DCPS, High School Earth Science Students will: ES.4.8. Explain special 1. Define currents and thermohaline circulation properties of water (e.g., high specific and latent heats) and the influence of large bodies 2. Explain what factors drive deep ocean and surface of water and the water cycle currents on heat transport and therefore weather and 3. Identify the primary ocean currents climate ES.1.4. Recognize the use and limitations of models and Lesson Contents theories as scientific representations of reality ES.6.8 Explain the dynamics 1. Teaching Lesson 8 of oceanic currents, including a. Introduction upwelling, density, and deep b. Lecture Notes water currents, the local c. Additional Resources Labrador Current and the Gulf Stream, and their relationship to global 2. Extra Activity Questions circulation within the marine environment and climate 3. Student Handout 4. Mock Bowl Quiz 1 | P a g e Teaching Lesson 8 Lesson 8 Lesson Outline1 I. Introduction Ask students to describe how they think ocean currents work. They might define ocean currents or discuss the drivers of currents (wind and density gradients). Then, ask them to list all the reasons they can think of that currents might be important to humans and organisms that live in the ocean. -
Part III-2 Longshore Sediment Transport
Chapter 2 EM 1110-2-1100 LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT (Part III) 30 April 2002 Table of Contents Page III-2-1. Introduction ............................................................ III-2-1 a. Overview ............................................................. III-2-1 b. Scope of chapter ....................................................... III-2-1 III-2-2. Longshore Sediment Transport Processes ............................... III-2-1 a. Definitions ............................................................ III-2-1 b. Modes of sediment transport .............................................. III-2-3 c. Field identification of longshore sediment transport ........................... III-2-3 (1) Experimental measurement ............................................ III-2-3 (2) Qualitative indicators of longshore transport magnitude and direction ......................................................... III-2-5 (3) Quantitative indicators of longshore transport magnitude ..................... III-2-6 (4) Longshore sediment transport estimations in the United States ................. III-2-7 III-2-3. Predicting Potential Longshore Sediment Transport ...................... III-2-7 a. Energy flux method .................................................... III-2-10 (1) Historical background ............................................... III-2-10 (2) Description ........................................................ III-2-10 (3) Variation of K with median grain size................................... III-2-13 (4) Variation of K with -
Caverns Measureless to Man: Interdisciplinary Planetary Science & Technology Analog Research Underwater Laser Scanner Survey (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
Caverns Measureless to Man: Interdisciplinary Planetary Science & Technology Analog Research Underwater Laser Scanner Survey (Quintana Roo, Mexico) by Stephen Alexander Daire A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the USC Graduate School University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science (Geographic Information Science and Technology) May 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Stephen Daire “History is just a 25,000-year dash from the trees to the starship; and while it’s going on its wild and woolly but it’s only like that, and then you’re in the starship.” – Terence McKenna. Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xvi Chapter 1 Planetary Sciences, Cave Survey, & Human Evolution................................................. 1 1.1. Topic & Area of Interest: Exploration & Survey ....................................................................12 -
OCEANS ´09 IEEE Bremen
11-14 May Bremen Germany Final Program OCEANS ´09 IEEE Bremen Balancing technology with future needs May 11th – 14th 2009 in Bremen, Germany Contents Welcome from the General Chair 2 Welcome 3 Useful Adresses & Phone Numbers 4 Conference Information 6 Social Events 9 Tourism Information 10 Plenary Session 12 Tutorials 15 Technical Program 24 Student Poster Program 54 Exhibitor Booth List 57 Exhibitor Profiles 63 Exhibit Floor Plan 94 Congress Center Bremen 96 OCEANS ´09 IEEE Bremen 1 Welcome from the General Chair WELCOME FROM THE GENERAL CHAIR In the Earth system the ocean plays an important role through its intensive interactions with the atmosphere, cryo- sphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Energy and material are continually exchanged at the interfaces between water and air, ice, rocks, and sediments. In addition to the physical and chemical processes, biological processes play a significant role. Vast areas of the ocean remain unexplored. Investigation of the surface ocean is carried out by satellites. All other observations and measurements have to be carried out in-situ using research vessels and spe- cial instruments. Ocean observation requires the use of special technologies such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), towed camera systems etc. Seismic methods provide the foundation for mapping the bottom topography and sedimentary structures. We cordially welcome you to the international OCEANS ’09 conference and exhibition, to the world’s leading conference and exhibition in ocean science, engineering, technology and management. OCEANS conferences have become one of the largest professional meetings and expositions devoted to ocean sciences, technology, policy, engineering and education.