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Cold War 1949 — USSR Chair: Faris Omar JHUMUNC 2018

Cold War 1949 — USSR Chair: Faris Omar JHUMUNC 2018

Quadrumvirate: Pacific Theater of the 1949 — USSR Chair: Faris Omar JHUMUNC 2018

Quadrumvirate: Pacific Theater of the Cold War- USSR

Topic A: Preparing the USSR Against International Resistance to the Communist Movement

Topic B: Strengthening Relations with Asian Nations and Establishing Communist Dominance

Committee Overview every delegate represents a character, or historical individual, rather than a specific It is June 1949. The Cold War is well under country. Every directive, communiqué, press way and the is strong, but we are release, and portfolio request must accurately seeing threats from our western counterparts. reflect the viewpoints of the character. Truman’s Doctrine and blatant attempt to buy European loyalties with a “” position the U.S. as a clear enemy of the Soviet Union. There Quadrumvirate is no better time than now to ally with our comrades in and support Communist revolutions in the Organization Far East in order to maintain a position of power in China, Japan, South Korea, and USSR will this growing war. be functioning as a group of four committees, with It remains in the hands of our leader, Joseph interconnected crisis elements, in which all Stalin, and his 20 closest officials to push the Soviet debate in the individual committee rooms will Union ahead of the U.S. in this silent war. The impact the other three committees. While there constant threat brought about by the Atomic Era is are specific concerns that affect each room ever-looming, and the USSR and her allies must individually and with which delegates must remain steadfast in their beliefs, loyalty, and concern themselves, just as important is the courage. international politicking and debate behind the closed doors of the other three committee rooms. Every decision made by each of these Quad Parliamentary Procedure committees will impact the other three, making for a multifaceted crisis elements and discussion, Standard MUN parliamentary procedure as well as the potential for multilateral agreement will be adhered to in this committee, but may be and conflict. altered at the discretion of the chair to reflect the current state of the crisis. Delegates in this committee have certain abilities and powers that Delegate Biographies can greatly affect debate, and subsequently, the course of events. This committee will be following (First Deputy procedures similar to that of the General Chairman of the Council of Assemblies, which includes maintaining a speaker’s Ministers/First Deputy Premier) list and having moderated and unmoderated A long-standing member of the Bolshevik caucuses. However, there will be a variety of crises Party, Molotov has a storied history of ruthless that will require the use of directives, diplomatic manoeuvring, both at home and communiqués, press releases, and portfolio abroad. In addition to his position in the requests. The committee may use the four tools Politburo as First Deputy Premier, Molotov has listed in order to promptly implement solutions. It also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy is extremely important to remember that each and Chairman of the State Defence Committee during World War II, and was a principal signatory of the

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Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of 1939. Further, World War II, he helped hold near-absolute his presence at the post-World War II conferences power over the USSR as part of the State Defense resulted directly in the formation of the Eastern Committee, alongside Beria, Molotov and Stalin5. Bloc (“the ”) in 19471. However, this He was also one of the principal officials in influence has gradually waned; recent events, founding the Soviet missile and aerospace including the arrest of his Jewish wife Polina program based on captured German material6. Zhemchuzhina and his replacement as Foreign Malenkov’s relationship with Stalin has been Minister by at the hands of Stalin rather controversial; the mysterious in March have forced Molotov to contend with disappearance of much of Leningrad’s elite could Soviet leaders as much as Western ones2. be seen as their attempt, along with and Viktor Abakumov, to consolidate power Andrey Vyshinsky (Minister of Foreign in . Affairs) Vyshinsky is a skilled and loyal legal Maksim Saburov (Chairman of State mastermind with significant diplomatic experience. Planning Committee - ) He is a newcomer to his position, formerly serving Saburov is a skilled engineer and as Deputy Minister until March of 1949. His accomplished statesman whose skillset ranges experience as a and diplomat have been met from personnel management to . As a with both successes, such as prosecuting the member of Gosplan, including former chairman and incorporating into the from 1941-1942, Saburov wields significant USSR, and less appealing affairs, most notably a control over the economic productivity of the series of show trials during the . Despite nation, more specifically in matters of personnel this service and his directorship at the Soviet and war mobilization. Saburov has served as Academy of Sciences’ Institute of State and Law, Gosplan’s chairman since March7, and it is clearly Vyshinsky’s past as a Bourgeois Menshevik of prevalent that much reconstruction still needs to Polish descent has made securing the council’s trust be done in the wake of World War II, by yet an uphill battle3. another Five Year Plan, if need be.

Aleksandr Vasilevsky (Marshal of the Soviet Lavrentiy Beria (Deputy Premier, former Union - Minister of the Armed Forces) chief of Soviet Security and From his meteoric rise in the Russian ranks (NKVD) during , Aleksandr Vasilevsky is widely One of Beria’s main duties includes known as one of the most decorated military overseeing the atomic bomb project. Dubbed his personnel in Soviet history. Hailed as a brilliant “Himmler” by Stalin himself, Beria quickly rose strategist and likable officer, Vasilevsky played a through the ranks of Stalin’s government, critical role as Chief of General Staff during World heading both police and military affairs. As part War II, including the coordination of the retaking of of the , Beria’s hands Stalingrad. He additionally has significant were stained from a number of incidents, from the experience in the Eastern theater of the war, mass execution of Polish POWs to a number of directing a shocking victory at the Battle of mass ethnic . Furthermore, as with a Soviet casualty rate of just 2.3%4. supervisor of the Atomic Bomb project, Belia These successes have earned him a coveted two utilized his state police experience to both gather Orders of Victory and a seat on this council as American intelligence and obtain labor Minister of Defense. necessary for the project8. Amid the mass purgings surrounding Leningrad, however, many (Deputy Chairman of the in the USSR are looking for new avenues to check Council of Ministers) Beria’s growing power. Malenkov is a close associate of Stalin and a prominent statesman and Politburo official. During Viktor Abakumov (Minister for State

1 Geoffrey Roberts, The Soviet Union in world politics: 5 John Paxton et al., Leaders of and the Soviet coexistence, revolution, and cold war, 1945–1991, , Union From the Romanov Dynasty to , 1999, pp. 284–285. Taylor and Francis, 2013. 2 , Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, 6 Dmitrij Volkogonov and Harold Shukman, Stalin: Phoenix, 2014. Triumph and Tragedy, Phoenix, 2003.. 3 Arkadij I. Vaksberg, Stalins prosecutor: the life of Andrei Vyshinsky, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. 7 S. V. Utechin, Everymans Concise Encyclopaedia of 4 Daniel Marston, The Pacific war companion: from Pearl Russia, Borchardt Library, 1988. Harbor to Hiroshima, Osprey, 2010. 8 “Lavrentiy Beria,” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 2 Apr. 2014, www.biography.com/people/lavrentiy-beria-21345281. 2

Security) essentially serves as the Head of State whenever A long-standing subordinate of Beria in the the is not in session. The powers NKVD, Viktor Abakumov was personally appointed of this office are varied, ranging from creation and by Stalin as Minister for State Security as a check on interpretation of laws to declaring and mobilising Lavrentiy Beria’s power. Abakumov has a long and for war12. Vlasov’s credentials and prior life are dark history of experience, serving in both the shrouded in mystery; rumors abound as to NKVD and in the Chief Directorate of the GULAG whether he is truly a competent statesman or before World War II; his varied skillset includes a merely a puppet in Stalin’s grasp. penchant for personally torturing prisoners. During the war, he served under Beria as a Lev Mekhlis (Minister of State Control) counterintelligence supervisor, and orchestrated a As head of the USSR’s intelligence wing, number of purges of mediocre commanders9. As Lev Mekhlis oversees many of the cloak-and- Minister, Abakumov has recently become involved dagger affairs in the Union, most notably with a series of purges tied to what’s being dubbed supervising a significant purge of Communist the “”. leaders based in Leningrad. His career during World War II, while deep in command positions, (Representative of the is marked by failures to follow orders in Soviet Union to the ) that were criticized by Stalin himself. This Andrei Gromyko is an extremely skilled culminated in a series of crushing losses and diplomat and served for a time as a key link between Mekhlis’ own demotion13. Mekhlis will need to use the USSR and the U.S.; in fact, he has gone on the powers of Soviet intelligence to further the record exonerating President Franklin D. Roosevelt cause of and hopefully erase the from rumors of socialist sympathy. In 1946, memory of his mediocre martial skills. Gromyko was appointed as Representative, and has made great use of his position to further the cause (Commander-in-Chief of of the proletariat; Western diplomats call him “Mr. Soviet Ground Forces First Deputy Nyet” (Mr. No) for the USSR’s tendency to veto as Minister of Defence) part of the Security Council, a pattern which has Starting from an artillery position in the equally earned both international respect and , Ivan Konev soon rose to an anger10. important position of command during World War II. A tactical genius, Konev pioneered the use (Deputy Prime Minister, of military in the and was Former Minister of the armed forces) present during both the fall of and the swift An industrial manager by trade, Nikolai liberations of Krakow and Prague14. Konev is Bulganin enjoyed a fairly swift rise through the currently tasked with managing Soviet Purge of 1938-1939 to playing a critical role during occupation of , but this soon may World War II through the State Defense change, for Stalin has developed a tendency of Committee. Bulganin was one of few figures to relegating potential threats like Konev to less maintain most of his power following the War, important post-War positions. being promoted to Minister of the Armed Forces, a position he held until despite a lack of Alexander Panyushkin (Ambassador to martial experience11. As Deputy Prime Minister the ) Bulganin is a statesman first and General second, he A relatively young statesman who grew up likely favors political options over immediate during the Revolution, Panyushkin has spent the conflict. past two years building up a network of contacts in the USA. Talks have revealed him to be a man Ivan Vlasov (Chairman of the Presidium of of peaceful intent while still keeping the Supreme Soviet) revolutionary fire burning through all As Chairman of the Presidium, Ivan Vlasov negotiations he has become involved with15.

9 “Washing blood off Stalin's butcher,” The Guardian, 14 David M. Glantz, Soviet Military Deception in the Second Guardian News and Media, 16 Oct. 1999, World War, Frank Cass, 1990. www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/17/theobserver1. 10 Andreĭ Andreevich Gromyko. Memoirs, Doubleday, 1990. 15 “Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum,” 11“Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin,” Encyclopædia Memorandum of Conversation with Ambassador Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 2 Nov. 2011, Alexander Panyushkin of the Soviet Union, Walworth www.britannica.com/biography/Nikolay-Aleksandrovich- Barbour, Alexander Logofet, and Anatoli Myshkov, June Bulganin. 6, 1952, Acheson Papers - Secretary of State File., 12 Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A , Oxford www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/ach University Press, 2000. esonmemos/view.php?documentVersion=both&documenti 13 IUrii︡ Rubstov, Mekhlis: tenʹ vozhdia︠ ,︡ Veche, 2011. d=70-5_12&documentYear=1952&pagenumber=2. 3

However, his recent recall to Moscow has sparked demonstrated in his ability to shift production many questions. Whether Stalin intends to relocate from manufacturing centers in the West to a more Panyushkin’s expertise or change his status of Eastern-focused system of industry18. After his power is a mystery to everyone but Stalin himself. service in the War, however, his views have become somewhat contradictory to Stalin’s plans (Member of Politburo, on recovery. Furthermore, his efforts to Deputy Chairman of the Council of reorganize Leningrad’s economic structure from Ministers) before the War have made him a potential target A long-standing member of the Soviet for political purges surrounding the city. government, Anastas Mikoyan built up much of his political capital by acting in the Great Purges on behalf of Stalin. Others view him as a swift executor of Stalin’s orders, but not without many attempts for clemency. During World War II, Mikoyan was Sergei Kruglov (Minister of Internal responsible for managing the supply lines to the Affairs) , eventually earning him a position in the A seemingly mild-mannered politician State Defense committee by Stalin’s command.This with fluency in multiple languages, Kruglov has a appointment led to his role in approving the mass significant amount of experience in the security execution of Polish prisoners of war during the wing of the Soviet Union. During World War II, Soviet invasion16. As Deputy Chairman, Mikoyan Kruglov held a variety of assignments in the The has some influence over the operation of the central People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs government, but this power may be contested. (abbreviated NKVD and is the Russian Secret Rumors swirl regarding Stalin’s continued approval Police), from the organization of barrier troops to and the threat of another political purge targeting the coordination of mass executions of opponents Mikoyan himself. to the Soviet cause. Stalin appointed Kruglov to the Ministry of Internal affairs in 1945 as another Nikita Krushchev (Political in check on Lavrentiy Beria’s growing power, and , until recalled to Moscow 1949) Kruglov continues to coordinate the punishment An ambitious and enigmatic man, of criminal and political prisoners19. Despite this, Khrushchev has made his mark as a skilled Kruglov still aids his former superior in supplying commissar, responsible for civilian control of the Gulag labor for the development of nuclear military and ideology support. This has necessitated weapons. participation in many political purges, both in Russia and during his prior deployment in Ukraine. (Minister of Light That being said, Khrushchev has demonstrated his Industry) organizational skills both in his presence at the Kosygin is widely known as an industrial Stalingrad siege during World War II and more mastermind who demonstrated his expertise on recently in the recovery of Ukraine through the State Defence Committee during World War collectivisation17. It is currently a mystery as to why II. His organizational skills kept the Soviet Khrushchev has been recalled to Moscow; industry out of German hands and successfully nonetheless, his organizational capacity and diverted multiple blockades during invasions. As leadership expertise will prove to be quite useful. a result of these abilities, Kosygin was promoted to Minister of Light Industry in 1949, which was Nikolai Voznesensky (Former Chairman of quite controversial20. He has recently become State Planning Committee) rather unpopular among certain council With Nikolai Voznesensky’s position as members for his excessive knowledge of the former chairman currently under investigation, he ledgers of Molotov and Mikoyan, among others, is a target of potential purge in the ongoing causing Kosygin to live in constant fear. Many of “Leningrad Affair”. Voznesensky is an economic his companions and acquaintances elsewhere in specialist who oversaw much of the Union’s the government have disappeared, with economic factors during the German Invasion of connections to Leningrad, leading to suspicions World War II. His skills were particularly that Kosygin may be next.

16“Prominent : Anastas Mikoyan,” Anastas Mikoyan 19 Yoram Gorlizki and Khlevniu︠ k︡ O. V., Cold peace: Stalin – Russiapedia Politics and society Prominent Russians, and the Soviet ruling circle, 1945-1953, Oxford University russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/politics-and- Press, 2006. society/anastas-mikoyan/. 20 “Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin.” Encyclopædia 17William J Tompson, Khrushchev: a Political Life, St. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 21 Apr. 2017, Martins Griffin, 1997. www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksey-Nikolayevich- 18 Montefiore, Stalin (see footnote 2). Kosygin. 4

Further development of this program may allow (Former Minister of Korolev’s designs to reach anywhere on Earth or State Security) even beyond. Vsevolod Merkulov is involved in spy infiltrations into the , involving the development of atomic weapons. A former member of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) and long-time associate of Beria, he has extensive experience in espionage surrounding the Manhattan project, codenamed “Enormoz”. The information he gathered, particularly from British contacts, was instrumental in the development of the Soviet atomic bomb21. However, Merkulov has recently fallen out of power, replaced from his position in the Ministry of State Security (MGB) by Topic A: Preparing the USSR Viktor Abakumov in 1946 In this committee, he will Against International need to convince the council of his expertise in Resistance to the order to regain the power and influence he once wielded. Communist Movement

Sergei Lapin (Deputy Chairman of the Introduction Committee for Broadcasting) The Soviet government has always been Originally a newspaper editor by trade, united under a common goal: to ensure the Sergei Lapin is one of the key managers in the survival and prosperity of the Proletariat masses entertainment of the . Despite and to fight for the laborers and their happiness. significant disruption in broadcasting Communism is the foundation on which our infrastructure as a result of World War II, Lapin country stands so proudly and the core from oversaw a number of key advancements, including which our strength radiates. Those who do not the updating of televisions to modern standards align themselves with the objectives of the state and the first Soviet broadcast of a football match are by definition our enemies. It is within our very 22 (the latter occurring in the past month) . nature to band together as Comrades, united with Nevertheless, Lapin is well aware of the issues in a common goal, against a common enemy. broadcasting to a country as large as Russia. Any The structure of the Soviet government is advancements in industry and technology will help as follows. In short, senators are elected from all him spread the message of the Proletariat to the over Russia and meet to decide matters of USSR and beyond. national policy. Of those couple thousand senators, a few hundred are elected as the (Lead Soviet aerospace Central Executive Committee. Of those engineer, pioneer of ) executive, a few are elected as . Each Despite a fairly rough past, including being Commissar is responsible for a specific branch of tortured and nearly executed during the Great government, and one Commissar is elected as Purge on suspicion of sabotage, Sergei Korolev is the Premier. Essentially, the Premier is the head widely known as one of the best aerospace of the Soviet government but can be recalled at engineers in the Soviet Union. Though the majority any time by the Central Executive Committee of German aerospace engineers surrendered to the (the same goes for the Commissars.)24 United States during Operation Paperclip, Yet even a government as perfect as the Korolev’s team, with some German expertise, was Soviet Union is still a government of men, with all able to successfully construct working of their flaws and suspicions. As of this moment, improvements on the German V-2 missile; the R-3. the upper echelons of Soviet leadership are poised These new weapons could be sent from Moscow to divide over a mysterious series of 23 directly to detonate in England . Currently, this disappearances and arrests surrounding the city research has hit a dead end, as Korolev lacks the of Leningrad. Following the death of local Party requisite funds for development of larger missiles. leader Andrey Zhdanov in 1948, Premier Stalin

21 John Simkin, “Vsevolod Merkulov,” Spartacus Educational, 23 James Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded Spartacus Educational, spartacus- the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon, Wiley, 1999. educational.com/Vsevolod_Merkulov.htm. 22“TV in the USSR,” Loughborough University, 24 John Reed, The Structure of the Soviet State, Web, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/socialsciences/screenin Accessed 15 July 2017. g-/television-histories/tvintheussr/ 5

has, seemingly without warning, begun the process quality of life all across Europe; however, it of purging many of the party officials and personnel conveniently came at a time where the U.S. was in and around Leningrad. Whether this is a move to on the brink of another depression. The increased consolidate power in Moscow or a move to another international use of American dollars is creating a ulterior motive is currently shrouded in mystery. demand for American goods like machinery and What is known is that members of this council - other industrial tools.26 most notable Georgy In addition to the commercial gains, the Malenkov and Lavrenty Marshall Plan could be a tool for Americans to Beria - have no small combat communism. They fear that rising poverty role in orchestrating in post-war Europe could make the populus more this purge, and that susceptible to Communist sentiments. other council members Establishing economic stability provided them an with ties to Leningrad avenue to suppress the rise of communism. Image 1: “The 19th Anniversary, may soon find Furthermore, the Plan allows the U.S. to reform Commissioning of USS Harry S. themselves in European economies in the image of the Truman (CVN-75).” The Sextant. political, if not mortal, American economy. This could lay the danger.25 groundwork for easier American investment into As for foreign markets.27 international matters, it is now post-World War II, and chaos reigns. Tensions following WWII were high with Europe is destabilized the U.S. still financing and Greece’s by economic distress, and people are generally military forces. After the UK said the U.S could no unhappy. This provides the perfect stage for a longer continue its financial support of two communist revolt. Asia is torn by civil war and nations, Truman believed they were under severe divided by combating ideals. The U.S. is pouring threat of communist takeover. Consequently, resources overseas to resist the spread of Truman took a strong public stand. In a speech to Communism. The tension of this quiet war is only Congress, the President openly shamed the being bolstered by the threat of Nuclear Winter on actions of the Communist regime, stating they both sides, East and West. Delegates must tread used “terror and oppression” to convince their carefully and behave with finesse and tact to achieve people to live “based upon the will of a minority their objectives without ripping the world in two. forcibly imposed upon the majority.”28 His request for $400 million was granted in support Communist Resistance from the of the people of Greece and Turkey. This has undeniably set the tone in U.S.- West Soviet relations. Some speculate that communist Truman’s Marshall Plan terrorist activity in Greece and Turkey is not in Under President Truman’s tenure as fact sponsored by the Soviets, but instead by Commander in Chief, Secretary of State George C. . This speech was the fulcrum around Marshall announced the self-titled “Marshall Plan”. which America spun into a position of life or death The American initiative to rebuild European’s faith conflict with the Soviets.29 in their own economies raised $13 billion to re- establish economic stability after WWII. The “Policy of ” distribution efforts are currently being arranged by After the War, U.S. citizens a committee of 16 European nations, spearheaded are not keen on entering any other wars. Political by the and . Their and economic turmoil in Europe, China, Korea, combined efforts led to a boost of 15-20% in the and provides a perfect environment for GDP of the participating European nations. revolt and Soviet takeover. Truman first saw the While the publicized interests of the effects of this in Greece and Turkey when the two Americans’ involvement in European economies countries were ravaged by communist-backed are of altruistic intentions, critics see other motives. guerrilla groups. Hence, the aforementioned The plan has promoted world trade and improved financial aid to the two nations was the first act in

25 "Leningrad Affair," Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 "Marshall Plan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., Web, Accessed 11 Aug. 2017. Britannica, Inc., n.d. Web, Accessed 14 July 2017. 28 “Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum.” Truman Library, Truman Doctrine Activity, 26 www.trumanlibrary.org/teacher/doctrine.htm. "Marshall Plan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 29 2009, Web, Accessed 14 July 2017. "Truman Doctrine Is Announced." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web, Accessed. 14 July 2017. 6

the “Policy of Containment”.30 This later became supporting our comrades in the East to ensure the known as “The Truman Doctrine.”31 survival and prosperity of communism throughout the globe. We cannot leave our with the United States brothers unsupported, for a ship with no wind in As tensions built up over the course of the its sails is nothing more than a large coffin. The Cold War, a time when espionage and silent action delegates must focus on consolidating power in were the dominant modes of operation, the U.S. the East and cooperating with China to ensure a wanted a larger trump card. In 1945, “Trinity,” the strong alliance with the Chinese communist first atomic bomb, was detonated by the Americans powers. in Mexico. Development of the atomic bomb began as a method for an American monopoly on weapons Recent International Action of mass destruction and the world’s largest bargaining chip. The atom bomb would essentially The United Nations was formed in 1945 as allow the U.S. to control foreign policy. a reaction to World War II. The Security Council Since the 1940’s, the USSR has been filling was also formed as the leading authority in the American’s “Manhattan Project” with spies. control of maintaining world-wide safety and Ensuring that the Americans and the British are not security. However, the actions and events of the the only ones with nuclear power is paramount to Cold War rendered the UN fairly irrelevant, as it the success of the Soviet Union. Allowing them only acted as another platform for a power exclusive access to this destructive power keeps the struggle. It quickly became a pawn for the world’s USSR under constant threat.32 superpowers to try to restrain one another.34

As such, it has been and must continue to be the Conclusion USSR’s priority to develop and secure atomic To conclude, communism poses a huge weaponry in order to maintain the hold of threat to the West, and those countries are doing communism in the region. This is an avenue for the everything in their power to keep the USSR and USSR to prove its military strength and instil faith other communist nations suppressed. Our strong in their supporters as well as fear in those who ties with our allies in the East are one of our would dissent. greatest priorities and should be pursued to their

fullest extent. We must use our military prowess Eastern Communist Support to expand our sphere of influence and strike fear in the hearts of those who doubt the Red Army. Immediately following WWII, tensions Truman and his allies stand no chance if our escalated between the comrades unite under the Red Banner of our and the Nationalist Party. Conflict with Japan and glorious leader: . constant revolts left China on its knees. Millions of people died as the conflict continued through 1946- Questions to Consider 1949, and the country was left divided, 1. How will the committee work towards economically crippled, and with countless citizens propagating Soviet sentiments across who had become homeless refugees.33 The Europe? conflict was influenced mainly by two parties, the

Soviets and the Americans. Each supported their respective factions: the Soviets with the Communist 2. How will the committee combat the Party and the Americans with the Nationalists. United States’ anti-communist Many peace talks were brokered, but despite activities? outward facing diplomacy, any peace agreements were short lived. Joseph Stalin used the Red Army to militarize the less cohesive Communist guerrilla 3. Will developing nuclear weapons forces, and the U.S. aided Nationalist soldier cause greater security or greater movements. danger? This committee must focus its efforts on

30 "Containment and the Marshall Plan." Ushistory.org. www.smithsonianmag.com/history/spies-who-spilled-atomic-bomb- Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web, Accessed 15 July secrets-127922660/. 2017. 33 "Chinese Civil War." Chinese Civil War - New World Encyclopedia. 31 Ibid. New World Encyclopedia, n.d. Web. 15 July 2017. 34" - The United Nations and the Cold War." 32 “Spies Who Spilled Atomic Bomb Secrets.” Smithsonian.com, Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. Encyclopedia of the New Smithsonian Institution, 19 Apr. 2009, American Nation, n.d. Web, Accessed 15 July 2017. 7

in their endeavors to bring the glory of 4. How will the USSR use its allies in the communism to their nations. By allying with them East to battle the regime of the West? and forging stronger bonds, we can aid them on their quest for stability and prosperity. In doing so, we not only spread communism to further 5. How big of a threat is the Marshall Plan reaches of the world, but also ensure our own to the spread of communism? strategic positioning in this ever growing conflict with the West.

6. Can we strengthen ties with other Potential Avenues for nations in Asia to increase our sphere Strengthening Relationships of influence? with Asian Nations Chinese Civil War The Chinese are currently at the brink of a total regime overhaul. and his supporters are in the middle of a war over China. The Nationalists are resisting the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) movement to make China a communist nation. Tensions have built since the end of the Second World War and have culminated into this current all-out war between the two parties.35 The Soviet Union has been a driver in this conflict, while still remaining indirectly involved. Both the U.S. and the USSR have been pushing the parties to peace talks and negotiations, with the main goal of brokering more favorable Topic B: Strengthening conditions for individual gains for both Relations with Asian Nations superpowers.36 However, now that aggression has broken out between the two parties, the U.S. and Establishing Communist and USSR have been offering minimal military Dominance support and guidance to either side.

Introduction Japan During World War II, Japan and the Now, more than ever, we must turn to the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression agreement. East for strength. We are being strangled in Europe Though usually enemies, the two nations agreed while our Asian comrades are struggling to gain to remove some of their troops from Manchuria footing in their own countries. Our entire and Outer Mongolia, highly contested land, to be philosophy rests on the notion of unity and used for other areas prominent in the war. brotherhood. The nation we have built sits on a Despite this neutrality agreement, shortly after, foundation of commonality and protecting the Germany invaded the USSR through Operation rights of its people. Are our communist brothers in Barbaroosa, killing millions of civilians and China and Vietnam a part of the same people? Do soldiers alike37. they not share the same ideals and values that we Post WWII, the was held fought so hard to protect in our own lands? Do we in Crimea, Russia. It was the scene of a meeting not have the duty to uphold their rights just as we between , Franklin Roosevelt, did ours? and Joseph Stalin. The subject of the meeting was China is in the midst of an all-encompassing post-war strategy and progress, with a distinctive civil war. Vietnam is being torn in half by capitalists. focus on the ongoing Pacific War and conflicts The West is meddling with the affairs of our with Japan. It became apparent that Soviet brothers to push their agendas and for their own intervention would be needed in order to secure personal gain. We cannot allow our brothers to fail

35 “The Chinese Revolution of 1949.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo- Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev. 9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0031.xml. 37 36 “Obo.” Chinese Civil War, 1945-1949 - Military History, Oxford “Japan and USSR sign nonaggression pact,” History.com, A&E Bibliographies, 20 July 2017, Television Networks, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/japan- and-ussr-sign-nonaggression-pact. 8

victory over Japan.38 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the After striking the agreement, and the Soviet North the September of the same year with Soviet Union formally declared war on Japan. The Red recognition.41 The conflicting ideologies of the Army proceeded to new controlling powers in the North and South - invade Manchuria with communist and capitalist - would lead to conflict devastating force and between the fledgling local governments and decimated Japanese prevent the reunification of Korea in 1948.42 forces. The attack coincided with the Vietnam second atomic bombing The 1940’s were a time of severe tension in by the U.S. on Nagasaki, Vietnam between the North and South ruling which weakened parties. The North was governed by an overtly Japanese resolve. The communist Lao Dong (Vietnamese Workers’ corresponding surrender Party),43 while the South was ruled by the 44 Image 2: “Obama Ho Chi from the attacks saw the democratic capitalist: Ngo Dinh Diem . The Minh Comment Echoes KGB end of the Pacific War South was supported by the United States and ‘Disinformation.’” WND, and further Japanese other western allies, while the North had some WND. aggression in the war.39 support from the USSR and China.

Tensions remain high Currently, the USSR is not directly between the Soviet Union and Japan, so any supporting prospect of allying with them are very slim. North Vietnam, but rather indirectly supporting military resistance groups like the National Korea Front. Neither China nor the Soviets Korea was released from its 35 years of were transparent about their support in Vietnam Japanese occupation in 1945, at the end of the as tensions were high with the West. In addition, Pacific War. The Korean Liberation Army had been Stalin perceived Asian resistance groups to be resisting Japanese occupation since the 1920’s, but inferior and too entrenched by .45 finally saw the fruits of their labor in August of 1945, when Soviet pressure on the Korean peninsula and Potential Backlash the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki hastened Japanese withdrawal from Korea.40 Straining Ties with the Chinese Two days prior to the , Communist Party U.S. officials divided Korea in half: North and As of yet, Mao Zedong has limited South. Japanese forces in the north surrendered to industrialization, and China’s economy is the Soviets, while those in the south(with the capital significantly affected by the recent war. By city of Seoul) surrendered to the U.S. A communist providing him with the resources to industrialize government was easily set up in the North, modeled China and transform its economy under on the Soviet political system, while early attempts communist rule, the USSR stands to gain to declare an independent republic in the South was economically and strategically by having a suppressed by the U.S. military command. In stronger ally. December of 1945, the On the other hand, with the strong sense produced a Joint U.S.-USSR Commission with the of nationalism and pride instilled in Zedong, he end goal of establishing a unified Korea, to little may eventually feel mistreated or exploited. If not effect. Even as the Republic of Korea in the South handled carefully, our allies could be scorned into became recognized by the UN in August 1948 as the breaking ties with us, should they feel we are only legitimate Korean government, Kim Il-Sung using our resources to exploit their new regime. was appointed Premier of the newly-formed Having an ally like Zedong is almost by definition

38 “The Yalta Conference, 1945,” U.S. Department of State, U.S. www.thoughtco.com/why-north-korea-and-south-korea- Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/yalta-conf. 195632. 43 39 “Soviets Declare War on Japan; Invade Manchuria.” History.com, A&E “North Vietnam after the Geneva Accords,” , Television Networks, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviets-declare- 20 Apr. 2016, alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/north- war-on-japan-invade-manchuria. vietnam/. 40 Korean Culture and Information Service (KOCIS), “Independence 44 Movement,” KOREA.net Gateway to Korea, “South Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem,” Vietnam War, www.korea.net/AboutKorea/History/Independence-Movement. 20 Apr. 2016, alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/south- vietnam/. 41 Lee, Ki-baik, et al. “Korea.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 45 “Chinese and Soviet Involvement in Vietnam,” Vietnam Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., War, 11 Apr. 2016, alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/chinese- www.britannica.com/place/Korea#toc35025. and-soviet-involvement/. 42 Szczepanski, Kallie. “How Korea Ended Up Split into North

Korea and South Korea.”ThoughtCo, 9

a volatile situation and must be treated as such. eventual industrialization of China could produce Power Vacuum in Korea a strong military and economic partner. Vietnam With two conflicting ideologies in is almost an exact manifestation of our conflict temporary control of Korea, further conflicts could with the U.S.. Allowing them to reign free in South arise. Escalation of tensions between the USSR and Vietnam is enabling them to stifle the growth of the United States could potentially derail the communism in the East. This would act as a step process of establishing stable local backwards for the progress we have achieved. Delegates must keep in mind the fragile nature of the situation outlined in the above guide. They must act with agility, mindfulness, and finesse. The survival of our great nation is paramount. As always, delegates must work with their fellow comrades in order to push this great republic to new, bolder horizons.

Questions to Consider 1. How will we manage our alliances with China to achieve dominance in the area without damaging our existing relationships?

2. Will providing increased support to Vietnam make us more vulnerable to Image 3: www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-chinese- Western political incursions on communist-revolution. Communist interests? governments in Korea. As a low-income nation that was developed under Japanese occupation with the 3. How does supporting our eastern goal of fueling Japanese industry, Korea lacks a allies put us in a stronger strategic plan for future development in its post-colonial era. position? The decolonization transition period represents an opportunity for the USSR to nurture the growth of another communist government in East Asia and 4. What avenues can we explore to expand its sphere of influence further along the further strengthen these Pacific Coast. Loss of the Korean peninsula to the relationships? United States would be a significant strategic concern, given the proximity of the northern Korean border to Communist China and the 5. How do we leverage our power to southernmost USSR territories. assert our dominance on the Korean peninsula?

Provoking the U.S. Supporting our Chinese allies in Vietnam 6. What are the results of Japan’s defeat, places the USSR at odds with the U.S. and could and how we do leverage this to our serve as the spark that ignites a seemingly inevitable advantage? confrontation with the West. Any proof of malpractice or direct interference in Vietnam could lead to greater global conflict. We must tread lightly in our plight to secure more communist footholds in the region as to not trigger events that could undo our progress so far.

Conclusion Both China and Vietnam stand to be great opportunities to gain an upper hand in this silent war. With its large population and considerable resources, support for Mao Zedong’s victory and the 10

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