DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review on the Diversity and Distribution of Opisthobranch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review on the Diversity and Distribution of Opisthobranch ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Spixiana, Zeitschrift für Zoologie Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: 036 Autor(en)/Author(s): Uribe Roberto A., Nakamura Katia, Indacochea Aldo, Pacheco Aldo S., Hooker Yuri, Schrödl Michael Artikel/Article: A review on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from Peru, with the addition of three new records 43-60 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de SPIXIANA 36 1 43-60 München, September 2013 ISSN 0341-8391 A review on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from Peru, with the addition of three new records (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) Roberto A. Uribe, Katia Nakamura, Aldo Indacochea, Aldo S. Pacheco, Yuri Hooker & Michael Schrödl Uribe, R. A., Nakamura, K., Indacochea, A., Pacheco, A. S., Hooker, Y. & Schrödl, M. 2013. A review on the diversity and distribution of opisthobranch gastropods from Peru, with the addition of three new records (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). Spixiana 36 (1): 43-60. Although the diversity of marine molluscs along the Humboldt Current ecosystem is relatively well known, some groups such as opisthobranch sea slugs and snails (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) have received little attention. Herein, we critically review and update the taxonomical composition of Acteonoidea, Nudi pleura, Euopisthobranchia and marine panpulmonates Sacoglossa and Acochlida from coastal Peruvian waters. Our checklist comprises a total of 56 species belonging to 30 families. The nudibranch species Tritonia sp., Tyrinna nobilis and Diaulula vario- lata are reported for the first time in the Peruvian coast. We also add new collection localities for 19 species, including Bulla punctulata, Navanax aenigmaticus, Haminoea peruviana, Aplysia juliana, Dolabrifera dolabrifera, Elysia diomedea, Elysia hedgpethi, Doris fontainei, Baptodoris peruviana, Polycera alabe, Felimare agassizii, Doto uva, Den- dronotus cf. venustus, Flabellina cynara, Fiona pinnata, Spurilla cf. neapolitana, Phidiana lottini, Bajaeolis bertschi and Glaucus atlanticus. The species Bulla punctulata, H. peru- viana, F. cynara and A. juliana, which are usually distributed in the Tropical East Pacific, are now reported also from the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Province. Earlier records of thecosome pteropods and several more or less ade- quately described Aplysia species still need taxonomic revision. Several benthic Peruvian opisthobranch species assumed to show wide or even circumtropical distributions are likely to be part of species complexes. Integrative approaches in- cluding molecular species characterization and intensified field work are necessary to enhance the knowledge on the diversity of opisthobranchs from Peru. Roberto A. Uribe, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Aplicadas Mención Sis- temas Marinos Costeros LAMSEC, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, PO Box 170, Antofagasta, Chile Katia Nakamura, Centro para la Sostenibilidad Ambiental, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Aldo Indacochea, Facultad de Biología Marina y Econegocios, Universidad Cien- tifica del Sur, Lima, Peru Aldo S. Pacheco, Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, CENSOR laboratory, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] Yuri Hooker, Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru Michael Schrödl, SNSB – Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausen- str. 21, 81247 München; and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany 43 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de Introduction the Peruvian coast is still uncertain (Gosliner 1991). In the past twelve years, prosobranch gastropods The coast of Peru encompasses ~2500 km of shoreline have received most research effort (Paredes et al. (3°23'-18°21' S) on the northern branch of the highly 2011 and references therein) together with bivalves productive Humboldt Current Upwelling Ecosystem (Paredes & Cardoso 2008 and references therein). (Ramírez et al. 2003, Zavalaga et al. 2009) and along Only recently, the diversity of opisthobranchs has the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific Province received more attention in terms of species descrip- (WTSPP) (sensu Spalding et al. 2007). This extensive tions and distribution (e. g. Nakamura 2006, 2007; coastal line is geomorphologically complex with pro- Martynov et al. 2011, Ornelas-Gatdula et al. 2012, tected bays interspersed by headlands, rock cliffs and Uribe & Pacheco 2012). extensive sandy beaches. Such heterogeneity leads to The last review of opisthobranchs from the the formation of several types of marine benthic habi- Peruvian coast compiled a total of 42 species in- tats (Tarazona et al. 2003). From an oceanographic cluding four new records (Nakamura 2006). Naka- perspective, two well defined current systems are mura (2006) focused in the northern part of the present: the cold, nutrient-rich upwelling system that coast (3°94'-4°23' S), thus information coming from flows northward from northern Chile up to ~6 °S, lower latitudes are probably underestimated. Since and the warm and less productive equatorial system research effort on opisthobranchs was poor along the with a poleward direction from the equator down Peruvian coast, several authors have predicted that to ~6 °S (Ramírez et al. 2003). As a result of these further records may be reported in the region in the oceanographic and geomorphological characteristics future (Gosliner 1991, Schrödl 2003, Terán et al. 2004, together with ecological factors the Peruvian coast Nakamura 2007). Accordingly, new species and dis- holds a rich and diverse mollusc fauna in habitats tributional extensions have been recently published ranging from the intertidal to the continental shelf. for nudibranchs (e. g. Martynov et al. 2011, Uribe & The last reviews on marine mollusc diversity from Pacheco 2012), and a first species of Acochlidia was Peru listed a total of 1018 species (Paredes et al. 1999, reported from northern Peru by Jörger et al. (2012). Ramírez et al. 2003). Despite this high number of spe- On the other hand, numerous species of Anaspidea cies, research efforts in some groups such as marine (Aplysiomorpha) or Thecosomata were described benthic heterobranchs, including opisthobranchs, are or reported from Peru, but have never been revised very limited and the biodiversity of these groups taxonomically. Furthermore, the presence of several requires further attention. opisthobranch species from Peru was based on pre- Recently, molecular studies have reconstructed dictions and extrapolations rather than original data. the phylogeny of opisthobranchs (e. g. Dinapoli & As an example, Álamo & Valdivieso (1987) published Klussmann-Kolb 2010, Jörger et al. 2010), suggesting a list with Peruvian opisthobranchs, but including that the opisthobranch subgroups are distributed confirmed records together with hypothetic ones, over several different clades instead of being a major i. e. assuming a continuous range for species that single group. Jörger et al. (2010) and Schrödl et al. were previously reported from California and Chile, (2011) distinguished Acteonoidea separated from Eu- as is the case of Rostanga pulchra and Cadlina sparsa. thyneura and the latter comprising Nudipleura (with Similarly, the conspicuous and common Chilean Pleurobranchoidea and Nudibranchia, sea slugs in Thecacera darwini was mentioned to be present in Peru a strict sense) as sister to the so-called Tectipleura. (e. g. Zagal & Hermosilla 2001). These assumptions These divide into two clades; Euopisthobranchia on distribution are problematic because they may (with cephalaspideans, sea hares and pteropods, persist in the literature (e. g. Paredes et al. 1999), and among others) and Panpulmonata, comprising the are no longer marked as such. These reports were traditional opisthobranch orders Sacoglossa and never substantiated by original data (Schrödl 2003, Acochlidia, plus several pulmonate and formerly 2009), but Fischer et al. (2005) already emphasized the enigmatic groups. For review and discussion of high probability that T. darwini also occurs in Peru. this “new euthyneuran tree” and its consequences In this context, a critical revision on the previous with regard to evolution of sea slugs and snails see records is needed in order to improve and update Brenzinger et al. (2013) and Wägele et al. (in press). the list of the opisthobranch species from Peru. In In this work we concentrate on “opisthobranchs” in this study, we present a revised taxonomic list and a traditional sense (e. g. Behrens 1991, Schrödl 2003), the geographical distribution of “opisthobranchs” excluding pyramidellids but including acteonoide- (Acteonoidea, Nudipleura, Euopisthobranchia, Aco- ans and nudibranchs together with all other sea slugs chlidia and Sacoglossa) from rocky intertidal and and snails with more or less reduced shells (Behrens shallow subtidal zones along the Peruvian coast. In 1991). The current state of the number of species addition, three species are reported for the first time and distributional ranges of these molluscs along from Peru. 44 ©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de Fig. 1. Map of the Peruvian coast showing the four main sampling areas and the names of the collection sites. 1, Northern zone, correspond- ing to the Tropical East Pa-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Benthic Invertebrate Community Monitoring and Indicator Development for Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary
    July 15, 2013 Final Report Project SR12-002: Benthic Invertebrate Community Monitoring and Indicator Development for Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor Estuary Gary L. Taghon, Rutgers University, Project Manager [email protected] Judith P. Grassle, Rutgers University, Co-Manager [email protected] Charlotte M. Fuller, Rutgers University, Co-Manager [email protected] Rosemarie F. Petrecca, Rutgers University, Co-Manager and Quality Assurance Officer [email protected] Patricia Ramey, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt Germany, Co-Manager [email protected] Thomas Belton, NJDEP Project Manager and NJDEP Research Coordinator [email protected] Marc Ferko, NJDEP Quality Assurance Officer [email protected] Bob Schuster, NJDEP Bureau of Marine Water Monitoring [email protected] Introduction The Barnegat Bay ecosystem is potentially under stress from human impacts, which have increased over the past several decades. Benthic macroinvertebrates are commonly included in studies to monitor the effects of human and natural stresses on marine and estuarine ecosystems. There are several reasons for this. Macroinvertebrates (here defined as animals retained on a 0.5-mm mesh sieve) are abundant in most coastal and estuarine sediments, typically on the order of 103 to 104 per meter squared. Benthic communities are typically composed of many taxa from different phyla, and quantitative measures of community diversity (e.g., Rosenberg et al. 2004) and the relative abundance of animals with different feeding behaviors (e.g., Weisberg et al. 1997, Pelletier et al. 2010), can be used to evaluate ecosystem health. Because most benthic invertebrates are sedentary as adults, they function as integrators, over periods of months to years, of the properties of their environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Diaphorodoris Luteocincta (Sars, 1870): ¿Dos “Variedades” O Especies Diferentes?
    Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales Departamento de Biología Trabajo Fin de Grado Grado en Ciencias del Mar Diaphorodoris luteocincta (Sars, 1870): ¿dos “variedades” o especies diferentes? Fernando Cortés Fossati Tutores: Pr. Dr. D. Juan Lucas Cervera Currado, Pr. Dra. Dña. Marta Pola Pérez Por ada: Fotografía modificada de Marta Pola Diaphorodoris luteocincta (Sars, 1870): ¿dos “variedades” o especies diferentes? Memoria presentada por Fernando Cortés Fossati para optar al Grado de Ciencias del Mar por la Universidad de Cádiz. Fdo.: Fernando Cortés Fossati Puerto Real, 16 de Septiembre de 2016 LA PRESENTE MEMORIA DE TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO HA SIDO TUTORIZADA POR EL PR. DR. JUAN LUCAS CERVERA CURRADO, DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE CÁDIZ Y POR LA PR. DRA. MARTA POLA PÉREZ, DE LA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID Los tutores: Fdo.: Juan Lucas Cervera Currado Fdo.: Marta Pola Pérez Puerto Real, 16 de Septiembre de 2016 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ...................................................................................................... 3 RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Sobre la Biodiversidad de los “Invertebrados” en el Medio Marino ................. 9 1.2 El debate acerca de la identidad
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of Two Dendronotid Nudibranchs from Korea
    Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 36, No. 4: 416-419, October 2020 https://doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2020.36.4.042 Short communication New Records of Two Dendronotid Nudibranchs from Korea Jongrak Lee1, Hyun Jong Kil2, Sa Heung Kim1,* 1Institute of the Sea Life Diversity (IN THE SEA), Seogwipo 63573, Korea 2National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea ABSTRACT Two cold water species of dendronotid nudibranchs are described for the first time in Korea: Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774) and Dendronotus robilliardi Korshunova, Sanamyan, Zimina, Fletcher & Martynov, 2016. Dendronotus frondosus is characterized by the color pattern of deep dark-brown with white specks and mottles on the dorsum. Dendronotus robilliardi is distinguished by the body of translucent white with milky stripes and orange- brown markings in papillae, and D. robilliardi from Korean water is commonly examined with white dots on the anterior dorsum. Images of external morphology and brief re-descriptions of two species were provided. Further, we confirmed the opinion of Korshunova et al. that the KoreanD. albus image by Koh would be D. robilliardi. Keywords: ‌Nudibranchia, Dendronotidae, taxonomy, Dendronotus frondosus, Dendronotus robilliardi, Korea INTRODUCTION tographs were taken underwater and in an acrylic tray using a TG-5 camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a ring The family Dendronotidae Allman, 1845 is characterized by light. Samples were frozen in dry ice and then fixed in 10% the presence of an elongated body with numerous branching neutral-buffered formalin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) or appendages on the dorsal sides and a diverse color pattern. 95% ethanol (Samchun, Seoul, Korea).
    [Show full text]
  • A Radical Solution: the Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae
    RESEARCH ARTICLE A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the Nudibranch Family Fionidae Kristen Cella1, Leila Carmona2*, Irina Ekimova3,4, Anton Chichvarkhin3,5, Dimitry Schepetov6, Terrence M. Gosliner1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, 3 Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia, 4 Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 5 A.V. Zhirmunsky Instutute of Marine Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 6 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia a11111 * [email protected] Abstract Tergipedidae represents a diverse and successful group of aeolid nudibranchs, with approx- imately 200 species distributed throughout most marine ecosystems and spanning all bio- OPEN ACCESS geographical regions of the oceans. However, the systematics of this family remains poorly Citation: Cella K, Carmona L, Ekimova I, understood since no modern phylogenetic study has been undertaken to support any of the Chichvarkhin A, Schepetov D, Gosliner TM (2016) A Radical Solution: The Phylogeny of the proposed classifications. The present study is the first molecular phylogeny of Tergipedidae Nudibranch Family Fionidae. PLoS ONE 11(12): based on partial sequences of two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) genes and one nuclear e0167800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167800 gene (H3). Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis were con- Editor: Geerat J. Vermeij, University of California, ducted in order to elucidate the systematics of this family. Our results do not recover the tra- UNITED STATES ditional Tergipedidae as monophyletic, since it belongs to a larger clade that includes the Received: July 7, 2016 families Eubranchidae, Fionidae and Calmidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Norwegian Sea Slugs (Nudibranchia): New Species to Norwegian Coastal Waters and New Data on Distribution of Rare Species
    Fauna norvegica 2013 Vol. 32: 45-52. ISSN: 1502-4873 Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species Jussi Evertsen1 and Torkild Bakken1 Evertsen J, Bakken T. 2013. Diversity of Norwegian sea slugs (Nudibranchia): new species to Norwegian coastal waters and new data on distribution of rare species. Fauna norvegica 32: 45-52. A total of 5 nudibranch species are reported from the Norwegian coast for the first time (Doridoxa ingolfiana, Goniodoris castanea, Onchidoris sparsa, Eubranchus rupium and Proctonotus mucro- niferus). In addition 10 species that can be considered rare in Norwegian waters are presented with new information (Lophodoris danielsseni, Onchidoris depressa, Palio nothus, Tritonia griegi, Tritonia lineata, Hero formosa, Janolus cristatus, Cumanotus beaumonti, Berghia norvegica and Calma glau- coides), in some cases with considerable changes to their distribution. These new results present an update to our previous extensive investigation of the nudibranch fauna of the Norwegian coast from 2005, which now totals 87 species. An increase in several new species to the Norwegian fauna and new records of rare species, some with considerable updates, in relatively few years results mainly from sampling effort and contributions by specialists on samples from poorly sampled areas. doi: 10.5324/fn.v31i0.1576. Received: 2012-12-02. Accepted: 2012-12-20. Published on paper and online: 2013-02-13. Keywords: Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, taxonomy, biogeography 1. Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Corresponding author: Jussi Evertsen E-mail: [email protected] IntRODUCTION the main aims.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Jamaican Mangrove Areas
    BIODIVERSITY OF JAMAICAN MANGROVE AREAS Volume 7 Mangrove Biotypes VI: Common Fauna BY MONA WEBBER (PH.D) PROJECT FUNDED BY: 2 MANGROVE BIOTYPE VI: COMMON FAUNA CNIDARIA, ANNELIDA, CRUSTACEANS, MOLLUSCS & ECHINODERMS CONTENTS Page Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 4 List of fauna by habitat……………………………………………………….. 4 Cnidaria Aiptasia tagetes………………………………………………………… 6 Cassiopeia xamachana………………………………………………… 8 Annelida Sabellastarte magnifica………………………………………………… 10 Sabella sp………………………………………………………………. 11 Crustacea Calinectes exasperatus…………………………………………………. 12 Calinectes sapidus……………………………………………………… 13 Portunis sp……………………………………………………………… 13 Lupella forcepes………………………………………………………… 14 Persephone sp. …………………………………………………………. 15 Uca spp………………………………………………………………..... 16 Aratus pisoni……………………………………………………………. 17 Penaeus duorarum……………………………………………………… 18 Panulirus argus………………………………………………………… 19 Alphaeus sp…………………………………………………………….. 20 Mantis shrimp………………………………………………………….. 21 Balanus eberneus………………………………………………………. 22 Balanus amphitrite…………………………………………………….. 23 Chthamalus sp………………………………………………………….. 23 Mollusca Brachidontes exustus…………………………………………………… 24 Isognomon alatus………………………………………………………. 25 Crassostrea rhizophorae……………………………………………….. 26 Pinctada radiata………………………………………………………... 26 Plicatula gibosa………………………………………………………… 27 Martesia striata…………………………………………………………. 27 Perna viridis……………………………………………………………. 28 Trachycardium muricatum……………………………………..……… 30 Anadara chemnitzi………………………………………………...……. 30 Diplodonta punctata………………………………………………..…... 32 Dosinia sp…………………………………………………………..….
    [Show full text]
  • Argiris 1 Color Change in Dolabrifera Dolabrifera (Sea Hare)
    Argiris 1 Color change in Dolabrifera dolabrifera (sea hare) in response to substrate change Jennay Argiris Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of California, Santa Barbara EAP Tropical Biology and Conservation Program, Fall 2017 15 December 2017 ABSTRACT Dolabrifera dolabrifera is an Opisthobranch (sea slug) known for its cryptic coloration. This coloration is an important defense mechanism, but D. dolabrifera have never been studied to see if they change colors to increase their cryptic nature. After photographing 12 D. dolabrifera on different substrates, the color of the slugs and their substrate were determined. These colors were then depicted as hue values. Each D. dolabrifera was photographed three times, in different tide pools and over time. Every D. dolabrifera was graphed with the hue value found for the slug, substrate and reference for the three photographs taken. After analyzing the graphs, I found a correlation between the slug and substrate hue in eight out of the twelve trials. D. dolabrifera changes its color based on its substrate. RESUMEN Dolabrifera dolabrifera es una Opisthobranch (babosa del mar) conocido por su coloración críptica. Esta coloración es un mecanismo de defensa importante, pero nunca se ha estudiado para ver si los D. dolabrifera cambian de color para aumentar su naturaleza críptica. Después de fotografiar 12 D. dolabrifera en diferentes charcas de mareas a través del tiempo, se determine el color de las babosas y su sustrato. Estos colores fueron luego representados como valores de tono. Cada D. dolabrifera fue fotografiada tres veces, en diferentes charcos de mareas y con el tiempo. Cada D.
    [Show full text]
  • John E. Morris Ally Described in 1860 As Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) Gurneyi
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ROBERT EDWARD BATIEfor the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in Zoology presented on (Major) (Late) Title:TAXONOMY AND SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE SEA PEN PTLLOSARCUS GURNEYI (CNIDARIA, PENNATULAC EA) Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy John E. Morris At present there is much confusion regarding the correct genus and species name for the shallow water, West coast sea pen.Origin- ally described in 1860 as Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) gurneyi Gray, this sea pen has subsequently been placed inthree different genera, one of which has had three spelling variations, and in three different species groups under three spelling variations.Not only is there ex- tensive synonymy, but also homonymy exists between the generic names of a sea pen and a moth. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the valid taxonomic name and to supply more information about the sea pen with respect to its anatomy and biology. Sea pens were collected from Puget Sound, Washington, and from Monterey Bay, California,Their internal and external morpholo.- gies were compared; no detectable differences were found between the two populations, except in coloration.Coloration was not considered to be a stable enough character upon which tobase species differences. The taxonomic history of the West coast sea pen waspresented and reasons given for the subordination of the genusLeioptilus to the genus Ptilosarcus.Ptilosarcus gurneyi was recommended as the proper and valid binomen forthe shallow water sea pen with all other names being subordinated. Taxonomy and Some Aspects of the Biology of the Sea Pen Ptilosarcus gurn (Cnidaria, Pennatulacea) by Robert Edward Batie A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 1971 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Conflict in Hermaphrodites
    Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 1, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Sexual Conflict in Hermaphrodites Lukas Scha¨rer1, Tim Janicke2, and Steven A. Ramm3 1Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland 2Centre d’E´cologie Fonctionnelle et E´volutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France 3Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany Correspondence: [email protected] Hermaphrodites combine the male and female sex functions into a single individual, either sequentially or simultaneously. This simple fact means that they exhibit both similarities and differences in the way in which they experience, and respond to, sexual conflict compared to separate-sexed organisms. Here, we focus on clarifying how sexual conflict concepts can be adapted to apply to all anisogamous sexual systems and review unique (or especially im- portant) aspects of sexual conflict in hermaphroditic animals. These include conflicts over the timing of sex change in sequential hermaphrodites, and in simultaneous hermaphrodites, over both sex roles and the postmating manipulation of the sperm recipient by the sperm donor. Extending and applying sexual conflict thinking to hermaphrodites can identify general evolutionary principles and help explain some of the unique reproductive diversity found among animals exhibiting this widespread but to date understudied sexual system. onceptual and empirical work on sexual strategy of making more but smaller gam- Cconflict is dominated by studies on gono- etes—driven by (proto)sperm competition— chorists (species with separate sexes) (e.g., Par- likely forced the (proto)female sexual strategy ker 1979, 2006; Rice and Holland 1997; Holland into investing more resources per gamete (Par- and Rice 1998; Rice and Chippindale 2001; ker et al.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LISTING of PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T
    August 2017 Guido T. Poppe A LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS - V1.00 THE LISTING OF PHILIPPINE MARINE MOLLUSKS Guido T. Poppe INTRODUCTION The publication of Philippine Marine Mollusks, Volumes 1 to 4 has been a revelation to the conchological community. Apart from being the delight of collectors, the PMM started a new way of layout and publishing - followed today by many authors. Internet technology has allowed more than 50 experts worldwide to work on the collection that forms the base of the 4 PMM books. This expertise, together with modern means of identification has allowed a quality in determinations which is unique in books covering a geographical area. Our Volume 1 was published only 9 years ago: in 2008. Since that time “a lot” has changed. Finally, after almost two decades, the digital world has been embraced by the scientific community, and a new generation of young scientists appeared, well acquainted with text processors, internet communication and digital photographic skills. Museums all over the planet start putting the holotypes online – a still ongoing process – which saves taxonomists from huge confusion and “guessing” about how animals look like. Initiatives as Biodiversity Heritage Library made accessible huge libraries to many thousands of biologists who, without that, were not able to publish properly. The process of all these technological revolutions is ongoing and improves taxonomy and nomenclature in a way which is unprecedented. All this caused an acceleration in the nomenclatural field: both in quantity and in quality of expertise and fieldwork. The above changes are not without huge problematics. Many studies are carried out on the wide diversity of these problems and even books are written on the subject.
    [Show full text]
  • Benthic Data Sheet
    DEMERSAL OTTER/BEAM TRAWL DATA SHEET RESEARCH VESSEL_____________________(1/20/13 Version*) CLASS__________________;DATE_____________;NAME:___________________________; DEVICE DETAILS_________ LOCATION (OVERBOARD): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ LOCATION (AT DEPTH): LAT_______________________; LONG_____________________________; DEPTH___________ LOCATION (START UP): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________;.DEPTH__________ LOCATION (ONBOARD): LAT_______________________; LONG______________________________ TIME: IN______AT DEPTH_______START UP_______SURFACE_______.DURATION OF TRAWL________; SHIP SPEED__________; WEATHER__________________; SEA STATE__________________; AIR TEMP______________ SURFACE TEMP__________; PHYS. OCE. NOTES______________________; NOTES_______________________________ INVERTEBRATES Phylum Porifera Order Pennatulacea (sea pens) Class Calcarea __________________________________ Family Stachyptilidae Class Demospongiae (Vase sponge) _________________ Stachyptilum superbum_____________________ Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongia- glass sponge) Suborder Subsessiliflorae Subclass Hexasterophora Family Pennatulidae Order Hexactinosida Ptilosarcus gurneyi________________________ Family Aphrocallistidae Family Virgulariidae Aphrocallistes vastus ______________________ Acanthoptilum sp. ________________________ Other__________________________________________ Stylatula elongata_________________________ Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Virgularia sp.____________________________ Other_______________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • The Feeding Habits of Pleurobranchaea
    THE FEEDING HABITS OF PLEUROBRANCHAEA CALIFORNICA MACFARLAND, 1966 (OPISTHOBRANCHIA, NOTASPIDEA) IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Stanislaus and Moss Landing Marine Laboratories In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Marine Science By Karen E. Battle August, 1994 ABSTRACT The natural diet of Pleurobranchaea californica was studied in Monterey Bay, California. Specimens were collected from January 29 to November 9, 1992, at depths of 30-100 meters, using an otter trawl and an interfacial trawl. Three hundred fty-six animals were collected and ranged in size from 0.01-411 grams with most of the animals weighing between 1.0 and 50 grams. The gut contents were examined and 16 different prey types were identified. Thirty-three percent of the guts were empty. Many animals had sediment in their guts, which was presumed to be a result of their ingesting or attempting to ingest prey items that live on or below the substratum. P. californica a euryphagic predator with pronounced cannibalism. Individual Index of Relative Importance values showed that opisthobranchs made up the largest portion of the diet of P. californica. The opisthobranchs in the diet included P. californica (as prey), Armina californica and Aglaja sp. The diets were similar specimens of P. californica collected at all depths, but did change depending upon the season in which the animals were collected, and their size. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. James Nybakken, Dr. Gregor Cailliet, and Dr. Pamela Roe for their guidance and advice throughout this study.
    [Show full text]