Argiris 1 Color Change in Dolabrifera Dolabrifera (Sea Hare)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Argiris 1 Color Change in Dolabrifera Dolabrifera (Sea Hare) Argiris 1 Color change in Dolabrifera dolabrifera (sea hare) in response to substrate change Jennay Argiris Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology University of California, Santa Barbara EAP Tropical Biology and Conservation Program, Fall 2017 15 December 2017 ABSTRACT Dolabrifera dolabrifera is an Opisthobranch (sea slug) known for its cryptic coloration. This coloration is an important defense mechanism, but D. dolabrifera have never been studied to see if they change colors to increase their cryptic nature. After photographing 12 D. dolabrifera on different substrates, the color of the slugs and their substrate were determined. These colors were then depicted as hue values. Each D. dolabrifera was photographed three times, in different tide pools and over time. Every D. dolabrifera was graphed with the hue value found for the slug, substrate and reference for the three photographs taken. After analyzing the graphs, I found a correlation between the slug and substrate hue in eight out of the twelve trials. D. dolabrifera changes its color based on its substrate. RESUMEN Dolabrifera dolabrifera es una Opisthobranch (babosa del mar) conocido por su coloración críptica. Esta coloración es un mecanismo de defensa importante, pero nunca se ha estudiado para ver si los D. dolabrifera cambian de color para aumentar su naturaleza críptica. Después de fotografiar 12 D. dolabrifera en diferentes charcas de mareas a través del tiempo, se determine el color de las babosas y su sustrato. Estos colores fueron luego representados como valores de tono. Cada D. dolabrifera fue fotografiada tres veces, en diferentes charcos de mareas y con el tiempo. Cada D. dolabrifera fue graficado con el valor de tono encontrado para la babosa, sustrato y referencia para las tres fotografías tomadas. Después de analizar los gráficos, encontré una correlación entre los matizes de la babosa y del sustrato en ocho de los doce ensayos. D. dolabrifera cambia su color en función de su sustrato. Cryptic coloration is an important mechanism in nature that utilizes color to disguise an organism. It is a prime example of natural selection that can be found throughout aquatic and terrestrial environments from octopuses to katydids. Most of these organisms match their background while some use disruptive coloration to hide the outline of their body (Stevens et al. 2009). A zebra exhibits the latter form of cryptic coloration. It obviously does not blend in to the African Savannah, but when zebras are in a group, their stripes make it very difficult to distinguish individuals. On the other hand, many organisms, like stick bugs, have coloration that allows them to match their surroundings. Dolabrifera dolabrifera is an Opisthobranch found in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Costa Rica that possesses cryptic coloration by background matching. They grow to an average of 10 centimeters and are generally shades of green and brown, to match their algae and rock filled substrate (Rudman, 1999). A substrate is a surface where organisms live, eat or traverse. They also have two oral tentacles and two rolled rhinophores on top of their head that sense Color change in Dolabrifera dolabrifera Argiris 2 chemical cues (Rudman, 1999). D. dolabrifera have fused parapodia everywhere but two flaps for respiration and can be found as deep as 16 meters (Rudman, 2003). D. dolabrifera belong to the Anaspidea order- commonly known as the sea hares. Anaspidea do not possess a hard shell, and unlike their close relatives the nudibranchs, do not have chemical defenses associated with nematocyst uptake to discourage predators (Greenwood, 2004). With no known physical defenses, sea hares usually release an ink and opaline mixture. This deters predators by being unpalatable or a phagomimic-a compound that mimics food, so the sea hare can sneak away (Love-Chezem et al. 2013). However, D. dolabrifera posses the opaline gland, but not the ink gland to ward off these predators (Prince, 2007). Because of this, D. dolabrifera’s main defense against predation appears to be its background matching. In many organisms, this type of matching is static and broadly matches many substrates. While this could be D. dolabrifera’s only defense, I observed that individuals’ color seemed to faintly change over time. Do D. dolabrifera change their color to better match their substrate? MATERIALS AND METHODS Data was collected at the tide pools of La Islita in Cuajiniquil, Costa Rica between 8:30 AM and 10:30 AM during mid to low tide. Once I found a slug, I took picture with a piece of cardboard present in the photograph-as a reference. If the reference moved in the same pattern as the slug and substrate, the correlation between the slugs and substrate would likely be due to the entire image taking on a different hue because on camera or lighting issues. The camera used was a Fujifilm FinePix XP90. Every photo displayed the D. dolabrifera and the reference either fully shaded or fully lit with the reference and the surrounding substrate similarly lit. This D. dolabrifera was then carefully moved into another tide pool to see if it would change color. The new tide pool was chosen at random so as not to bias the results. Within a minute of being placed in the new pool, the slug was photographed again. I took a final photo after the slugs had grown accustomed to their new substrate for 15 minutes. I repeated this with 27 D. dolabrifera. Slugs 5, 6, and 18 hid before the final picture could be taken, reducing the sample size to 24. I analyzed photographs using the Digital Color Meter, located in the Utilities folder in Apple computers (Klein, 2015). This application calculates the amount of red, blue and green (RGB) present in the photo. I had the applications meter set to the largest aperture size and the display was set to sRGB-so it would calculate red, green and blue. Data was taken at three points along the posterior, median plane and two more on the posterior, lateral sides of the D. dolabrifera. Multiple data points had to be taken because the aperture of the digital color meter was not large enough to include the entire slug. Each point provided an RGB value. The multiple data points from the slug were averaged to Figure 1: The white boxes are the apertures find the red, green and blue value that best and measure the red, green and blue within represented the overall color of the slug. The the squares. More values were taken, than substrate value was found by getting RGB values these three, but this exhibits a sample from for the substrate directly around the D. the slug, reference and substrate Color change in Dolabrifera dolabrifera Argiris 3 dolabrifera. Values were taken around the entire slug, roughly 0.25 to 0.5 centimeters, and the red, green and blue values were averaged. Two more values were taken for the reference and these were also averaged. An example of this analysis for the slug, substrate and reference is illustrated in Figure 1. The end values for red, green and blue were then converted into HSB-hue, saturation and brightness-values using a color converter at www.colorizer.org. Hue, saturation and brightness are best represented in a three dimensional conical shape as illustrated in Figure 2 (Jewett, 1997). This conversion was used to account for discrepancies in brightness and because hue is a better indicator of “color” (Karcher, 2003). Hue depicts color using one number while RGB has three different numbers that do not properly represent the color unless the three values are analyzed together. Hue is represented in 360o with red at 0o/360o, blue at 240o, and green at 120o illustrated in Figure 3 (Vandevenne, 2004). All samples that had values over 180o were not included Figure 2: Hue is the value around the because the graphs did not correctly illustrate the close edge of the cone, strictly representing relationship between the highest and lowest values. the color. The brightness takes For example, 0o and 359o look very far apart when darkness into account while the graphed even though they are actually only 1o away saturation is in charge of lighter from each other. This required me to discount nine D. shades of a hue. dolabrifera (slugs 4, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26 and 27). RESULTS In 66.67% of the graphs, there was a correlation between the substrate and the slug coloration (Table 1). On the other hand, the correlations between the reference and slug and the reference and substrate were both 16.67%. A graph was made for each of the 24 D. dolabrifera that were found after 15 minutes (refer to appendix). The 1 on the x-axis refers to the slug in its Figure 3: Hue represented in 360 with no saturation (light) or brightness (dark) included Color change in Dolabrifera dolabrifera Argiris 4 Table 1: This table summarizes the graphical analysis of the slugs, substrates and references by their correlations. The specific graphs that follow each relationship are in Dolabrifera graphs. These graphs are then changed into percentages and number of graphs out of 12 graphs original substrate, 2 is immediately after the slug was relocated, and 3 is the slug 15 minutes after it was relocated. I examined the graphs to determine if there were any relationships. These graphs were then divided into a correlation between the slug and the substrate, the slug and the reference, and the substrate and the reference. An example of a strong slug and substrate relationship was present with slug 23 (Figure 4). It is easy to see how close the slug and substrate Slug 23 120 100 80 60 HUE (DEGREES) 40 20 0 1 2 3 SEQUENCE AND SUBSTRATE Slug Substrate ReferenCe Figure 4: This graph exhibits a strong correlation between substrate and slug hue and no correlation to the reference Color change in Dolabrifera dolabrifera Argiris 5 follow each other in terms of directionality and hue.
Recommended publications
  • SENCKENBERG First Observations of Attempted Nudibranch Predation By
    Mar Biodiv (2012) 42281-283 DOI 10.1007/S12526-011-0097-9 SENCKENBERG SHORT COMMUNICATION First observations of attempted nudibranch predation by sea anemones Sancia E. T. van der Meij • Bastian T. Reijnen Received: 18 April 2011 /Revised: 1 June2011 /Accepted: 6 June2011 /Published online:24 June2011 © The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract On two separate occasions during fieldwork in Material and methods Sempoma (eastern Sabah, Malaysia), sea anemones of the family Edwardsiidae were observed attempting to The observations were made dining fieldwork on coral feed on the nudibranch speciesNembrotha lineolata and reefs in the Sempoma district (eastern Sabah, Malaysia), Phyllidia ocellata. These are the first in situ observations as part of the Sempoma Marine Ecological Expedition in of nudibranch predation by sea anemones. This new December 2010 (SMEE2010). The reported observations record is compared with known information on sea slug were made on Creach Reef (04°18'58.8"N, 118°36T7.3" predators. E) and Pasalat Reef (04°30'47.8"N, 118°44'07.8"E), at approximately 10 m depth for both observations. The Keywords Actiniaria • Coral reef • Nudibranchia • nudibranch identifications were checked against Gosliner Polyceridae • Phylidiidae et al. (2008), whereas the identification of the sea anemone was done by A. Crowtheri No material was collected. Photos were taken with a Canon 400D with a Introduction Sigma 50-mm macro lens. Several organisms are known to prey on sea slugs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia), including fish, crabs, Results worms and sea spiders (e.g. Trowbridge 1994; Rogers et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle and Early Development of the Thecosomatous Pteropod Limacina Retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, Including the Effect of Elevated CO2 Levels
    Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels Ali A. Thabetab, Amy E. Maasac*, Gareth L. Lawsona and Ann M. Tarranta a. Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543 b. Zoology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University in Assiut, Assiut, Egypt. c. Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s GE01, Bermuda *Corresponding Author, equal contribution with lead author Email: [email protected] Phone: 441-297-1880 x131 Keywords: mollusc, ocean acidification, calcification, mortality, developmental delay Abstract Thecosome pteropods are pelagic molluscs with aragonitic shells. They are considered to be especially vulnerable among plankton to ocean acidification (OA), but to recognize changes due to anthropogenic forcing a baseline understanding of their life history is needed. In the present study, adult Limacina retroversa were collected on five cruises from multiple sites in the Gulf of Maine (between 42° 22.1’–42° 0.0’ N and 69° 42.6’–70° 15.4’ W; water depths of ca. 45–260 m) from October 2013−November 2014. They were maintained in the laboratory under continuous light at 8° C. There was evidence of year-round reproduction and an individual life span in the laboratory of 6 months. Eggs laid in captivity were observed throughout development. Hatching occurred after 3 days, the veliger stage was reached after 6−7 days, and metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was after ~ 1 month. Reproductive individuals were first observed after 3 months. Calcein staining of embryos revealed calcium storage beginning in the late gastrula stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Selection of an Omnivorous Diet by the Mangrove Tree Crab Aratus Pisonii in Laboratory Experiments ⁎ Amy A
    Journal of Sea Research 59 (2008) 59–69 www.elsevier.com/locate/seares Selection of an omnivorous diet by the mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii in laboratory experiments ⁎ Amy A. Erickson a, , Ilka C. Feller b, Valerie J. Paul a, Lisa M. Kwiatkowski a, Woody Lee a a Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL, USA 34949 b Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD, USA 21037 Received 16 October 2006; accepted 12 June 2007 Available online 26 July 2007 Abstract Observational studies on leaf damage, gut content analyses, and crab behaviour have demonstrated that like numerous other mangrove and salt-marsh generalists, the mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii feeds on a variety of food resources. This study is the first that experimentally tests feeding preferences of A. pisonii, as well as the first to test experimentally whether chemical composition of food resources is responsible for food selection. Feeding preferences were determined among a variety of plant, algal, and animal resources available in the field both in Florida and Belize, using multiple-choice feeding assays, where male and female crabs simultaneously were offered a variety of food items. To test whether chemistry of food resources was responsible for feeding preferences, chemical extracts of food resources were incorporated in an agar-based artificial food, and used in feeding assays. Results of feeding assays suggest that crabs prefer animal matter from ∼ 2.5 to 13× more than other available resources, including leaves of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle, which contribute the most to their natural diet.
    [Show full text]
  • (5 Classes) Polyplacophora – Many Plates on a Foot Cephalopoda – Head Foot Gastropoda – Stomach Scaphopoda – Tusk Shell Bivalvia – Hatchet Foot
    Policemen Phylum Censor Gals in Scant Mollusca Bikinis! (5 Classes) Polyplacophora – Many plates on a foot Cephalopoda – Head foot Gastropoda – Stomach Scaphopoda – Tusk shell Bivalvia – Hatchet foot foot Typical questions for Mollusca •How many of these specimens posses a radula? •Which ones are filter feeders? •Which have undergone torsion? Detorsion? •Name the main function of the mantle? •Name a class used for currency •Which specimens have lungs? (Just have think of which live on land vs. in water……) •Name the oldest part of a univalve shell? Bivalve? Answers…maybe • Gastropods, Cephalopoda, Mono-, A- & Polyplacophora • Bivalvia (Scaphopoda….have a captacula) • Gastropods Opisthobranchia (sea hares & sea slugs) and the land slugs of the Pulmonata • Mantle secretes the shell • Scaphopoda • Pulmonata – their name gives this away • Apex for Univalve, Umbo for bivalve but often the terms are used interchangeably Anus Gills in Mantle mantle cavity Radula Head in mouth Chitons radula, 8 plates Class Polyplacophora Tentacles (2) & arms are all derived from the gastropod foot Class Cephalopoda - Octopuses, Squid, Nautilus, Cuttlefish…beak, pen, ink sac, chromatophores, jet propulsion……….dissection. Subclass Prosobranchia Aquatic –marine. Generally having thick Apex pointed shells, spines, & many have opercula. Gastropoda WORDS TO KNOW: snails, conchs, torsion, coiling, radula, operculum & egg sac Subclass Pulmonata Aquatic – freshwater. Shells are thin, rounded, with no spines, ridges or opercula. Subclass Pulmonata Slug Detorsion… If something looks strange, chances are…. …….it is Subclass Opisthobranchia something from Class Gastropoda Nudibranch (…or your roommate!) Class Gastropoda Sinistral Dextral ‘POP’ Subclass Prosobranchia - Aquatic snails (“shells”) -Have gills Subclass Opisthobranchia - Marine - Have gills - Nudibranchs / Sea slugs / Sea hares - Mantle cavity & shell reduced or absent Subclass Pulmonata - Terrestrial Slugs and terrestrial snails - Have lungs Class Scaphopoda - “tusk shells” Wampum Indian currency.
    [Show full text]
  • As Fast As a Hare: Colonization of the Heterobranch Aplysia Dactylomela (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Anaspidea) Into the Western Mediterranean Sea
    Cah. Biol. Mar. (2017) 58 : 341-345 DOI: 10.21411/CBM.A.97547B71 As fast as a hare: colonization of the heterobranch Aplysia dactylomela (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Anaspidea) into the western Mediterranean Sea Juan MOLES1,2, Guillem MAS2, Irene FIGUEROA2, Robert FERNÁNDEZ-VILERT2, Xavier SALVADOR2 and Joan GIMÉNEZ2,3 (1) Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: [email protected] (2) Catalan Opisthobranch Research Group (GROC), Mas Castellar, 17773 Pontós, Catalonia, Spain (3) Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Americo Vespucio 26 Isla Cartuja, 42092 Seville, Andalucía, Spain Abstract: The marine cryptogenic species Aplysia dactylomela was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 2002 for the first time. Since then, this species has rapidly colonized the eastern Mediterranean, successfully establishing stable populations in the area. Aplysia dactylomela is a heterobranch mollusc found in the Atlantic Ocean, and commonly known as the spotted sea hare. This species is a voracious herbivorous with generalist feeding habits, possessing efficient chemical defence strategies. These facts probably promoted the acclimatation of this species in the Mediterranean ecosystems. Here, we report three new records of this species in the Balearic Islands and Catalan coast (NE Spain). This data was available due to the use of citizen science platforms such as GROC (Catalan Opisthobranch Research Group). These are the first records of this species in Spain and the third in the western Mediterranean Sea, thus reinforcing the efficient, fast, and progressive colonization ability of this sea hare.
    [Show full text]
  • Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 1977 A MONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NEW ENGLAND CORYPHELLIDAE (GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA) ALAN MITCHELL KUZIRIAN Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation KUZIRIAN, ALAN MITCHELL, "A MONOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE NEW ENGLAND CORYPHELLIDAE (GASTROPODA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA)" (1977). Doctoral Dissertations. 1169. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1169 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections
    SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIOXS. 227 AEEANGEMENT FAMILIES OF MOLLUSKS. PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY THEODORE GILL, M. D., Ph.D. WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, FEBRUARY, 1871. ^^1 I ADVERTISEMENT. The following list has been prepared by Dr. Theodore Gill, at the request of the Smithsonian Institution, for the purpose of facilitating the arrangement and classification of the Mollusks and Shells of the National Museum ; and as frequent applica- tions for such a list have been received by the Institution, it has been thought advisable to publish it for more extended use. JOSEPH HENRY, Secretary S. I. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, January, 1871 ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION, FEBRUARY 28, 1870. (iii ) CONTENTS. VI PAGE Order 17. Monomyaria . 21 " 18. Rudista , 22 Sub-Branch Molluscoidea . 23 Class Tunicata , 23 Order 19. Saccobranchia . 23 " 20. Dactjlobranchia , 24 " 21. Taeniobranchia , 24 " 22. Larvalia , 24 Class Braehiopoda . 25 Order 23. Arthropomata , 25 " . 24. Lyopomata , 26 Class Polyzoa .... 27 Order 25. Phylactolsemata . 27 " 26. Gymnolseraata . 27 " 27. Rhabdopleurse 30 III. List op Authors referred to 31 IV. Index 45 OTRODUCTIO^. OBJECTS. The want of a complete and consistent list of the principal subdivisions of the mollusks having been experienced for some time, and such a list being at length imperatively needed for the arrangement of the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, the present arrangement has been compiled for that purpose. It must be considered simply as a provisional list, embracing the results of the most recent and approved researches into the systematic relations and anatomy of those animals, but from which innova- tions and peculiar views, affecting materially the classification, have been excluded.
    [Show full text]
  • Aplysia Dactylomela Ordine Anaspidea Rang, 1828 Famiglia Aplysiidae
    Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene Classe Gastropoda Aplysia dactylomela Ordine Anaspidea Rang, 1828 Famiglia Aplysiidae SINONIMI RILEVANTI Nessuno. DESCRIZIONE COROLOGIA / AFFINITA’ Senza dati. Animale di grandi dimensioni, presenta anelli di forma irregolare distribuiti su tutto il corpo. Parapodi molto sviluppati. DISTRIBUZIONE ATTUALE Circumtropicale, Mediterraneo: Italia, Grecia, Cipro, Turchia, Israele COLORAZIONE Il colore base è verde con gli anelli di colore scuro. PRIMA SEGNALAZIONE IN MEDITERRANEO 2002, Lampedusa (IT) (Trainito, 2005). FORMULA MERISTICA - PRIMA SEGNALAZIONE IN ITALIA TAGLIA MASSIMA 2002, Lampedusa (IT) (Trainito, 2005). - ORIGINE STADI LARVALI Indo-Pacifico. - SPECIE SIMILI VIE DI DISPERSIONE PRIMARIE Traffici marittimi. - CARATTERI DISTINTIVI VIE DI DISPERSIONE SECONDARIE - - STATO DELL ’INVASIONE Insediato. Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene HABITAT MOTIVI DEL SUCCESSO Sconosciuti. Gli individui trovati a Lampedusa sono stati rinvenuti ad una profondità di 4 metri su un SPECIE IN COMPETIZIONE substrato misto di Posidonia oceanica e Caulerpa racemosa . - Nel mese di ottobre 2002 un esemplare di A. IMPATTI dactylomela è stato rinvenuto in una pozza di scogliera ad Acitrezza (Sicilia orientale) (Scuderi - et al., 2004). DANNI ECOLOGICI - PARTICOLARI CONDIZIONI AMBIENTALI Sconosciute. DANNI ECONOMICI - BIOLOGIA Sconosciuta. IMPORTANZA PER L ’UOMO Sconosciuta BANCA DEI CAMPIONI - PRESENZA IN G -BANK - PROVENIENZA DEL CAMPIONE TIPOLOGIA : (MUSCOLO / ESEMPLARE INTERO / CONGELATO / FISSATO ECC ) LUOGO DI CONSERVAZIONE CODICE CAMPIONE Identificazione e distribuzione nei mari italiani di specie non indigene BIBLIOGRAFIA Cinar M.E., Bilecenoglu M., Ozturk B., Can A., 2006 - New records of alien species on the Levantine coast of Turkey. Aquatic Invasion, 1(2): 84-90. Eales N.B., 1957 - Revision of the species of Aplysia of the Museum National d'histoire naturelle (Malacologie), Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British Museum
    PRESENTED ^l)c trustee*. THE BRITISH MUSEUM. California Swcademu 01 \scienceb RECEIVED BY GIFT FROM -fitoZa£du^4S*&22& fo<?as7u> #yjy GUIDE TO THK SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OK MOLLUSCA IN III K BRITISH MUSEUM PART I HY JOHN EDWARD GRAY, PHD., F.R.S., P.L.S., P.Z.S. Ac. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 1857. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE The object of the present Work is to explain the manner in which the Collection of Mollusca and their shells is arranged in the British Museum, and especially to give a short account of the chief characters, derived from the animals, by which they are dis- tributed, and which it is impossible to exhibit in the Collection. The figures referred to after the names of the species, under the genera, are those given in " The Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the Use of Students, by Maria Emma Gray, 3 vols. 8vo, 1850 to 1854 ;" or when the species has been figured since the appear- ance of that work, in the original authority quoted. The concluding Part is in hand, and it is hoped will shortly appear. JOHN EDWARD GRAY. Dec. 10, 1856. ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA. Page 43. Verenad.e.—This family is to be erased, as the animal is like Tricho- tropis. I was misled by the incorrectness of the description and figure. Page 63. Tylodinad^e.— This family is to be removed to PleurobrancMata at page 203 ; a specimen of the animal and shell having since come into my possession.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances and Unanswered Questions in Deep Molluscan Phylogenetics Author(S): Kevin M
    Recent Advances and Unanswered Questions in Deep Molluscan Phylogenetics Author(s): Kevin M. Kocot Source: American Malacological Bulletin, 31(1):195-208. 2013. Published By: American Malacological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.031.0112 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4003/006.031.0112 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Amer. Malac. Bull. 31(1): 195–208 (2013) Recent advances and unanswered questions in deep molluscan phylogenetics* Kevin M. Kocot Auburn University, Department of Biological Sciences, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, U.S.A. Correspondence, Kevin M. Kocot: [email protected] Abstract. Despite the diversity and importance of Mollusca, evolutionary relationships among the eight major lineages have been a longstanding unanswered question in Malacology. Early molecular studies of deep molluscan phylogeny, largely based on nuclear ribosomal gene data, as well as morphological cladistic analyses largely failed to provide robust hypotheses of relationships among major lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • THE VEL1CER Page 129
    Vol. 14; No. 1 THE VEL1CER Page 129 Table 1 CHARACTERS OF THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE TURRIDAE Radular teeth Earliest api­ Columellar Parietal Position of Subfamily Central Lateral Marginal Operculum cal whorls folds callus sinus Pseudomelatominae Large None Solid Present Smooth None None Shoulder Clavinae Vestigial Broad, Solid Present Smooth or None Present Shoulder comblike carinate Turrinae Large, None Solid, Present Smooth None None Periphery vestigial, wishbone or absent Turriculinae Large, None Solid, Present Smooth None None Shoulder vestigial, wishbone or absent or duplex Crassispirinae Rarely None Solid, Present Smooth or None Present Shoulder present duplex weakly carinate Strictispirinae None None Solid Present Smooth None Present Shoulder Zonulispirinae None None Hollow, Present Smooth None Present Shoulder mostly barbed Borsoniinae None None Hollow, Either Smooth Either None Shoulder rarely present present barbed or absent or absent Mitrolumninae None None Hollow, None Smooth Present None Suture, , no barbs shallow Clathurellinae None None Hollow, None Usually None Present Shoulder no barbs carinate Mangeliinae None None Hollow, None Smooth, sub- None Either Shoulder rarely carinate, or present barbed cancellate or absent Daphnellinae None None Hollow, None Usually None Either Suture no barbs diagonally present reticulate or absent Daphnelline radulae are illustrated in Figures 136 to Discussion: Truncadaphne resembles Pseudodaphnella 142. Boettger, 1895, zndKermia Oliver, 1915, in having simi­ lar clathrate sculpture and parietal callus bordering the sinus, but differs from both in having a diagonally cancel- Truncadaphne McLean, gen. nov. late, rather than axially ribbed protoconch. Truncadaphne is monotypic. The type species was de­ Type Species: "Philbertia" stonei Hertlein & Strong, scribed as a Pleistocene fossil from San Salvador Island, 1939.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum Mollusca • Second-Largest Phylum in Number of Species- Over 100,000 Described
    Phylum Mollusca • Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described. • Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land) • Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum) • Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man. Extant Molluscan classes Gastropoda Cephalopoda Bivalvia (snails) (octopus, squid, (clams, mussels) nautilus) Aplacophora Polyplacophora Monoplacophora (chitons) Scaphopoda (tusk shells) Mollusk characteristics • Ciliated body surface • Calcareous shell- composed of three primary layers- outer periostracum, middle prismatic layer (columnar crystals of calcite) and inner nacre (flat crystals of calcite) • Mantle- dorsal surface of body wall, modified to secrete shell More mollusk characteristics • Radula- a rasping “tongue” with chitin teeth, sometimes also chitinous jaws • Ctenidia- ciliated gills for respiratory gas exchange, usually located in a mantle cavity • Open circulatory system (hemocoel)- coelom is reduced Class Polyplacophora (chitons) • ~800 species, all marine, many intertidal • Shell is distinctive- 8 overlapping plates imbedded partly or entirely in tough “girdle”. • Mantle space extends around perimeter of animal (not just posterior). • Ctenidia are lateral and multiple. • Very conservative class. Fossils date to mid/late Cambrian (500 my). A collection of chitons Class Bivalvia Clams, Oysters, Shipworms 10 Class Bivalvia • Two shells • Most
    [Show full text]