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Beryllium Mineralogy of the Kola Peninsula, Russia—A Review

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Beryllium Mineralogy of the Kola Peninsula, Russia—A Review minerals Review Beryllium Mineralogy of the Kola Peninsula, Russia—A Review Lyudmila M. Lyalina *, Ekaterina A. Selivanova , Dmitry R. Zozulya and Gregory Yu. Ivanyuk Geological Institute, Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersmana 14, 184209 Apatity, Russia; [email protected] (E.A.S.); [email protected] (D.R.Z.); [email protected] (G.Y.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-81555-7-96-66 Received: 1 October 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018; Published: 25 December 2018 Abstract: This paper reviews the available information on the beryllium mineralogy of the different type of occurrences in the Kola Peninsula, northwest Russia. Beryllium mineralization in the region is mainly associated with alkaline and felsic rocks, which differ significantly in petrological, geochemical, mineralogical features and age. In total 28 beryllium minerals are established on the Kola Peninsula up today. Beryl is one of the ore minerals in the differentiated granite pegmatites of the Kolmozerskoe lithium deposit. A large diversity of beryllium minerals occur in the pegmatites and hydrothermal veins formed in the late stages of the Lovozero and Khibiny alkaline massifs. Most of these minerals, as leifite, lovdarite, odintsovite, sphaerobertrandite and tugtupite are rare in other environments and have unique properties. These minerals formed under conditions of extreme alkalinity and their formation was favored by abrupt changes in the alkalinity regimes. Some of minerals, as chrysoberyl in xenoliths of hornfels, genthelvite and unique intergrowth of meliphanite and leucophanite formed in contrasting geochemical fronts between felsic/intermediate and mafic rocks. Keywords: beryllium minerals; chemical composition; mineral data; alkaline rocks; granite; pegmatites; hydrothermal veins; Kola Peninsula 1. Introduction In 2018, 220 years have passed since the discovery of beryllium by the French chemist N.-L. Vauquelin. He made a report ”De l’aigue marine, ou béril; et découverte d’une terre nouvelle dans cette pierre” (About the aquamarine or beryl, and discovery of a new earth in this stone) at the National Institute of France on the 14 February 1798 [1,2]. However, beryl and their colored varieties: emerald, aquamarine, and “chrysoberyl” (golden beryl, not the sensu stricto chrysoberyl), were known from much earlier times. Many branches of contemporary industry use this chemical element due to the unique properties of the beryllium-bearing compounds. Thus, in metallurgy, beryllium is used effectively in alloys in order to increase their strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Such additives increase the service life of parts in several times. Alloys with beryllium are incredibly light and heat-resistant, which determines their use in the aerospace industry. Beryllium is indispensable in the nuclear and electronic industry, in the electro- and radiotechnics and many other high-tech industries. USA is the main producer of beryllium ore from bertrandite-bearing tuff in the Spor Mountain deposit, Utah. Russia plans to resume the mining of beryllium ore (bertrandite-phenakite) in Ermakovsky deposit, Buryatia in 2019. The Russian production of beryllium is planned to be started in 2020. Minerals 2019, 9, 12; doi:10.3390/min9010012 www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2019, 9, 12 2 of 42 Minerals 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 48 History, properties,properties, distribution,distribution, analytical methods of determination,determination, economics, fieldsfields of application, mineralogy,mineralogy, petrology,petrology, geochemistry geochemistry and and crystal crystal chemistry chemistry of of beryllium beryllium can can be be found found in numerousin numerous reviews reviews [3– [316–].16]. Beryllium is a a rare rare lithophile lithophile element; element; it itis isconcentrated concentrated mainly mainly in felsic in felsic and andalkaline alkaline rocks. rocks. The Theberyllium beryllium content content in rocks inrocks is low, is and low, the and average the average concentration concentration of Be in of the Be Earth’s in the Earth’supper crust upper is crust2.1 ppm, is 2.1 while ppm, in whileprimitive in primitive mantle it mantleshows a it 30 shows-fold adecreasing 30-fold decreasing up to 0.07 upppm to Be 0.07 [17]. ppm Beryllium Be [17]. Berylliumtends to tendsaccumulate to accumulate in late inderivatives late derivatives of alkaline of alkaline and andfelsic felsic rocks, rocks, i.e., i.e., pegmatites pegmatites and hydrothermal veins.veins. DueDueto to specific specific crystal crystal chemistry chemistry properties properties [6 [6,18],,18], there there is is a significanta significant amount amount of Beof mineralsBe minerals (121 (12 minerals,1 minerals, according according to IMA to listIMA from list March from 2018).March Discoveries 2018). Discoveries of beryllium of beryllium minerals areminerals accelerating are accelerating and 18 new and minerals 18 new were minerals described were since described 2010 (IMA sincelist 2010 of Minerals,(IMA list Marchof Minerals, 2018). MineralsMarch 2018). of extremely Minerals unusual of extremely composition unusual have composition been defined have among been them, defined forexample among verbieritethem, for 3+ 3+ BeCrexample2TiO verbierite6 [19]. BeCr 2TiO6 [19]. 2. Geological Overview of the KolaKola Peninsula.Peninsula. Deposit and Occurrences ofof BerylliumBeryllium MineralsMinerals The KolaKola Peninsula Peninsula isthe is northeasternthe northeastern part of thepart Fennoscandian of the Fennoscandian Shield, the largestShield, representative the largest ofrepresentative the Early Precambrian of the Early crystalline Precambrian basement crystalline of the East-European basement of craton. the East The-European major structural craton.units The andmajor rocks structural are given units in and Figure rocks1. are An given essential in Figure role of 1. alkaline An essential magmatism role of inalkaline the Kola magmatism Peninsula in shouldthe Kola be emphasizedPeninsula should [20]. It tookbe emphasized place during [20] the.formation It took place of the Fennoscandianduring the formation Shield from of thethe ArcheanFennoscandian to Paleozoic. Shield Keivy fromblock the Archean is formed to by Paleozoic. the rocksof Keivy Archean block peralkaline is formed granite by the magmatism rocks of (2.6–2.7Archean Ga) peralkaline [21]. The granite emplacement magmatism of Sakharjok (2.6–2.7 nepheline Ga) [21]. The syenite emplacement within the of Keivy Sakharjok terrane nepheline occurred duringsyenite thewithin final stagethe Keivy of the peralkalineterrane occurred granite during magmatismin the final (2.6 stage Ga). Alkalineof the magmatismperalkaline activitygranite reachedmagmatismin the peak (2.6 during Ga). Alkaline the Paleozoic magmatism (350–400 activity Ma) andreached gave the the peak world’s during largest the alkaline Paleozoic plutons, (350– Khibiny400 Ma) andand Lovozero,gave the world’s and a number largest ofalkaline other alkaline-ultrabasicplutons, Khibiny and massifs, Lovozero, all of and them a containingnumber of carbonatitesother alkaline [22-ultrabasic]. massifs, all of them containing carbonatites [22]. Figure 1.1.Simplified Simplified geological geological map map of theof the Kola Kola Peninsula Peninsula (after (after [22]). The[22]). numbers The numbers indicate indicate be deposit be anddeposit occurrences: and occurrences: 1 = Khibiny, 1 = Khibiny, 2 = Lovozero, 2 = Lovozero, 3 = Kovdor, 3 =4 Kovdor, = Sakharjok, 4 = Sakharjok, 5 = El’ozero, 5 = 6 El’ozero, = Keivy, 76 == Kanozero,Keivy, 7 = 8Kanozero, = Shongui, 8 9== Shongui, Jona, 10 =9 Strel’na,= Jona, 10 11 = Strel’na, Kolmozero-Voronja, 11 = Kolmozero 12 =- Olenegorsk.Voronja, 12 Abbreviations:= Olenegorsk. AR–Archaean,Abbreviations: PR–Proterozoic,AR–Archaean, PR D–Devonian,–Proterozoic BIF–Banded, D–Devonian Iron, BIF Formation.–Banded Iron Formation. The Uraguba-Kolmozero-Voronja greenstone belt (Figure 1) is composed mainly by Neoarchean basic-intermediate-acid metavolcanic and metasedimentary suites metamorphosed at Minerals 2019, 9, 12 3 of 42 The Uraguba-Kolmozero-Voronja greenstone belt (Figure1) is composed mainly by Neoarchean basic-intermediate-acid metavolcanic and metasedimentary suites metamorphosed at amphibolite facies. Younger igneous events are represented by voluminous intrusions of plagio-microcline granites and small stocks of tourmaline granites. Six pegmatite fields, comprising Polmostundra, Kolmozero and Vasin-Mylk (Voronja Tundra) ore deposits, with a total ensemble of more than 100 bodies are confined to the Kolmozero-Voronja belt. The pegmatites intrude in amphibolites, metasediments and rarely gabbro-anorthosite and have 50–700 m long and 10–35 m in thickness. Quartz-albite-microcline pegmatite bodies are extremely enriched in rare element minerals: spodumene (18–20 vol %, locally up to 50 vol %), tantalite, microlite, beryl, lithiophillite, holmquistite, pollucite, and lepidolite. The Kolmozero-Voronja pegmatites are of complex type, spodumene subtype with Li, Cs, Be, Ta geochemical specialization and belong to LCT (lithium-cesium-tantalum) family (according to the classification of Cernˇ ý and Ercit [23]). The overall schematic structure and composition of pegmatites is the following (from contact to central part): (1) aplitic zone of a 1–10 cm width consisting by plagioclase and quartz with minor biotite, tourmaline, apatite, and epidote; (2) granoblastic medium-grained quartz-albite zone of 0.3–5 m in width with
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