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World Religions

Part 4: Session 1: Origins & Early Development

Our Class Web Site: http://wr.dirkscorner.com/gordon/

Dirk’s Contact Info

Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com

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This Session

1.1 Preliminary Considerations 1.2 The Founder 1.3 The 1.4 Early 1.5 Emperor

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Part 4: Buddhism Session 1: Origins

1.1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

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Buddhism Worldwide

Image Source: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/

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Challenges to Understanding

A diversity of sacred texts in various languages One founder, but multiple traditions

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Buddhist Sacred Texts

Canon (Tripitika/Tipitika)   Tibetan Texts

Image source: http://www.wellhappypeaceful.co m/wp- content/uploads/2012/06/pali1.jpg

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Multiple Buddhist Traditions

Buddhism  Mahayana Buddhism  Buddhism   Many Others…

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Part 4: Buddhism Session 1: Origins

1.2 THE FOUNDER

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A Few “Primary” Sources

 Jataka Tales  Buddhacharita/ Buddhacarita  Lalitavistara  Several Others Bhutanese painting of Jataka images, 18th or 19th century.

By Unknown - Phajoding Gonpa, Thimphu, Bhutan, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4640512, accessed 2/17/2017

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His Name(s) Gautama Siddhartha

clan personal name

Shakyamuni/Sakymuni “Sage of the Shakya/Sakya” Shakya/Sakya – the name of a family Line

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A Few “Historical” Assumptions Born in 5th or 6th Century BC; some scholars propose 563– 483 BC Born in what is now Lumbiniwan, Nepal

Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbini#/media/File:Lumbini_4.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016

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A Few “Historical” Assumptions  Kshatriya varna  Father: Suddhodna  Mother: Maya

Early 20th century ivory carving of Suddhodna Image Source: By Nomu420 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30593038, accessed 2/12/2016

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A Few “Historical” Assumptions  Spouse: Yasodharā  Son: Rahula

Ajanta Cave painting of Yasodharā and Rahula, dated somewhere between 2nd century BC and 650 AD, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_Caves

Image Source: http://www.ignca.nic.in/asp/all.asp?projectid=ae03, accessed 2/12/2016

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The Four Passing Sites  Aged Person  Sick Person  Dead Body  Ascetic

Picture of a painting in a Laotian Temple Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Heavenly_Messengers.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016

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The  Age 29, lasting 6 years  Extreme Asceticism  No release found

Painting by Abanindranath Tagore (1871– 1951) Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Departure_of_Sidd hartha.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016

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Awakening  Age 35  Bodhi Tree/Bodhgaya  49 Days of Meditation and Temptation  Buddha, the “Awakened” or “Enlightened” One Complex at , Bihar, India Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exterior_view_of_t he_Mahabodhi_Temple.jpg, photograph by Jakub Michankow , 2009, accessed 2/12/2016

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First Sermon  Deer Park in , near Varanasi (Benares)  “Wheel of ”  “”; “Four Noble Truths” (see below)  First “”, community of monks, men & women, later laypersons, Dhâmek Stûpa in Sârnâth

Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dhamek_Stupa,_S arnath.jpg, photograph by Gong Jie, 2014, accessed 2/12/2016

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Remaining Years  45 years of teaching  The sangha grows  “Poisoned” food?  Final Words to Ananda, disciple and cousin The sharing of the relics of the Buddha,  “Death”/Release at age Zenyōmitsu-Temple Museum, Tokyo 80, Relics distributed and venerated Image Source: By PHG at English Wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Leoboudv using CommonsHelper., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6155327, accessed 2/12/2016

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The Three Refuges of the Sangha Also known as the “Three Jewels”  Buddha  Dharma  Sangha

Amaravati Triratna Symbols, currently in the British Museum

Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File :AmaravatiTriratnaSymbols.jpg, photograph by PGHCOM, 2007, accessed 2/12/2016

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Part 4: Buddhism Session 1: Origins & Early Development

1.3 THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

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The Four Noble Truths  Life is Suffering Dukkha  Suffering is caused by craving (Tanha) Dukkha samudaya  Suffering can cease if we end desire Dukkha nirodha  The Eightfold path leading to the cessation of suffering Dukkha nirodha gamini patipada magga

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1. Life is Suffering Three Types of Dukkha  Physical or Mental Pain Dukkha-dukkha  Pain of Change Virparinama-dukkha  Pain of Conditioned Things Samkhara-dukkha i.e.; we attach ourselves to impermanent things, mistakenly believing that they are real

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1. Life is Suffering The Illusion of Existence  Non-Permanence anitya  No Permanent Self anātman  Permanence is an illusion maya

See Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3033-3046). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

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1. Life is Suffering Five Aggregate ()

 Body (rupa)  Feelings (vedana)  Perceptions (sanna)  Memory (samskara)  Consciousness (vijnana)

See Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3055-3097). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

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2. Suffering is caused by craving (Tanha - a Pali term) “Three Poisons” of Craving

 Hate (snake)  Greed (rooster/bird)  Ignorance (pig)

Thikse monastry courtyard, Wheel of life, Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons#/media/File:Bhavacakra_Thikse.jpg, accessed 2/12/2016

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3. Suffering can cease if we end desire Key Concepts  Samsara/Karma  “Nirvana (, ‘extinction’; Pali, nibbana) means ‘blowing out,’ ‘cooling,’ and ‘perfection,’ which etymologically comes from the verb root vā = ‘blow out’ + nir = ‘out’.”

Source: Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3139-3140). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

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3. Suffering can cease if we end desire Two “Moments” of Nirvana  “nirvana with residues (i.e., the moment of awakening) ”  “nirvana without residues (i.e., the moment of death: )”

Source Farhadian, Charles E. (2015-06-09). Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement (Kindle Locations 3142-3148). Baker Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

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4. The Eightfold path leading to the cessation of suffering The Eightfold Path 1. Right Understanding 5. Right Livelihood 2. Right Intention 6. Right Effort 3. Right Speech 7. Right 4. Right Action 8. Right Concentration “The eight stages can be grouped into Wisdom (right understanding and intention), Ethical Conduct (right speech, action and livelihood) and Meditation (right effort, mindfulness and concentration).” Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/fournobletruths_1.shtml, accessed 2/12/2016

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Part 4: Buddhism Session 1: Origins and Early Development

1.4 EARLY BUDDHIST COUNCILS

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First Buddhist Council, c. 400 BC? Date uncertain 500 monks met near Rajgriha (now Rajgir), India Purpose: to First Council at Rajagaha, Photograph of murals preserve the in the Nava Jetavana temple, Jetavana Park, Buddha’s teaching Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, taken by Anandajoti

Image Source: By Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia - 013 First Council at Rajagaha, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37483 353

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First Buddhist Council, c. 400 BC?  Mahakasyapa presides  Ananda recites the suttas (Buddha’s words)  Upali recites the

Vinaya (monastic “The Saptaparni Cave in Rajgir, where the First rules) Buddhist Council may have been held.“  Basis of the Image Source: Tripitika https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sattapanni.jpg

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Second Buddhist Council, c. 350 BC?  Date uncertain  Held in Vaishali, Bihar, India  Purpose: to settle dispute re: monastic rules  Sthaviravadins or Sthaviras vs. Mahasanghikas  Anticipates Theravada/Mahayana division

Asokan pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India

Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asokanpillar.jpg

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Third Buddhist Council, c. 250 BC? Date uncertain Held in Pātaliputra (Patnal), India Purpose: to further define King Asoka at the Third Counci, Photograph of authoritative murals in the Nava Jetavana temple, Jetavana Park, Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh, taken by Buddhist dharma Anandajoti

 Division between Image Source: By Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia - 014 King Asoka at the Third Council, CC BY 2.0, factions widens https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37483 356

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Part 4: Buddhism Session 1: Origins and Early Development

1.5 EMPEROR ASHOKA

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Emperor Ashoka c. 304-232 BC  Expanded Maurya to most of India Convened 3rd Buddhist Council Maurya Empire, c. 250 BC

Image Source: By Avantiputra7 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/in dex.php?curid=33726301

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Emperor Ashoka Conversion by c. 260 BC

1 century BC image, possibly of Emperor Ashoka

Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka# /media/File:Indian_relief_from_Amara vati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_ Museum.jpg

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Emperor Asoka Edicts and Pillars

Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts File:6thPillarOfAshoka.JPG of Ashoka (238 BCE), in Brahmi, sandstones. British Museum

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Emperor Asoka

The "minor" Ashokan pillar at Image Source: By PHGCOM - self-made. Reference: Burjor Avari By Wes Olson - (2007). India: The Ancient Past. Taylor & Francis. ISBN http://wikitravel.org/upload/shared//b/bf/Ashokanpillar.jpg, CC BY 0415356156. pp. 113., CC BY-SA 3.0, 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8915465 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2254101

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Emperor Asoka Missionary Expansion

Image Source: By The original uploader was Dhammajoti at Dutch Wikipedia - Transferred from nl.wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34815115.

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Reflection Question #5

How would you compare and contrast the Buddhist notions of suffering (dukkha) and craving/desire (tanha) with the Christian concepts of sin and evil?

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