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Jeane Kirkpatrick and Neoconservatism: the Intellectual Evolution of a Liberal Bianca Joy Rowlett University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

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Jeane Kirkpatrick and Neoconservatism: the Intellectual Evolution of a Liberal Bianca Joy Rowlett University of Arkansas, Fayetteville University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2014 Jeane Kirkpatrick and Neoconservatism: The Intellectual Evolution of a Liberal Bianca Joy Rowlett University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Rowlett, Bianca Joy, "Jeane Kirkpatrick and Neoconservatism: The nI tellectual Evolution of a Liberal" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2114. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2114 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Jeane Kirkpatrick and Neoconservatism: The Intellectual Evolution of a Liberal Jeane Kirkpatrick and Neoconservatism: The Intellectual Evolution of a Liberal A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Bianca Rowlett Arkansas Tech University Bachelor of Science in Biology, 2002 University of Arkansas Master of Arts in History, 2007 December 2014 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Randall B. Woods Dissertation Director _________________________________ Dr. Kathryn Sloan Committee Member _________________________________ Dr. Patrick Williams Committee Member Abstract Dr. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, a leading voice in the neoconservative movement, is best known for her articulation of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine, distinctions between authoritarian and totalitarian regimes that served as the foundation for the Reagan Administration’s Latin American policies. Her prominence within the neoconservative movement, her impact on foreign affairs, and her political accomplishments in a masculine environment make her an important historical figure in recent American domestic and diplomatic history. This work explores her transition from liberal democrat to neoconservative by examining her early life and educational background, her publications and critiques of American diplomacy in the 1970s, along with her membership in neoconservative organizations. Moreover, this piece scrutinizes her efficacy as Permanent Ambassador to the United Nations and assesses her impact on American foreign policy throughout her tenure with the Reagan Administration. Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the women in my family, including my recently deceased great-grandmother – Edna Faye Rowlett, my grandmother – Geraldine Rowlett, my mother – Susan Rowlett, my aunt – Brenda Rowlett, and my daughter – Aziza Rowlett. Without their love and support, I could not have come this far in my academic endeavors. Table of Contents I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 1 II. Chapter One………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 III. Chapter Two……………………………………………………………………………….. 50 IV. Chapter Three…………………………………………………………………………….. 100 V. Chapter Four………………………………………………………………………………. 147 VI. Chapter Five……………………………………………………………………………… 198 VII. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………… 242 VIII. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………. 255 Introduction Dr. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, a political science professor at Georgetown University from 1967 to 2002, was a prominent member of the neoconservative movement of the 1970s and 1980s who became President Ronald Reagan’s Permanent Ambassador to the United Nations in 1981, a post she retained until 1985. Kirkpatrick served on Reagan’s National Security Council, the National Security Planning Group, was a member of the Presidential Cabinet, and was widely acknowledged to be the expert within the administration on Latin American affairs. Following her resignation as Permanent U.N. Ambassador, Kirkpatrick remained active in governmental matters, serving as a member of the Presidential Commission on Space (1985-1987), the Presidential Blue Ribbon Commission on Nuclear Products (1985-1987), the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1985-1990), the Defense Policy Review Board (1985-1993), the Commission on Fail Safe and Risk Reduction, Department of Defense (1990-1992), and Chairman of the U.S. Delegation to the U.N. Human Rights Commission (2003). Moreover, the political scientist helped to provide the legal justifications for George W. Bush’s war on Iraq. Kirkpatrick also worked for several advocacy groups including the Coalition for a Democratic Majority, the Committee on the Present Danger, the Committee for a Free World, Empower America, the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, Freedom House, the Henry M. Jackson Foundation, U.N. Watch, the Center for a Free Cuba, the Nicaraguan Freedom Fund, and the Cuban-American National Fund, among others. In addition, Kirkpatrick joined the staff of the conservative think-tank, the American Enterprise Institute, where she remained a senior fellow until her death in 2006. Throughout her life, the ambassador published several books and articles, and wrote a syndicated weekly column for the Los Angeles Times (1985-1998). 1 The Georgetown professor is best-known for being a leading voice amongst neoconservatives and for her articulation of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine. The distinctions she drew between right-wing authoritarian and left-wing totalitarian governments served as the rationale behind American support for right-wing dictatorships throughout the Reagan years. Indeed, it was the Kirkpatrick Doctrine that caused Ronald Reagan to recruit the political scientist to be an advisor on foreign affairs for his 1980 presidential campaign. Following his victory, the president made Kirkpatrick the first female ambassador to the United Nations from the United States. She also became the first woman to sit on the National Security Council and the National Security Planning Group. Her prominence within the neoconservative movement, her political achievements in a male-dominated environment, and the importance of the Kirkpatrick Doctrine in the formulation of the Reagan administration’s foreign policies make Jeane Kirkpatrick a significant historical figure in the examination of American domestic politics, gender studies, and Cold War diplomacy. Despite this, the literature devoted to the former U.N. Ambassador remains rather slim and incomplete, in part because her papers are inaccessible at the moment.1Works that have referenced her tenure with the Reagan administration focus almost exclusively on her role as mouthpiece for the president and pay little attention to her involvement in policy-making. 2 1 There are only two biographical accounts of her life: Harrison, Pat. Jeane Kirkpatrick . Part of the American Women of Achievement Series, (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991); Collier , Peter. Political Woman: The Big Little Life of Jeane Kirkpatrick . (New York: Encounter Books, 2012). Harrison’s account is rather brief and was written for a younger audience. Collier’s account, though much more thorough, suffers from bias due to his own friendship with the subject. Moreover, perhaps due to his background as a journalist, Collier’s work is lacking in primary source research and citations. 2 See: Gerson, Allan. The Kirkpatrick Mission: Diplomacy without Apology (New York: The Free Press, 1991); Hindell, Keith. “Madame Ambassador: An Appraisal of Jeane J. Kirkpatrick as U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations, 1981-1985” Passport, Vol. 39, Issue 3, January 2009; Finger, Seymour Maxwell. American Ambassadors at the UN: People, Politics, 2 Accounts written by Reagan’s staff and foreign policy elite follow suit in their marginalization of Kirkpatrick and their refusal to credit her with the development of diplomatic strategies. 3Works on the rise of neoconservatism relate her transition from liberal Democrat to neoconservative to her disenchantment with the New Left and her foreign policy views; however, most gloss over the details of the political scientist’s studies of domestic politics, rendering their accounts incomplete. 4Throughout the literature, scant attention is paid to the fact that she broke the gender barrier that had prevented women from attaining the highest diplomatic positions, thus paving the way for Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, and Hillary Clinton. 5 and Bureaucracy in Making Foreign Policy (New York: UNITAR, 1992); Fasulo, Linda M. Representing America: Experiences of US Diplomats at the UN (New York: Praeger, 1990); Ostrower, Gary B. The United Nations and the United States (New York: Twayne Publishers/Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1998). Gerson provides an overview of his experiences working with Kirkpatrick as the U.N.; however, it is not a comprehensive account of the important issues brought up at the international organization during Kirkpatrick’s tenure. Hindell, Finger, Fasulo, and Ostrower focus on the ambassador’s ‘confrontational style’ and inexperience. 3 See: Reagan, Ronald. The Reagan Diaries (New York: Harper Collins, 2009); Haig, Alexander. Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984); Meese, Edwin. With Reagan: The Inside Story (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992); Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Charles Scribners’ Sons, 1993). Reagan often misspells her name,
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