From Providence to Police: the Development of the Literary

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From Providence to Police: the Development of the Literary From providence to police: The development of the literary detective figure in the long eighteenth century September 2013 Joanne Holland Department of English McGill University, Montréal A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Joanne Holland 2013 i Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Résumé ....................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 “Murder Will Out”: Providential Discovery of Crime in Early Modern England ... 5 The Rationalization of Criminal Detection ............................................................ 11 The Development of the Literary Detective Figure in the Eighteenth Century ..... 16 Chapter 1: Deception and Analysis in the Early Development of the Literary Detective Figure........................................................................................................ 25 Jonathan Wild (1683-1725) .................................................................................... 30 Elizabeth Canning (1734-1773) ............................................................................. 55 Chapter 2: Literary Investigative Figures and the Gradual Displacement of Providence ................................................................................................................ 77 The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) ........................................................................... 83 Caleb Williams (1794) ......................................................................................... 114 Chapter 3: The Rise of the Professional and Amateur Detective ...................... 136 Richmond (1827) .................................................................................................. 139 Pelham (1828) ...................................................................................................... 162 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 186 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 202 ii Abstract This dissertation establishes a new chronology for the development of the detective figure in English literature. In opposition to the traditional view of detective literature as a nineteenth-century innovation, this study argues that the roots of the literary detective figure can instead be found considerably earlier, during the long eighteenth century (1688-1832). As rationalist scientific knowledge increased during the Enlightenment, people no longer believed that an omniscient providence directly intervened in human affairs to detect criminal activity. During this period, providentially motivated criminal texts of the early modern period were gradually replaced by human-driven detective narratives. The first chapter examines how popular works about two real-life criminals contributed to the growth of detective fiction. The thief-taker Jonathan Wild (1683- 1725) was depicted as both a criminal and a successful investigator who maintained methodical records and managed a network of deputies. The dual nature of Wild as a criminal and a detective would influence the portrayal of the detective as a potentially untrustworthy figure throughout the century. The prolific body of texts on the trial of Elizabeth Canning (1734-1773) highlighted the problem of evidence in criminal trials: through their consumption of these chapbooks and pamphlets, readers trained themselves to analyze texts critically and to perform detailed literary investigations. The second chapter analyzes the activities of two early fictional investigative figures: Emily St. Aubert of Ann Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and Caleb Williams of William Godwin’s Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of iii Caleb Williams (1794). Both of these novels feature proto-detective figures who actively investigate by collecting evidence, piecing together clues, and drawing conclusions based on the facts they have gleaned through these detective activities. The third chapter details the emergence of two literary detectives who appeared in novels near the end of the long eighteenth century. The anonymously published Richmond; or, Scenes in the Life of a Bow Street Officer, Drawn Up from his Private Memoranda (1827) was the first English novel to feature a professional detective as the main character. Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s Pelham; or, The Adventures of a Gentleman (1828) introduced the first aristocratic detective in English literature, thus adding respectability to counteract the roguish origins and criminal connections of the detective figure. The conclusion details how this collection of foundational eighteenth-century narratives influenced the development of the mystery novel genre in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It considers how these early texts affected the depiction of a variety of later prominent detective characters, including Raymond Chandler’s Philip Marlowe, Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes, Dashiell Hammett’s Sam Spade, Carolyn Keene’s Nancy Drew, and Dorothy L. Sayers’s Lord Peter Wimsey. iv Résumé Cette dissertation établit une nouvelle chronologie du développement des personnages ayant le rôle de détective dans la littérature anglaise. Contrairement à l’idée traditionnelle que le roman policier est une innovation du XIXe siècle, cette étude affirme que les fondements de la littérature policière apparaissent beaucoup plus tôt, c’est-à-dire durant le XVIIIe siècle prolongé (1688-1832). Lors du développement des connaissances scientifiques rationnelles au cours du siècle des Lumières, les gens ne croyaient plus qu’une force omnisciente, voire un dieu, intervenait dans les affaires humaines pour élucider l’activité criminelle. Les textes criminels du début de la période moderne, dans lesquels la Providence jouait un rôle, ont graduellement été remplacés par des narrations centrées sur l’humain. Le premier chapitre démontre la façon dont les oeuvres populaires au sujet de deux vrais criminels ont contribué au développement de ce genre de fiction en littérature. Le chasseur de primes Jonathan Wild (1683-1725), qui amenait les criminels devant la justice, est dépeint comme étant lui-même un criminel, mais il est également présenté comme un enquêteur renommé, qui conservait méthodiquement les archives et gérait tout un réseau d’adjoints. Les deux facettes contradictoires de Wild, lui-même criminel et détective, ont influencé la représentation du détective à travers le siècle. Il fut considéré comme une personne sur qui on ne devrait peut-être pas se fier. L’abondante collection de textes sur le procès d’Elizabeth Canning (1734-1773) souligne le problème des preuves dans les procès criminels: par la lecture de chapbook et de pamphlets, les lecteurs se sont entraînés à analyser les textes de façon critique et à mener une enquête littéraire détaillée. v Le deuxième chapitre analyse les activités de deux personnages fictifs d’enquêteurs : Emily St. Aubert, dans The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) par Ann Radcliffe, et Caleb Williams, dans Things As They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794) par William Godwin. Ces deux romans présentent des prototypes de détectives qui enquêtent activement en recueillant des preuves, en rassemblant des indices et en tirant des conclusions basées sur les faits recueillis. Le troisième chapitre décrit l’émergence de deux personnages précoces de détectives fictifs qui sont apparus dans des romans de la fin du XVIIIe siècle prolongé. L’oeuvre anonyme Richmond; or, Scenes in the Life of a Bow Street Officer, Drawn Up from his Private Memoranda (1827) a été le premier roman anglais à présenter un détective professionnel comme personnage principal. Le roman Pelham; or, The Adventures of a Gentleman par Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1828) a créé le premier détective aristocrate de la littérature anglaise, faisant une césure avec les détectives du passé, à la morale douteuse et associés à la criminalité, rendant ainsi l’image du détective plus honorable. La conclusion explique comment cette collection de récits fondateurs du XVIIIe siècle ont influencé le développement du roman-mystère durant le XIXe et le XXe siècle. Elle détermine quels effets ces premiers textes ont eu sur la représentation d’une variété de personnages de détectives célèbres qui sont venus subséquemment, dont Philip Marlowe dans les romans de Raymond Chandler, Sherlock Holmes, décrit par Arthur Conan Doyle, Sam Spade de Dashiell Hammett, Nancy Drew par l’auteure Carolyn Keene, et Lord Peter Wimsey de Dorothy L. Sayers. vi Acknowledgements I am grateful to McGill University for the financial support I received towards my doctoral studies. As the recipient of a McGill Major J. W. McConnell scholarship, I would like to express my appreciation to the McConnell Foundation for their generous support. I am also obliged to McGill’s Department of English for granting me a departmental fellowship. I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Peter Sabor, for his support and dedication. Despite his many other commitments, Professor
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