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HEADFORM and HUMAN EVOLUTION by A [ 233 ] HEADFORM AND HUMAN EVOLUTION By A. A. ABBIE, Department of Anatomy, University of Adelaide INTRODUCTION The progressive rise in mean cephalic index, which is such a striking feature of human evolution, has lately attracted much attention, particularly from Kappers (1935a, b, 1936a, b, 1937, 1939, 1945) and Weidenreich (1940, 1945). Kappers considers the various aspects of the problem only as they affect man. Weidenreich, on the other hand, adopts a broad biological approach which adds very materially to our knowledge from all points of view. However, his conclusion (1945, p. 50) that 'Brachycephalization, therefore, means a better adjustment of the skull to the erect posture by adopting a more complete globular form' carries little conviction for there is no evidence that the most brachycephalic peoples are better adjusted to the upright posture than are the most dolichocephalic. Weidenreich's belief that increasing brachycephalization is associated with human evolution generally is certainly correct, but some other explanation should be sought for the coincidence. Ever since its inception the cephalic index has remained the major criterion of human affinities and development. On the other hand, anyone who has measured a series of skulls must have realized that the loci from which the index is calculated vary from skull to skull, and that the index expresses something different for every skull. Nevertheless, Morant (1928, p. 355) claims that 'only one character has been found which is capable of making an absolute distinction between more than one of the groups [i.e. of humans] and all the others: that is the cephalic index'. Thus the value of the index seems to be well established, but it can be accepted only as a total response to a number of variable factors, sofime of which are probably still quite obscure. This is the attitude adopted in the present inquiry which seeks some unifying principle under the apparent diversity of a multitude of observations. The problem of headform is considered in its relation to evolution, race, size of jaws, heredity and environment, internal form and capacity, stature, sex and individual development. The fact that such a unifying principle does seem to emerge justifies this addition to the already extensive literature on the subject. MATERIALS Data relating to the Australian aborigine are employed as a control on a number of the various factors considered here. The cranial data comprise measurements on both adult and juvenile skulls in this Department and, especially, in the Adelaide Museum. For adults, fifty male and fifty female skulls were measured: they represent about 10 % of the total material available, are representative of all parts of Australia and form a strictly random sample since they were taken just as they came. The fact that the mean cranial Anatomy 81 16 Table 1. Length, breadth, cranial index, facial angle and alveolar index offifty male and fifty female Australian aboriginal skulls Male Female A A Length Breadth Cranial Facial Alveolar Length Breadth Cranial Facial Alveolar (mm.) (mm.) index angle index (mm.) (mm.) index angle index 187 120 64-2 74 102-9 170 113 66*5 81 100 0 199 130 65-3 76 102-8 189 126 66*7 79 100*0 192 127 66*2 77 97-1 186 125 67*2 86 100 0 186 124 66*7 80 101*9 183 123 67-2 80 109 9 193 129 66-8 78 106-8 174 117 67*2 75 107-7 197 132 67-0 76 105*8 172 117 68-0 77 109-6 188 126 67*0 77 97 0 180 123 68 3 84 100 0 192 129 67*2 75 104-7 174 119 68*4 77 105-3 190 128 67*4 78 102 0 181 124- 68-5 75 108*2 184 124 67-4 80 95-2 174 120 69-0 78 106*5 1'95 132 67-7 78 103*0 172 119 69-2 80 103*3 202 138 68-3 84 101-8 185 128 69*2 74 107-2 187 128 68*5 76 103*1 185 128 69*2 77 106-4 173 119 68*8 76 103*1 176 122 69-3 75 100.0, 176 121 68*8 76 103-9 179 124 69-3 77 102-1 184 127 69-0 81 100.0 179 124 69-3 83 100 0 187 129 69-0 75 105*3 173 120 69-4 78 104-1 190 131 69-0 80 103*1 178 124 69*7 78 105-2 192 133 69*3 75 105*0 172 120 69*8 76 109-4 192 133 69-3 87 96*9 173 122 70*5 79 102*2 183 127 69*4 84 98*0 181 128 70*7 80 105-5 190 132 69-5 76 101-0 178 126 70*8 80 104-5 188 131 69-7 78 110.0 170 121 71.2 76 10141 182 127 69*8 80 98-2 184 131 71-2 80 10241 182 128 70*3 81 97*9 182 130 71-4 70 107*5 185 130 70 3 73 101 9 186 133 71*5 87 95-0 190 134 70 5 73 108-6 172 123 71'5 77 103*3 194 137 70-6 76 109*5 176 126 71-6 75 108-3 187 132 70-6 75 108*1 176 127 72-2 76 106-3 187 132 70-6 84 100-0 180 130 72-2 76 106-3 193 137 71*0 85 96*1 177 128 72-3 73 113-7 196 140 71-4 80 100*0 184 133 72-3 72 106-5 182 130 71*4 83 97*9 167 121 72-5 82 105-6 183 131 71-6 82 100-0 171 124 72-5 77 105*3 195' 140 71-8 75 110*2 172 125 72*7 81 101.1 185 133 71*9 77 103-8 181 132 72*9 78 104*2 182 131 72-0 81 100*0 176 129 73.3 79 100 0 183 132 72-1 73 106-9 174 128 73-6 81 95 7 174 126 72-4 75 103*9 182 134 73-6 73 103*2 175 127 72-6 78 100*0 167 123 73-7 79 103-2 186 135 72-6 80 100*0 183 135 73-8 76 J10-6 188 137 72*9 78 102-0 176 130 73*9 81 98-9 187 137 73-3 79 104-0 188 139 73-9 79 100*0 187 138 73-8 83 -100*0 166 123 74*1 80 100*0 180 133 73-9 78 105*2 169 126 74-6 80 100 0 176 130 73-9 82 100 0 168 126 75-0 76 101*1 .189 140 74*1 78 100-0 165 124 75-2 78 103*2 176 131 74-4 73 105-4 169 127 75-2 76 104-4 193 144 74-6 83 105-3 168 128 76-2 75 103*2 190 143 75-3 81 100*0 162 126 77-8 79 104-2 Means 187*080 131-300 70*224 78*460 102-306 176-100 125-480 71-306 78-020 103-822 Standard 6*521 5-489 2-631 3-489 3*700 6-582 5-015 2.678 3-310 3-827 deviation Corr. coeff. L./B. 0 530 (P <0.001) 0 543(P<0.001) Corr. coeff. -0-620(P<0 001) -0-619(P<0 001) F.A./Alv. I. Corr. coeff. L./F.A. 0-096 (n.s.) 0-016 (n.s.) Corr. coeff. 0-153 (n.s.) 0-046 (n.s.) L./Alv. I. Headform and human evolution 235 indices (male: 70*2; female: 71-3) conform closely to figures given by Turner (1884), Hrdlicka (1928) and the pooled data of Martin (1928), given here in Table 6, supports the belief that the sample is representative. Herskovits (1926) believes that the correlation between head length and head breadth is an index of group homogeneity; the highest coefficient he gives is 0586 for Teneriffian males and for Batatelu. If his view is correct this group of abori- gines is exceptionally homogeneous, having a length-breadth correlation coeffi- cient of 0 530 for the male and 0 543 for the female, with the probability of less than 1 in 1000 that the result is due to chance. These data are recorded in Table 1. Throughout this paper the customary level of significance has been adopted, namely, that for a statistical index to be real-i.e. unlikely to have occurred merely as the result of chance-the probability of its occurring by chance must be jess than five times in a hundred trials (P < 0.05). The juvenile material comprised forty-two skulls, ranging from newly born to late adolescent. The ages were estimated according to Campbell's (1925) observations. The data are presented in Table 2. Information relating to the stature and cephalic index of fifty living male and fifty living female aborigines is compiled from the work of Burston (1913), Campbell & Lewis (1926) and Campbell & Hackett (1927). They represent respectively groups from the Northern Territory, South Australia and Central Australia. The figures were taken strictly as they came: all the female figures from Campbell and Lewis and from Campbell and Hackett were recorded with an equal number of the males; the totals were completed by adding to each an equal number of males and females from Burston.
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