Rocky Intertidal Resources Monitoring Handbook, Cabrillo National Monument Point Loma, San Diego, California

Home , Aggregating anemone

By John M. Engle1 and Gary E. Davis:

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Open-File Report 00-202

Prepared for:

Cabrillo Historical Association Cabrillo National Monument Point Loma, California

!7554 Palos Verdes Drive Goleta, California 93117

2National Biological Service Channel Islands National Park 1901 Spinnaker Drive Ventura, California 93001

Sacramento, California 2000 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director

The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey

For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased Center Director from: Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Placer Hall, Suite 2012 Information Services 6000 J Street Box 25286 Sacramento, CA 95819-6129 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Table of Contents Table of Contents...... Ill List of Tables...... IV List of Figures...... IV List of Forms...... IV 1. Introduction...... ! 2. Survey Background and Planning...... ! 2.1 Survey sites...... 2 2.2 Target species assemblages...... 3 2.3 Fixed plots and transects...... 3 2.4 Survey scheduling...... 4 2.5 Personnel...... 4 2.6 Logistics...... 4 3. Survey Methods...... 5 3.1 Site reconnaissance...... 5 3.2 Video overview (optional) ...... 5 3.2.1 Video procedures...... 6 3.2.2 Guidelines for best video results...... ? 3.3 Photoplot surveys...... 9 3.4 Circular plot surveys...... 10 3.5 Line intercept transect surveys...... 10 3.6 Timed searches...... 11 3.7 Visitor and bird census...... 11 3.8 Data management...... 12

III List of Tables Table 1. Index Taxa and Monitoring Techniques at Cabrillo National Monument Sites...... 13 Table 2. Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Plots and Plot Identification Codes ...... 14 Table 3. Rocky Intertidal Survey Tasks...... 15 Table 4. Area I Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements...... 16 Table 5. Area II Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements...... 17 Table 6. Area III Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements ...... 18

List of Figures Figure 1. Point Loma Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Sites...... 19 Figure 2. Visitor Use and Intertidal Monitoring Areas in Cabrillo National Monument...... 20 Figure 3. Cabrillo National Monument Area I Map ...... 21 Figure 4. Cabrillo National Monument Area II Map...... 22 Figure 5. Cabrillo National Monument Area III North Map ...... 23 Figure 6. Cabrillo National Monument Area III South Map...... 24 Figure 7. Photoplot Quadrapod Apparatus ...... 25

List of Forms Form 1. Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements...... 26 Form 2. Rocky Intertidal Survey Gear...... 27 Form 3. Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Field Log ...... 28 Form 4. Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Photo Log ...... 29 Form 5 Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Owl Limpet Measurements ...... 30 Form 6. Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Line Transect Data ...... 31 Form 7. Rocky Intertidal Abalone/Sea Star Counts...... 32 Form 8. Rocky Intertidal Monitoring People and Bird Census...... 33 Form 9. Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Photo Point Intercept Scores ...... 34

IV 1. Introduction

Long-term monitoring of biological resources and public use in rocky intertidal habitats at Cabrillo National Monument was initiated in 1990 in order to assess dynamic ecological conditions with respect to impacts from public visitation and other human activities in the San Diego metropolitan area. Public access to the monument's intertidal zone is restricted to a single point on the western coast of Point Loma approximately 800 m north of the tip of the peninsula (Figs. 1 & 2). From this point, visitors can explore about 1 km of open ocean shoreline without crossing deep channels that extend to the base of steep cliffs, or moving around the southern tip of the Point into San Diego Bay. This situation creates an apparent gradient of public use extending from the access location downcoast to the Point. The resource monitoring stations were stratified into 3 areas along this presumed human use gradient, with each area encompassing roughly 330 m of shoreline (Fig. 2). Each of the survey locations, designated Area I, Area II, and Area III (Figs. 1 & 2), have been monitored semi-annually (Spring and Fall) for the past 6 yr. Two sites north of the Monument, Navy North and South (Fig. 1), have been monitored in 1995 using the same techniques. A separate manual has been developed for the Navy sites. Continued monitoring of all 5 sites in future years is highly recommended. Biological surveys at these locations provide quantitative seasonal data for index species in fixed plots or transects, and qualitative inventory data for other plants and animals whenever possible. In addition, Cabrillo National Monument personnel collect data on prevailing sea/weather conditions and abundances of birds and visitors at the Monument sites whenever possible during daytime low tide periods.

This handbook provides guidelines and specifies procedures for monitoring target species assemblages at Area I, Area II And Area III rocky intertidal sites at the Cabrillo National Monument, Point Loma, San Diego. The handbook will help survey teams prepare for surveys, locate the permanent study plots and standardize sampling procedures for future surveys at these sites, either for continued seasonal monitoring or for impact prevention or assessment studies should the need arise. Visitor and bird census methods and survey data management techniques also are described.

2. Survey Background and Planning This section provides background information about the survey sites, target species, and fixed plots. Survey planning activities are discussed, including scheduling, personnel, and logistical considerations. The guidelines are based on practical experience with intertidal monitoring surveys and field conditions encountered at the Cabrillo National Monument sites since 1990. The guidelines should not be applied rigidly because each survey has its particular circumstances (e.g., weather conditions, number and experience of samplers). Individual judgments will always be necessary in conducting field surveys. It is important to maintain flexibility because unforeseen situations may require last-minute modifications to sampling plans. 2.1 Survey sites The 3 survey sites (Area I, Area II, Area III) are located on the southernmost outer coast of Point Loma (Figs. 1 & 2). These, approximately equal-sized sites (-330 m long each) are contiguous, extending downcoast along the cliff-backed rocky intertidal shore from the sole beach entry point (Area I) to the southern tip of the peninsula at the Lighthouse (Area III). Access to all 3 sites is via a short trail from the visitor parking lot, located immediately north of the old Navy dolphin training facilities. To get to the parking lot, drive south along Cabrillo Memorial Drive (Route 209), turn right just before reaching the kiosk for the Cabrillo National Monument visitor center, head down the steep road which curves past the lighthouse, and turn left into the parking lot just past the fenced-in Navy compound. Directions for getting to the sites and brief descriptions of physical conditions at the survey locations are as follows:

Area I From the visitor parking lot, take the path leading upcoast to the cliff edge. Follow the edge of the cliff to the left (south) and walk down to the intertidal through an area of irregularly- sloping bedrock. Area I extends from -220 m north to -110 m south of the access point (Figs. 2 & 3). The northern portion of Area I is backed by fractured low cliffs with small caves and pockets of cobble and boulders. Goose barnacle plots and half of the owl limpet plots are located on the steeply sloping base of the sandstone cliffs. The offshore area is composed of pools, surge channels, scattered boulders and gently sloping rock reefs extending 20 to 40 m from the cliffs. Fixed survey spots are scattered throughout this region, with plots on the raised, mostly granitic boulders and transects on the flat sedimentary reefs. The southern part of the site is in a cove backed by a high cliff and beach. Several transects are located at the north end of this cove (out from the visitor access point), but no monitoring plots are located within the cove. The downcoast boundary of Area I is the south end of the cove.

Area II Follow the same directions given above to reach Area I, then hike south along the shore approximately 110 m to the northern edge of Area II (Figs. 2 & 4). The hike to Area II takes about 10 min from the parking lot, and is best done when the tide level is <1 m above MLLW (in order to avoid getting wet above the waist). Area II extends downcoast approximately 330 m from the boundary of Area I, with the central portion located offshore from the old Navy dolphin training compound. The northern section of Area II has sloping rock slabs and low-relief reefs, mixed with various-sized boulder/bedrock outcrops. The central and southern parts of the site are backed by an irregular low sandstone cliff with caves and pockets of boulders and cobbles. The lower intertidal zone extends more than 50 m offshore in Area II, encompassing extensive pools and flat reefs topped with occasional boulders. Fixed survey spots are scattered throughout the site, with goose barnacle and half the owl limpet plots on cliff walls or bases, other plots on boulders, and transects on low-relief bedrock. The southern boundary of Area II is offshore from the Radio Tower.

Area III Follow the same directions given above to reach Area II, then continue south approximately 330 m to the northern end of Area III (Figs. 2, 5-6). The hike to Area III takes 15- 20 min from the parking lot, and also is best done when the tide level is <1 m above MLLW. The site extends another 330 m from the northern edge south to the tip of Point Loma, including a prominent line of boulders that extend offshore southwest of the lighthouse. The site is backed by large riprap boulders and a low cliff. Except for the south end boulders, the offshore portion of Area III has extensive, broad, (>70 m) flat reefs with shallow pools and small rocks. The transects for monitoring algal turf, surf grass and boa kelp are located in the northern part of the site. Permanent plots for monitoring goose barnacles are located on granitic riprap boulders placed along the cliff base to reduce erosion. Two acorn barnacle plots are located on a platform in the middle of the site, and one owl limpet plot is located nearby on a bedrock shelf at the base of a cliff point. All of the other permanent plots are located on the line of boulders at the south end of the site (Fig. 6).

2.2 Target species assemblages Key species and broader taxonomic categories surveyed at the Cabrillo National Monument rocky intertidal sites are listed in Table 1. The same 13 target taxa are monitored at each location. Grouped according to survey method, they are as follows: Photoplots: acorn, thatched, and goose barnacles, rockweed, and mussels Circular plots: owl limpets Line transects: boa kelp, sargassum weed, algal turf, surf grass, and anemones Timed search: abalone and sea stars

2.3 Fixed plots and transects Table 1 summarizes the sampling techniques and number of plots and transects for each key species at the 3 monitoring sites. The plots and transects have been monitored semi-annually since 1990. There are 5 replicates for each photoplot species, except for goose barnacles which have 6 because monitoring was changed from 3 band transects to 6 photoplots (2 per transect) in 1995. Owl limpet plots have 6 replicates, 3 on cliff bases and 3 on boulders, except for Area III which has 5 on boulders and 1 on the only cliff base habitat available. There are 2 replicates for each line-intercept species.

The relatively permanent fixed plots and transects were established at the Monument sites in Spring 1990. The 4 corners of each rectangular photoplot (except for goose barnacles) are marked with ~5 cm diameter blobs of green epoxy. Photoplot numbers are located at the upper left corner of each plot on a brass tag or etched into the epoxy. Stainless steel or silicone bronze bolts (3/8 in) fixed into the bedrock with epoxy were used to mark the corners of goose barnacle photoplots, center of circular owl limpet plots, and start, middle and end, of all transects. Some of the hexagonal bolt heads are marked (using a band saw or hack saw) with notches on the bolt head edge or with grooves across the bolt head top to identify the plot or transect number. Bolt head number codes based on notch and groove combinations are illustrated in Table 2. For plots with notched bolts, the number bolt is located in the upper left corner of each photoplot (with a blank bolt on the other corners), at the center of each circular plot, and at the start (north end) of each transect. Transect center bolts are blank; end bolts are marked "X". Two types of codes are used to identify plots (see Table 2 & Figs. 3-6). Alphanumeric codes indicate which key species and replicate number is targeted, with the number of bolt notches representing the replicate number. Unique 1-3 digit numeric plot/transect codes were imprinted on the original brass tags (most of which now are missing or unreadable), and continue to be used, especially on bolt-less plots and when shooting plot photographs. Measurements (distance and bearing) taken from the number corner or bolt of each plot/transect to one or more other number corners or bolts are used for mapping the sites (Tables 3-5; Form 1), locating hard to find plots/transects, and as standard photo or video reference viewpoints.

2.4 Survey scheduling The sites are sampled semi-annually, in Spring and Fall. Allow 1 day per site, working during the lowest tide ± 2-3 hr (4-5 hr total time/sample). The sampling period can be scheduled tentatively months in advance by checking the appropriate San Diego tide table booklet, calendar, or computer program. If possible, survey the sites during the lowest ("spring tide") daylight tide conditions in the months of March/April and October/November. At these times, the best low tides will occur in the afternoons. Generally, there are 5 to 7 workable days within each optimum tidal series. When planning the sampling schedule, remember to take into account factors such as: advance arrangements for all participants (transportation, lodging, etc.) the time of low tide with respect to sunset (to allow time to complete the site) the extra time (at low water) needed to hike to Area III (15-20 min each way) some days may not be workable due to rain, wind, or heavy swells. 1-2 days at the end of each tidal series should be reserved as "fall-back" days, in case a site survey must be rescheduled.

2.5 Personnel The number of people needed to sample a site depends on level of experience. Four experienced people can sample a site adequately during 1 good low tide period of 4-5 hr; however 6 people, with at least 3 experienced, is recommended. Then it is possible to have 3 teams of 2. Each team should consist of at least 1 sampler who is familiar with that task's techniques and a recorder, who may or may not be experienced. In general there should be separate teams for the plot photographs, owl limpet measurements, and transect scoring. Other tasks to split among the teams include plot/transect location, cleaning/repair of all markers, site reconnaissance, timed search for abalone and sea stars, and video overview (optional).

2.6 Logistics An outline of tasks to be accomplished prior to, during, and after the field sampling is provided in Table 3. Equipment and materials needed for the monitoring should be stored in 1 location so that they can be assembled efficiently prior to each survey trip. It is important to use the Equipment Checklist (Form 1) to be sure nothing is forgotten. Expendable items such as film, batteries, and videotape need to be purchased in advance. Film and batteries can be purchased in bulk and stored in a refrigerator. Spares should be included in case something does not work or gets dropped into a tidepool. Rechargeable batteries should be freshly charged. Load and test camera, strobe, and camcorder to be sure they are working properly. Photocopy required data sheets from originals at the back of the handbook (see Form 1 for recommended number of copies). Required data forms include Field Logs (Form 3), Photo Logs (Form 4), Owl Limpet Measurements (Form 5), Line-Transect Scores (Form 6), Abalone/Sea Star Counts (Form 7), and People/Bird Census Sheets (Form 8). Bring a supply of sharpened #2 pencils. Remind the data recorders to print legibly and darkly so that the completed data sheets can be photocopied. Usually each person carries a backpack or bucket loaded with sampling and personal gear. Five or more rectangular quadrat frames can bundled together with bungee cords or Velcro straps for ease of carrying. Samplers should be prepared for all possible weather conditions (especially sun and wind) and should dress accordingly. Listen to the marine weather and surf reports for current sea conditions. Rubber boots may be worn; however, rugged neopreme booties or old sports shoes work quite well and are easier to walk in when filled with sea water. A spare change of clothing can be useful. Foam gardening pads provide comfort for kneeling during owl limpet measurements. Food, water, a hat, sunglasses, and sunscreen are all recommended.

Transportation time should be planned to arrive at the site anywhere from 2-3 hr before low tide. This includes driving, gear organizing, and hiking time. Allow extra time on the first day for initial equipment setup and orientation of survey participants.

Much of the work should be done as the tide is going out. Generally the tide will be in the mid to late-afternoon, thus approaching darkness will limit work during the rising tide. The target species are best sampled during an out-going tide in this order: 1) High intertidal: goose barnacles, owl limpets, rockweed 2) Mid intertidal: acorn and thatched barnacles, mussels, turf, anemones 3) Low intertidal: sargassum weed, surf grass, boa kelp, abalone, sea stars

3. Survey Methods

3.1 Site reconnaissance During each survey it is important to observe and record the general physical and biological conditions at the site. These observations, along with any photo and video overviews, provide valuable perspective on site dynamics which assist in the interpretation of data from the fixed plots and transects. Often it is most practical to do at least part of the site reconnaissance upon first arrival (assuming a descending tide) because many of these observations can be done before the tide is low enough for performing other tasks. Additional notes can be added later during the monitoring, or even afterwards, when more time is available to organize thoughts.

Site reconnaissance notes are recorded on the Field Log (Form 3). Physical conditions to be noted include weather conditions (cloud cover, wind speed and direction, air temperature), sea conditions (wave height and direction, surge, water temperature), substrate changes (sand/gravel burial or scouring, overturned boulders, landslides, etc.), presence and distribution of oil/tar, and other unusual occurrences such as floating debris or pollutants. Biological features that should be recorded include obvious changes (or lack thereof) in target and other species distribution, abundance, recruitment, and appearance (size, color, behavior, epiphytes, etc.). The behavior of birds and people is of interest. Signs of disturbance by visitors may be evident.

3.2 Video overview (optional) Videotape overviews, along with still photographs, document the general physical and biological characteristics of a survey site. They also record plot and transect conditions within the context of the entire site. If desired, they can be used to monitor large-scale temporal changes in biological assemblages. Audio tracks on the videotape allow site reconnaissance observations to be recorded along with the video images. A videotape record of each survey site should be made during the initial survey and anytime an obvious change or impact has occurred. If time and personnel permit, video overviews can also be done during routine monitoring surveys. The video operator uses a portable camcorder protected by a splashproof housing to document the nature of conditions at each site through visual recordings on 8 mm tape accompanied by observational narration. Video views range from distant overviews of general habitat features to close-ups of individual species. Important conditions to document on video include the following: all survey plots and transects, sand influence (beach level, scour or smothering effects), health of organisms (bleached plants, dead barnacles, etc.), interesting concentrations of species, recruitment events, extent of ephemeral algae, oil/tar presence and extent, evidence of people use and/or pollution, and any unusual phenomena.

3.2.1 Video procedures Video procedures for each site consist of the following: a broad overview of the entire site if possible from a high cliff vantage point a beach level overview of all plots and surrounding habitats from fixed points beach level closer views of interesting phenomena

The video documentation can be accomplished by a single experienced person (who knows how to use the equipment, the layout of the study site, and what to document visually and through narration). However, the process becomes most efficient if an assistant is available, because that person can carry supplies (batteries, tapes, maps, etc.), keep track of the sequence of video views, and look out for waves that may splash the video operator and camcorder. The time it takes to do a video survey depends on the spatial extent and complexity of the study site, and the thoroughness of the site documentation. Preliminary reconnaissance prior to actual videotaping is needed to evaluate conditions at the site and organize points to emphasize visually and verbally. This may take 30-60 min and can be done as the tide recedes. The video survey typically takes 1-2 hr around the time of low tide. This includes about 30-60 min of actual videotaping and 30-60 min of other activities, including set-up at each view point, movement between view points, and changing batteries or tapes. Thus the entire video survey operation at one site takes approximately 1.5 to 3 hrs to complete.

Prior to each video survey, the equipment should be assembled and tested. Video camcorders can be finicky (especially Hi-8). Charge all batteries, clean the video head (if necessary), and make a test recording. Review the camcorder operation, the site-specific video plan, and the results of any previous video surveys (so you know what conditions and possible resource changes to look for). At the site, as the tide recedes, locate and mark all plots with bright materials (PVC frames for photoplots, flagging for owl limpet plots, and meter tapes for irregular plots and transects). Conduct an observational reconnaissance of the entire study site plots, species, etc. Plan the order (and sometimes modified locations) of video views based on sea conditions, tide levels, and sun position. Organize thoughts for narration during videotaping. Set up camcorder and record a title sequence listing study site and survey date. Also at this time, or at the start of the first overview sequence, verbally record the study site, date, video operator, current time, time and height of low tide, weather conditions, and other pertinent information. Generally the cliff overview (if present) will be the first video sequence recorded. It puts the entire study site in perspective and documents large-scale changes (e.g., variations in sand levels). Best results are obtained when the tide is fairly low and the plots and reference bolts have been marked conspicuously. Establish a fixed view point, which may be marked or simply described. Use standardized operating procedures and verbal descriptions (see guidelines below). If possible, always start facing upcoast, then use wide-angle view to pan downcoast along the most offshore exposed portion of intertidal first. Reverse the pan for the next closer inshore view. Continue this procedure until the entire shore has been documented. During these video pans, zoom in on key reef areas or survey plots where appropriate, but do not overuse the zoom. All pan and zoom movements should be made slowly.

Beach level overviews are used to put the individual permanent plots or transects into perspective with surrounding assemblages. Record a video sequence from each designated vantage point. At most reference points, plan to do a circular pan (360°) beginning with the most upcoast view. Start with wide angle of more distant habitats on the first pan. If necessary, do a second circular pan of the closest habitats. At any time you can zoom in and describe particular marked plots or other interesting phenomena. It is not necessary to show great detail for each photoplot because the still photos cover that. If particular plots are not covered by video sequences from the marked vantage points, then each plot or group of plots should be videotaped from a standard unmarked view point, usually from about 3 m away with the sun at your back. For each transect not covered by sequences from the marked vantage points, stand about 3 m away from the center bolt (with sun at back), then pan slowly along the meter tape from the start bolt to the end bolt. For irregular plots, choose a central vantage point about 3 m off the plot (with sun at back if possible), then pan along farthest view of plot (starting upcoast and inshore if possible). Reverse the pan for next closer view and continue until the whole plot has been covered.

Close view video sequences of interesting intertidal phenomena not necessarily associated with the survey plots may be recorded if time permits. These need not be done from fixed vantage points, nor do they have to be taped during each succeeding survey at a particular site. If they are important enough to be repeatedly documented, then vantage points should be marked or described for standardization.

3.2.2 Guidelines for best video results Camcorder guidelines These guidelines are for Sony, Nikon, or Ricoh Hi-8 camcorders. Read the manual and know how to operate the camera properly to obtain the best quality video and sound recordings. Camcorders can be sensitive to jarring. Carry in a padded case whenever possible. Check the camera housing lens periodically for salt spray outside (especially on windy days) or fogging inside. These conditions will cause blurred images. If necessary, clean the lens with fresh water or lens cleaner, then wipe dry with lens paper. Insert several small desiccant packs inside the splashproof housing to remove moisture.

Hi-8 tape cassettes provide the highest resolution; however, they are more expensive than regular 8 mm tapes, cannot be played back on standard 8 mm camcorders, and require a special monitor to take advantage of the increased resolution. If the drawbacks of Hi-8 tapes present a problem, regular 8 mm tapes can be used and still provide good quality. 60 min cassettes are preferred, but 120 min tapes also work well. Take 2 fully-charged heavy duty camcorder batteries to ensure up to 1 hr of taping. These batteries never give as much time as expected (especially with lots of zooming), and older batteries do not hold a charge well. Use the video head cleaner tape periodically, especially if the recorded image becomes jittery. Plan to clean the head before each series of intertidal video surveys.

Leave the time display on the video for all recording. This provides a fixed visual record on the tape for later reference. This is especially important if tapes are played on a VCR with a different type of counter than that used when the video log was transcribed. It would be preferable to record both date and time, but most camcorders allow only one or the other.

Video guidelines Tape a title sequence (with the site name and date on a piece of paper) at the start of each video survey and at the beginning of each new tape. Try to videotape at the lowest tide and best light conditions (closest to midday). Unfortunately, many of the good low tides occur in the late afternoon when the sun is low in the sky directly offshore. Best results are obtained under these conditions by keeping the sun behind you as much as possible and by aiming the camera down to reduce the amount of bright sky in view. This helps to minimize under-exposure of shaded reef areas (silhouette effects).

Hold camera as steady as possible, especially when zoomed in. Remain fixed on still shots for several seconds longer than seems sufficient while filming. Pan very slowly. You need to consciously slow down any movements. Slow motion pans work much better than walking while taping. Note that your eye (not looking through the eyepiece) generally can see more detail (bolts, tags, etc.) than shows up on the video, especially when contrast is low. On the other hand, videotapes played back on a color monitor appear much better than what you see through the black and white eyepiece monitor. Sometimes, when looking through the small eyepiece, it is difficult to tell if the camera is aimed correctly at low contrast subjects.

Narration guidelines It is not easy to videotape intertidal areas and verbally describe them at the same time. Therefore, it is important to explore the survey site before taping in order to plan what to emphasize and how to describe it. Remember to set the microphone switch to the wind setting. Talk loudly when it is windy or there is noisy surf. At the start and end of each site video (and each tape) and periodically throughout the tape, verbally identify the site, date, time, narrator, and any other pertinent information. Wait several seconds after starting a new tape before talking to be sure what is said will be recorded.

Describe the vantage point at the start of each video sequence. Use standard descriptors for view directions, plot locations, etc. For example, be clear about using "view from" and "view of" when describing a scene. Compass directions may be confusing because local shores can be quite irregular. Instead use "upcoast", "downcoast", "inshore", and "offshore" to describe plot locations and views. Consult the site map before starting each video sequence so that correct plot numbers will be included in the commentary. 3.3 Photoplot surveys To survey photoquadrats, first locate them using information from the site map, interplot measurement table, and plot print photographs. Clean the corner markers and note their condition, especially whether repairs are needed. Place a temporary 50 X 75 cm PVC quadrat frame over each plot to mark it for easy relocation, or tie red flagging on bolts . Next, check the camera and strobe (film and batteries loaded?) and assemble the quadrapod apparatus, which holds the camera and strobe directly above each photoplot (Fig. 7). Carry the quadrapod to each plot, replace the temporary PVC frame with the quadrapod so that the photo identification tag is in the upper left corner, adjust the 3 photo identification rings so that each plot number digit appears to the right of each ring, and photograph the plot twice, bracketing for best exposure.

Tide conditions dictate the order in which the quadrats are sampled. If the tide is receding, sample the highest plots, then work down the beach as lower plots are exposed. If the tide is around the low, begin with the downshore plots first. The photographer's assistant must re position the photo identification tag with the correct plot number each time the frame is placed over a new plot. The assistant also records pertinent information such as photo number, plot number, and exposure on the Photo Log (Form 4). It can be difficult to identify certain species when looking at the slides back in the lab, so it is advisable to jot down (or sketch) a few notes about species composition, cover, unusual or occasional species, etc. while at the plot. After all plot photos are taken, any spare frames left on the roll are used for more general overview shots, or of those species that are not directly targeted by photos (e.g., surf grass, boa kelp, owl limpets). The procedures described here are for a generic 35 mm, single lens reflex camera, with a 28 mm lens. Other cameras may be used, but the details of setup and alignment will be slightly different. Use a strobe mounted to the camera to fill in shadows, even in bright sunlight. Read the user manuals for both camera and strobe. Most cameras synchronize focal plane shutters with strobes at a 1/125 second shutter speed. Use that shutter speed with 100 ASA Ektachrome color slide film and aperture settings of f 1 land f 16. This film, at these settings, provides the broad range of image densities required to interpret the photographs in the laboratory. Certainly other films and settings will work, but the recommended settings have proven effective for recording intertidal plots over a wide range of conditions for more than 10 years.

Check all camera gear before leaving for field sampling, while you have no tide-driven time constraints. Use a protective case for the camera, cable shutter release, strobe, film, and spare batteries. Also include lens paper and cleaner, or a chamois skin, a smudge-proof marking pen (sharpie) for marking exposed film rolls, and a lens cap. Bundle the quadrapod components with bungee cords for convenient carrying. Camera Setup Load the camera in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Check camera and strobe batteries to assure full charges. Having to wait for a slow strobe to recharge, or having to replace a camera battery, during a rapidly rising tide is annoying, and leads to haste-induced errors. Ouadrapod setup At the field site, assemble the quadrapod apparatus (Fig. 7). Make sure the PVC rods are securely attached and the frames are parallel by placing the plot frame on a flat surface and pressing firmly on the camera frame fittings. Mount the camera and strobe using a quick release camera mount and the camera's hot shoe. Attach the cable shutter release. Check frame alignment and camera focus by looking through the viewfinder. Adjust the frame as necessary by pressing on the quadrapod fittings. Set the focus at about 0.8 m; you should be able to clearly read the frame number indicator. Set the shutter speed to 1/125 second and the aperture to f 11. Turn on the strobe. Photographing the plots Select the plot to be photographed. Set the plot number indicator rings on the quadrapod plot frame so that the plot numbers are immediately to the right of the rings. Place the quadrapod plot frame over the plot with the plot indicator tag in the upper left comer of the frame. Check frame alignment and focus through the view finder; adjust as necessary. Trip the shutter, check to assure that the strobe discharged, record the plot number and camera settings on the Photo Log (Form 4). If the strobe failed, check the equipment and re-take the picture, recording the failure on the Photo Log. Set the lens aperture at f 16 and repeat the process. Move to the next plot and repeat the process until all plots at the site have been recorded.

3.4 Circular plot surveys Two persons work best for surveying the owl limpet plots: 1 experienced person to identify and measure the limpets, and an assistant to record the data. First locate the plots, using information from the site maps, the interplot measurement chart, and the plot print photos. Clean the markers and note their condition, particularly whether repairs are needed. This is important since there is only one bolt per plot. Tie bright surveyor's flagging to each bolt for ease of relocation. To survey each plot, attach aim length of line (or meter tape) to the center bolt and swing around in an arc, carefully searching all cracks and crevices for Lottia. Be aware that the limpets may be covered with barnacles, algae, etc., and can even be confused with chitons. Owl limpets found within that arc (including those touched by the 1 m mark) are measured with calipers to the nearest millimeter, then marked with a yellow forestry crayon to avoid duplicate scoring. However, limpets <15 mm are not scored because it is difficult to distinguish tiny Lottia from other species of limpets. Measurements are recorded on the Owl Limpet Data Sheet by a helper (Form 5). If the limpet cannot be measured in place (due to crevices or other irregularities), estimate its size and note this on the data sheet. Never remove limpets from the rock. Observations including obvious scars from missing limpets and any evidence of predation also should be included on the data sheet.

3.5 Line intercept transect surveys Two persons are most efficient for surveying the point-intercept transects, 1 experienced person to identify the organisms located along the tape edge, and an assistant to record the data. First locate the transects, using information from the site maps, the interplot measurement chart, and the transect print photos. Care must be taken not to disturb the positions of plants along the transect path when searching for bolts. Clean the markers and note their condition, particularly whether repairs are needed. Tie bright surveyor's flagging to each bolt for ease of transect relocation. Once the tide is low enough, run a meter tape (again with care) the length of the

10 transect, starting from the notched bolt. Watch for approaching surges that might disturb the position of the tape or the plants around it. If possible, survey the entire transect during a period when the tape and plants are undisturbed. To score the line-intercept transects, the sampler walks along each transact, calling out whatever taxon falls directly beneath the tape edge. The line cover estimates are rounded off to the nearest centimeter, thus 1000 separate segments are scored for each 10 m transect. It may appear as if the scoring would be extremely tedious; however, in practice, relatively few taxa make up most of the line-intercept cover. Up to 8 taxonomic categories are called out by the scorer and then recorded onto the Line-Transect Data Sheet by an assistant (Form 6). Typical scoring may proceed as follows: "bare substrate 0-46 cm, surf grass 46-321 cm, boa kelp 321-378 cm, etc." General observations, such as key species condition (e.g., color and length) and sand cover (if any) are all important to note.

3.6 Timed searches Around the time of low tide, 1 person should spend 30 min (or 2 persons 15 min each) searching crevices and pools along the low intertidal zone haphazardly throughout the site for possible occurrences of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) or ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus). In addition, record other related species, including green (H.fulgens) and pink (H. corrugatd) abalone and bat (Asterina miniata), blue knobby (Pisaster giganteus), and fragile (Astrometis sertulifera) stars. Plan to get wet at least to thigh level as you kneel to look under boulders and ledges. Use a waterproof flashlight if necessary to see into dark areas. Turn over occasional rocks and look for juveniles. Record the number and size (cm) of any abalone or sea stars found. For abalone, measure greatest shell length. For sea stars, measure from the middle of the central disk to the tip of the longest ray. Record results on the Abalone/Sea Star Data Sheet (form 7). Note the presence and condition of any abalone shells seen. Other interesting species observations can be recorded on the Field Log and species inventory list (optional).

3.7 Visitor and bird census Unlike all other sampling which takes place twice per year, the number of people and birds should be recorded (to the extent possible) each day that the low tide falls between 1 GOO- 1600 hrs (PST) and is <15 cm above mean lower low water (MLLW). About 120 days meet these conditions during the year. This sampling can be conducted by Cabrillo National Monument staff or volunteers as part of their routine patrols of the shore during low tides when visitors are most likely to be present. The number of people and birds within Areas I, II, and III should be counted within 30 min of the low tide by walking along the shore through the 3 areas. The observer must be familar with the site boundaries (see map in Fig. 2). The observer also must be able to recognize different birds, preferably to species, but at least to 3 ecological categories: wading birds, shore birds, and sea birds. Wading birds include herons and egrets. Shore birds include plovers, willets, tattlers, godwits, whimbrels, turnstones, and sanderlings. Sea birds include gulls, cormorants, and pelicans. People and bird counts plus data on weather and sea conditions are recorded on the People and Bird Census Sheet (Form 8). It is important to fill in the data for all categories on the form. Also, use #2 pencils and print legibly and darkly so completed data sheets can be interpreted correctly and photocopied. The tick marks for people and bird counts should be summed up for each category to eliminate ambiguity (e.g., does "11" represent 2 tick marks or the number 11?). Because the people/bird surveys are done on many days, they also represent a good opportunity to observe changes in intertidal life, disturbances

11 (e.g., storms), human impacts, behavior of people or birds, etc. These observations should be recorded on the back of the data sheets.

3.8 Data management After returning from sampling, the data sheets should be organized and checked for completeness and legibility. Field notes should be written up (if not done so already) while thoughts are fresh. It is important to make a list of plot markers that need repairs and to note any ideas for increasing the efficiency of sampling. Data sheets along with field notes are filed into notebooks under each site and sampling period. The film is sent off to be processed. When the slides return, mark them individually with site name, date, species and plot number. Organize the slides by site, target species, and sequential plot number into notebooks filed within plastic slide- holder sleeves to await scoring.

For scoring, each slide is projected onto a white board that is marked with a grid of 100 evenly-spaced points. Single taxa beneath each of the 100 points are identified and recorded within the proper category on the Point-Intercept Score Sheet (9 categories, Form 9). Photoplot and all other numerical data are then entered into a computer spreadsheet file and saved for later analysis.

12 Table 1. Index Taxa and Monitoring Techniques at Cabrillo National Monument Sites. Values in parentheses indicate the number of replicate plots emphasizing those particular species. Number Total ____Technique/Taxa______Dimensions Per Area___Sample Photoplot 50 X 75 cm 21 63 Acorn Barnacle Chthamalus spp. Pink Thatched Barnacle (5) Tetraclita rubescens Rockweed (5) Pelvetia fastigiata California Mussel (5) Mytilus californianus Goose Barnacle (6) Pollicipes polymerus Other Plants Other Animals Tar Bare Substrate Circular Plot 1 m radius 6 18 Owl Limpet Lottia gigantea Line Transect 10m 6 18 Boa Kelp (2) Egregia menziesii Sargassum Weed Sargassum muticum Red Algal Turf (2) Corallina spp. et al. Surf Grass (2) Phyllospadix spp. Aggregating Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima Other Biota Tar Bare Substrate Timed Search 30 person-minutes Black Abalone Haliotis cracherodii Ochre Sea Star Pisaster ochraceus

13 Table 2. Rocky Intertidal Survey Plots and Plot Identification Codes.

Plot Type/ Plot Photo/Tag Code Key Species Code Areal Area II Area III Photoplot Barnacles B1 286 247 3 82 299 248 16 B3 294 256 29 B4 292 259 30 B5 293 260 20

Rockweed Pel 291 249 9 (Pelvetia) Pe2 290 251 10 Pe3 295 252 28 Pe4 288 258 27 Pe5 287 265 25

Mussel M1 298 245 24 M2 297 246 15 M3 296 253 14 M4 289 254 17 M5 285 255 12

Goose Barnacle Po1 276N 269N (Pollicipes) Po2 276S 275C 269S Po3 281 N 274N 196C Po4 281 S 274S Po5 278N 23N Po6 273S

Circular Plot Owl Limpet L1 280 239 13 L2 284 243 26 L3 283 240 21 L4 282 242 17 L5 279 266 18 L6 277 241 11

Line Transect Red Algal Turf T1 237 244 1 T2 210 270 8

Surf Grass G3 238 267 7 G4 211 271 5

Feather Boa Kelp K5 236 268 2 K6 212 272 4

Bolt Head Number Codes o O \y 0 Edge 5 Blank Notch

Slash

14 Table 3. Rocky Intertidal Survey Tasks

Prior to surveys -Organize and test survey gear (see equipment checklist) -Purchase supplies (film, batteries, videotape) -Photocopy forms and notes (see equipment checklist) -Review field procedures and notes from previous surveys

During Surveys -Site reconnaissance Evaluate site and complete General Information Sheet Note observed site conditions Species list (optional) Video overview (optional) -Clean and repair plot markers

-Photoplot surveys (21 plots at each of 3 sites) Acorn/Thatched Barnacle Plots (5) Rockweed Plots (5) Mussel Plots (5) Goose Barnacle Plots (6)

-Circular Plots (6 plots at each of 3 sites) Owl Limpet counts and shell length measurements within 2 m diameter plots

-Line Transects (6 transects at each of 3 sites) Red Algal Turf (2) Surf Grass (2) Boa Kelp (2)

-Timed Search (30 minutes at each of 3 sites) Abundance and size of abalone and sea stars

-People/Bird Census (within 30 min of low tide at each of 3 sites)

After Surveys -Write up field notes -Organize and check data sheets for completeness and legibility -Process film -Label slides, organize by site and target species -Score slides -Copy videotape to VHS format -Data entry, display and analysis

15 Table 4. CABR I Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements.

FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR (m) Mag) (m) Mag) (m) (Mag) (m) (Mag)

210C 277 15.90 45 237N 238N 10.10 190 279 281S 9.30 310 291 280 13.50 85 210C 282 10.20 290 237N 238S 19.20 170 279 287 15.00 285 291 284 5.90 190 237N 276N 17.50 145 280 276S 10.45 330 291 290 6.50 130 210N 210S 9.80 130 280 284 14.70 240 291 294 19.40 310 210N 211N 17.60 100 237S 237N 10.05 350 280 290 7.90 220 291 297 22.40 320 210N 211S 24.10 120 237S 238C 5.38 210 280 291 13.50 265 291 299 19.45 360 210N 277 17.30 70 237S 238N 4.30 275 210N 279 12.50 50 237S 238S 9.40 190 281N 281S 9.90 180 292 285 13.30 310 210N 282 6.00 270 237S 276N 9.60 110 281N 283 15.80 250 292 288 3.78 90 210N 287 12.45 330 237S 299 5.85 190 281N 287 12.42 205 292 295 13.55 5 281N Po3 0.25 DOW 210S 210N 9.80 310 238C 237S 5.38 30 293 282 9.55 180 238C 23 8N 4.99 345 281S 278N 6.03 160 293 287 10.30 90 211C 21 IN 5.95 345 238C 286 -9.1 360 281S 279 9.30 130 293 288 7.68 360 211C 212S 6.28 225 238C 299 2.63 120 281S 281N 9.90 360 281S 287 7.30 255 294 291 19.40 130 21 IN 210N 17.60 280 238N 236N 13.60 265 281S Po4 0.90 315 294 296 14.20 225 21 IN 211C 5.95 165 238N 236S 16.96 240 294 297 3.28 360 21 IN 211S 10.00 160 238N 237C 5.97 40 282 210C 10.20 110 21 IN 212N 11.20 255 238N 237N 10.10 10 282 210N 6.00 90 295 282 27.47 175 21 IN 212S 10.60 180 238N 237S 4.30 95 282 212N 14.80 120 295 - 283 8.95 145 21 IN 277 8.99 10 238N 238C 4.99 165 282 212S 24.80 120 295 285 14.95 270 211N 278S 7.50 35 238N 238S 10.08 160 282 287 10.70 360 295 288 11.20 180 238N 276N 13.60 105 282 293 9.55 360 295 289 26.55 290 211S 210N 24.10 300 238N 299 7.20 155 282 295 27.47 355 295 290 7.00 5 211S 211N 10.00 340 295 292 13.55 185 211S 212C 9.18 275 238S 236C 16.79 280 283 281N 15.80 70 211S 212N 14.80 285 238S 236N 18.94 290 283 287 9.85 125 296 284 21.05 100 211S 212S 5.80 255 238S 236S 16.33 265 283 288 5.82 215 296 289 7.60 180 211S 277 1880 340 238S 237N 19.20 350 283 295 8.95 325 296 294 14.20 45 238S 237S 9.40 10 212C 211S 9.18 95 238S 238N 10.08 340 284 280 14.70 60 297 291 22.40 140 212C 212N 6.29 310 238S 276N 10.70 55 284 285 13.55 215 297 294 3.28 180 238S 276S 13.60 110 284 289 20.50 265 297 298 0.80 360 212N 211N 11.20 75 238S 299 3.55 10 284 290 7.27 90 212N 211S 14.80 105 284 291 5.90 10 298 236N 13.50 355 212N 212C 6.29 130 276N 237N 17.50 325 284 296 21.05 280 298 236S 3.76 360 212N 212S 10.19 135 276N 23 7S 9.60 290 298 286 23.76 60 212N 277 15.80 50 276N 238N 13.60 285 285 284 13.55 35 298 297 0.80 180 212N 282 14.80 300 276N 238S 10.70 235 285 289 14.60 295 298 299 18.65 80 276N 276S 10.17 165 285 292 13.30 130 298 REF 5.78 20 212S 211C 6.28 45 276N 299 9.05 260 285 295 14.95 90 212S 21 IN 10.60 360 276N Pol 299 237S 5.85 10 212S 211S 5.80 75 286 236N 15.74 275 299 238C 2.63 300 212S 212N 10.19 315 276S 238S 13.60 290 286 238C -9.1 180 299 23 8N 7.20 335 212S 277 19.10 360 276S 276N 10.17 345 286 298 23.76 240 299 238S 3.55 190 212S 282 24.80 300 276S 280 10.45 150 286 299 10.73 180 299 276N 9.05 80 276S 299 14.70 305 299 276S 14.70 125 236C 236N 5.03 355 276S Po2 287 210N 12.45 150 299 286 10.73 360 236C 238S 16.79 100 287 279 15.00 105 299 291 19.45 180 277 210C 15.90 225 287 281N 12.42 25 299 298 18.65 260 236N 236C 5.03 175 277 210N 17.30 250 287 281S 7.30 75 236N 236S 9.90 175 277 21 IN 8.99 190 287 282 10.70 180 REF 236N 8.27 350 236N 238N 13.60 85 277 211S 18.80 160 287 283 9.85 305 REF 236S 2.70 225 236N 238S 18.94 110 277 212N 15.80 230 287 293 10.30 270 REF 298 5.78 200 236N 286 15.74 95 277 212S 19.10 180 236N 298 13.5 175 277 278 3.10 335 288 M 5.82 35 #TAG 236N 2.34 210 236N REF 8.27 170 277 279 8.08 300 288 2^ 3.78 270 236N #TAG 2.34 30 277 Po6 0.76 25 288 293 7.68 180 Pol 276N 288 295 11.20 360 Pol Po2 236S 236N 9.90 355 278N 277 3.10 155 Po2 Pol 236S 238N 16.96 60 278N 279 6.00 275 289 284 20.50 85 Po2 276S 236S 238S 16.33 85 278N 281S 6.03 340 289 285 14.60 115 Po3 Po4 8.89 -175 236S 298 3.76 180 278N Po5 0.27 55 289 295 26.55 110 Po3 281M 0.25 UP 236S REF 2.70 45 289 296 7.60 360 Po4 281S 0.9 135 278S 211N 7.50 215 Po4 Po3 8.89 -355 237C 238N 5.97 220 290 280 7.90 40 Po5 Po6 2.87 155 237C 237N 5.02 350 279 210N 1250 230 290 284 7.27 270 Po5 278N 0.27 235 237N 237C 5.02 170 279 277 8.08 120 290 291 6.50 310 Po6 277 0.76 205 237N 237S 1005 170 279 278N 6.00 95 290 295 7.00 185 Po6 Po5 2.87 335

16 Table 5. CABR II Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements.

FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR (m) (Mag) (m) (Mag) (m) (Mag) (m) (Mag)

239 244C 6.90 55 251 246 11.91 260 268C 267N 6.05 360 272C 241 24.83 150 239 244N 12.95 15 251 249 3.25 45 272C 27 1C 8.41 135 239 244S 6.91 60 251 252 9.54 135 268N 239 15 130 272C 27 IN 5.71 105 239 248 29.10 190 268N 267N 1.95 90 272C 271S 11.93 155 239 267N 14.80 340 252 243 10.10 130 268N 268C 5.12 165 272C 272N 5.61 340 239 267S 5.20 290 252 251 9.54 315 268N 268S 10.1 165 239 268N 15.00 310 252 275N 19.08 45 272N 241 30.31 155 239 268S 8.08 275 252 275S 12.89 55 268S 239 8.08 95 272N 255 22.38 25 239 275N 34.07 150 268S 267N 10.88 350 272N 270N 16.24 105 253 246 23.57 360 268S 267S 3.36 75 272N 271C 13.63 145 240 254 25.69 320 253 254 6.29 180 268S 268N 10.1 345 272N 27 IN 9.58 135 240 255 26.20 290 253 275S 27.71 50 272N 271S 17.46 155 240 256 12.65 180 270C 241 16.64 190 272N 272C 5.61 160 254 240 25.69 140 270C 256 17.28 60 272N 272S 10.46 160 241 270C 16.64 10 254 253 6.29 360 270C 258 21.56 90 241 270N 21.70 360 254 255 19.65 250 270C 270N 5.44 345 272S 241 20.10 150 241 270S 12.90 45 270C 271C 9.36 260 272S 271C 4.55 105 241 271C 16.83 335 255 240 26.20 110 270C 27 IN 10.40 295 272S 27 IN 5.54 45 241 27 IN 21.70 345 255 254 19.65 70 270C 271S 11.16 240 272S 271S 7.17 150 241 271S 12.95 320 255 270N 26.29 210 272S 272N 10.46 340 241 272C 24.83 330 255 271N 26.70 185 270N 241 21.70 180 241 272N 30.31 335 255 272N 22.38 205 270N 255 26.29 390 273N 260 23.88 270 241 272S 20.10 330 270N 256 17.20 90 273N 274S 14.75 340 256 240 12.65 360 270N 258 23.76 105 273N Po5 2.52 -250 242 256 21.27 260 256 242 21.27 80 270N 270C 5.44 165 242 259 11.40 220 256 270C 17.28 240 270N 270S 10.11 150 273S 260 25.96 295 242 266 10.21 155 256 270N 17.20 270 270N 271C 10.05 230 273S Po6 1.61 -290 242 274N 7.63 180 256 270S 17.98 225 270N 27 IN 8.19 270 270N 271S 13.60 215 274N 242 7.63 360 243 252 10.10 310 258 259 5.69 110 270N 272N 16.24 285 274N 259 12.00 290 243 275S 12.40 355 258 270C 21.56 270 274N 265 10.60 270 258 270N 23.76 285 270S 241 12.90 225 274N 266 2.80 180 244C 239 6.90 235 258 270S 19.98 260 270S 256 17.98 45 274N Po3 Same p 244C 239 9.09 205 270S 258 19.98 80 259 242 11.40 40 270S 270N 10.11 330 274S 260 13.90 270 244N 239 12.95 195 259 258 5.69 290 270S 27 1C 11.67 285 274S 266 7.10 NA 244N 244C 5.01 165 259 265 5.29 140 270S 271N 14.20 310 274S 273N 14.75 160 244N 244S 9.77 160 259 266 12.45 100 270S 271S 11.62 260 274S Po4 0.89 305 244N 267N 12.00 290 259 274N 12.00 110 271C 241 16.83 155 275N 239 34.07 330 244S 239 6.91 240 260 265 10.75 10 271C 270C 9.36 80 275N 252 19.08 225 244S 244N 9.77 340 260 273N 23.88 90 271C 270N 10.05 50 275N Pol 3.08 -220 244S 267S 10.97 265 260 273S 25.96 115 271C 270S 11.67 105 260 274S 13.90 90 271C 27 IN 5.12 355 275S 243 12.40 175 245 246 9.08 160 271C 272C 8.41 315 275S 252 12.89 235 245 247 9.09 145 265 259 5.29 320 271C 272N 13.63 325 275S 253 27.71 230 245 248 11.85 135 265 260 10.75 190 271C 272S 4.55 285 275S Po2 5.57 345 265 274N 10.60 90 246 245 9.08 340 27 IN 241 21.70 165 Pol 275N 3.08 -40 246 247 3.00 90 266 242 10.21 335 271N 255 26.70 5 Pol Po2 1.26 140 246 251 11.91 80 266 259 12.45 280 271N 270C 10.40 115 246 253 23.57 180 266 274N 2.80 360 271N 270N 8.19 90 Po2 Pol 1.26 320 266 274S 7.1 NA 271N 270S 14.20 130 Po2 275S 5.57 165 247 245 9.09 325 271N 271C 5.12 175 247 246 3.00 270 267C 268N 4.93 315 271N 271S 9.70 180 Po3 274N Same p 247 248 5.71 90 271N 272C 5.71 285 Po3 Po4 8.84 -170 267N 239 14.80 160 27 IN 272N 9.58 315 248 239 29.10 10 267N 244N 12.00 110 271N 272S 5.54 225 Po4 274S 0.89 125 248 245 11.85 315 267N 267C 4.97 160 Po4 Po3 8.84 -350 248 247 5.71 270 267N 267S 10.65 155 271S 241 12.95 140 248 249 6.55 180 267N 268N 1.95 270 271S 270C 11.16 60 Po5 273N 2.52 -70 267N 268S 10.88 170 271S 270N 13.60 35 Po5 Po6 5.02 -150 249 248 6.55 360 27 IS 270S 11.62 80 249 251 3.25 225 267S 239 5.20 110 271S 27 IN 9.70 360 Po6 273S 1.61 -110 249 252 11.44 145 267S 244S 10.97 85 271S 272C 11.93 335 Po6 Po5 5.02 -330 267S 267N 10.65 335 271S 272N 17.46 335 267S 268S 3.36 255 271S 272S 7.17 330

17 Table 6. CABR III Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements.

FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR FROM TO DIST BEAR (m) Mag.) (m) Mag.) (m) Mag.) (m) Mag.)

01C 01N 4.93 335 05S OIC 12.25 310 14 15 2.90 360 29 09 7.35 90 QIC 05N 8.22 75 05S 01N 16.92 320 14 18 2.10 180 29 23S 33.75 360 QIC 05S 12.25 130 05S 01S 7.88 300 29 27 8.10 180 Oic 07N 20.21 55 05$ 02N 18.80 230 15 14 2.90 180 29 30 1.95 225 05S 05N 10.07 340 15 19 1.50 315 01N OIC 4.93 155 05 S 07N 20.22 20 30 26 17.73 160 01N 01S 10.06 140 05S 07S 12.03 5 16 03 1.55 345 30 27 6.60 160 01N 02N 22.60 180 05S Beach 49.61 70 16 23 30.60 70 30 28 6.25 250 01N 05N 10.51 90 05S Outmk 36.60 160 16 32 30.6 75 30 29 1.95 45 01N 05S 16.92 140 01N 07N 20.45 75 07C 07N 5 45 17 12 1.70 135 269N Beach 46.50 360 17 18 5.80 360 269N Inmk 49.10 240 01S 01N 10.06 320 07N OIC 20.21 235 269N Pol 1.30 140 01S 02N 15.90 200 07N 01N 20.45 255 18 14 2.10 360 01S 05N 8.85 40 07N 01S 21.45 220 18 17 5.80 180 269S Inmk 54.5 250 01S 05S 7.88 120 07N 05N 12.64 225 269S 22N 20.40 180 01S 07N 21.45 40 07N 05S 20.22 200 19 15 1.50 135 07N 07C 5.00 225 19 20 1.82 360 Beach 05N 48.43 260 02N 01N 22.60 360 07N 07S 9.87 225 Beach 05S 49.61 250 02N 01S 15.90 20 07N 08N 33.65 130 20 19 1.82 180 Beach 07N 38.72 275 02N 02S 9.60 150 07N Beach 38.72 95 20 21 1.60 360 Beach 07S 46.30 260 02N 04N 19.20 180 Beach 08C 30.19 205 02N 05S 18.80 50 07S 05N 2.79 220 21 20 1.60 180 Beach 08N 26.65 220 02N Outmk 33.35 180 07S 05S 12.03 185 21 24 0.74 360 Beach 08S 34.14 200 07S 07N 9.87 45 Beach 269N 46.50 180 02S 02N 9.60 330 07S Beach 46.30 80 22N 269S 20.40 360 Beach Inmk 44.90 135 02S 04N 9.29 160 02S 04S 19.85 225 08C 08N 4.95 345 22S 13 7.80 200 Inmk 08C 14.74 20 02S Outmk 24.70 120 08C Beach 30.19 25 Inmk 08N 19.05 20 08C Inmk 14.74 200 23 16 30.6 255 Inmk 08S 10.95 45 03 13 37.10 315 23 3 30.75 250 Inmk 269 49.10 60 03 16 1.55 165 08N 05N 36.45 340 Inmk 269S 54.50 70 03 23 30.75 70 08N 07N 33.65 310 23N 13 59.80 340 Inmk Beach 44.90 315 08N 08C 4.95 165 23N 16 30.60 250 Inmk Outmk 26.30 225 04C 04N 5.01 350 08N 08S 9.97 165 04C 04S - 180 08N Beach 26.60 68 23S 29 33.75 180 Outmk 02N 33.35 360 08N Beach 26.65 40 Outmk 02S 24.70 300 04N 02N 19.20 360 08N Inmk 19.05 200 24 21 0.74 180 Outmk 04N 16.55 340 04N 02S 9.29 340 24 25 3.00 360 Outmk 04S 16.84 225 04N 04C 5.01 170 08S 08N 9.97 345 Outmk 05S 36.60 340 04N 04S 10.74 170 08S Beach 34.14 20 25 24 3.00 180 Outmk Inmk 26.30 45 04N Outmk 16.55 160 08S Inmk 10.95 225 25 26 5.80 360 25 27 16.40 345 Pol 269N 1.30 320 04S 02S 19.85 45 09 10 3.60 90 Pol Po2 8.25 140 04S 04C - 360 09 27 7.80 225 26 25 5.80 180 04S 04N 10.74 350 09 29 7.35 270 26 27 12.20 350 Po2 Pol 8.25 320 04S Outmk 16.84 45 26 28 11.65 360 Po2 Po3 23.80 125 10 09 3.60 270 26 30 17.73 340 05C 05N 5.03 340 Po3 Po2 23.80 305 11 12 1.70 340 27 09 7.80 45 Po3 Po4 3.82 125 05N OIC 8.22 255 27 25 16.40 165 05N 01N 10.51 270 12 11 1.70 160 27 26 12.20 170 Po4 Po3 3.82 305 05N 01S 8.85 220 12 17 1.70 315 27 28 2.30 245 Po4 Po5 68.62 110 05N 05C 5.03 160 27 29 8.10 360 05N 05S 10.07 160 13 03 37.10 135 27 30 6.60 340 Po5 Po4 68.62 290 05N 07N 12.64 45 13 22S 7.80 20 Po5 Po6 1.72 170 05N 07S 2.79 40 13 23N 59.80 160 28 26 11.65 180 05N 08N 36.45 160 28 27 2.30 65 Po6 Po5 1.72 350 05N Beach 48.43 80 28 30 6.25 70

18 FIGURES

Fig. 1. Point Loma Rocky Intertidal Monitoring Sites.

.__i__SAN^DIEGO__]______co: \ \

_. CABR IE

SCALE 1:24000 o 1 MILE 1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET 1 1 KILOMETER

CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEET DOTTED LINES REPRESENT 10-FOOT CONTOURS NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 DEPTH CURVES AND SOUNDINGS IN FEET DATUM IS MEAN LOWER LOW WATER SHORELINE SHOWN REPRESENTS THE APPROXIMATE LINE OF MEAN HIGH WATER THE AVERAGE RANGE OF TIDE IS APPROXIMATELY 4 FEET

19 Figure 2. Intertidal Visitor Use and Ecological Monitoring Areas in Cabrillo NM.

Edge of Inter

20 IZ Fig. 4. Cabrillo National Monument Area II Map.

10m

22 Fig. 5. Cabrillo National Monument Area III Nortfi Map. n

23 (N Figure 7. Photoplot Quadropod Apparatus

Top Ylaw ~T 5 c« * 5 cm aluminum _1_ angle

Slda YlawT 5 en x 5 cm aluminum angla CAMERA MOUNTING BRACKET

SIDE VIEW 104.3 cm 78 en Ground to cut langth 94 cn top of Brackat °' Ground to front of camera Inns 1

This example reads: #473 UST OF MATERIALS

1 each, 5 cm x 5 cm x 55 cm Aluminum "L" for camera mounting support

1 each. Quick Release Camera Mount

1" PVC PUVST1C PIPE: For Top Frame 4 each. Elbows 4 each, T*s 4 each, 12 cm pipes 50 4 each. 20 cm pipes For Bottom Frame 4 each. Elbows 4 each. Ts 4 each, 23 cm pipes 75 cm. 4 each, 35 cm pipes For Legs 4 each, 78 cm pipes For slip ring Indicators 1 each. Union cut into 1" pcs and sanded so as to slide on pipe frame.

25 Form 1. Rocky Intertidal Interplot Measurements.

From To Distance Bearing From To Distance Bearing From To Distance Bearing

26 Form 2. Rocky Intertidal Survey Gear OTHER ITEMS PVC Photo Quadrapod Apparatus (1) In NOTEBOOK/CLIPBOARDS PVC Quadrats for marking plots (5-15) Documents Meter Tapes: 30 m for marking transects (6) Driver's licenses (carry on person) 60 or 100 m for measurements (1) CFG collecting permit (if collecting) Backpacks/Buckets to hold loose items (several) Intertidal Survey Handbooks (2) Aluminum Clipboards (4) Foam kneeling pads (3) First Aid Kit (1) Site Information Portable Drill, Bits, Batteries or Fuel (optional) Site Maps in plastic sleeves (3 sets) Rock Hammer (optional) Interplot Measurements in plastic sleeves (3 sets) Bright Flag Sticks to mark plots (optional) Field Notes from previous surveys (1 copy) Orange cones (optional) Print Photos of all plots/transects (1 set) Species Identification Books (optional) Clear Plastic Sheet Protectors (3 extra) In CAMERA CASE Camera and Lens (1) (tested) Data Forms Strobe (1) (tested) and synch, cord Field Log Forms (10) Batteries for strobe (plus spare) Photo Log Forms (10 dbl sided) Color Slide Film: 36 exposure, 100 ASA, Owl Limpet Forms (10 dbl sided) Ektachrome or equivalent (3??? rolls)______Line Transect Forms (15 dbl sided) Lens Cap, Paper, and Cleaning Fluid (1 each) Abalone/Sea Star Forms (5) Waterproof Marking Pen (1) Bird/People Census Forms (5) Bolt for camera/quadrapod mount (1 spare) Crescent Wrench for camera mount (1) Other Camera and Strobe manuals (1 each) #2 Pencils, sharpened (10) Grease Pencil for notes on map overlays (1) Tide Table (1) Notepaper, (1 spare pad) In VIDEO CASE (optional) Large Rubber Bands for holding notes (5) Video Camcorder in Plastic Housing (1) (tested) Hi or Reg 8 mm 1 hr videotapes (1 plus 1 spare) Video Battery Packs (2 heavy duty) (charged) In BACKPACK or TOOLBOX Lens Paper and Cleaning Fluid (1 each) Waterproof Compasses (2) Desiccant Packs (3 small) Bright Flagging Tape (2 rolls) Head-Cleaning Cassette (1) Small Waterproof Flashlight w/batteries (1) Small Towel (1) Duct Tape (1 roll) Video Camcorder Manual (1) Cable Ties for repairs (a few in assorted sizes) Camcorder Date/Time Disk Battery (1 spare) Waterproof Thermometer (1) Headphone to check sound (1) Splashzone Epoxy in 2 small tubs (1 set of A&B) Replacement Bolts, assorted lengths (10) Bungee Cords or Velcro Straps (4) PERSONAL GEAR Screwdrivers: normal and phillips (1 each) Intertidal Shoes, Boots, or Booties Plastic Bags for specimen collection (optional) Windbreaker and Foul Weather Gear Small Plastic Specimen Vials (optional) Spare Dry Clothing Metric Calipers for measuring limpets (3) Hat, Sunglasses, and Sunscreen Yellow Crayons for marking limpets (5) Snack Food and Drink 1 m Lines or Tapes for limpet plots (3) Daypack Wire Brushes/ Knives to clean markers (3 each) Wetsuit, Kneepads, Gloves (optional)

27 Form 3: ROCKY INTERTIDAL MONITORING FIELD LOG

Date: ______Time: ______Page: ____ of Study Site: ______Participants: ______Recorder: ______Temperature: Air______°C Water______°C Tide Level (ft)__ Wind: Speed (kt)______Direction______Cloud Cover____ Wave Height (ft)______Surge (light, moderate, heavy)______

Field Log (General account of intertidal work, including observations and sketches):

28 Form 4: ROCKY INTERTIDAL MONITORING PHOTO LOG

Date: ____ Page: of Area: _____ Film Roll #: Photographer: Recorder:

Photo Study Quadrat Shutter F/Stop Comments # Site # Speed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

29 Form 5: ROCKY INTERTIDAL OWL LIMPET MEASUREMENTS

Date: ___ Page: of Study Site: Recorder: Measurer

Plot Length Tag Plot Length Tag Plot Length Tag # (mm) # # (mm) # # (mm) #

30 Form 6. ROCKY INTERTIDAL MONITORING LINE-INTERCEPT TRANSECT

Location: Transect #:_ Date: Recorder: Reader: Cover: Distance Along Transect (cm):

Boa Kelp Total: Egregia sp.

Sargassum Weed Total: Sargassum

Red Algal Turf Total: Corallina sp., et al.

Surf Grass Total: Phyllospadix sp.

Aggregating Anemone Total: Anthopleura elegantissima

Other Biota Total:

Tar Total:

Bare Substrate Total:

Comments:

31 Form 7. ROCKY INTERTIDAL ABALONE/SEA STAR COUNTS

Date: Time: Site: Recorder: SPECIES # *Size (cm) Notes (shells, condition, location, etc...) Black Abalone Green Abalone Pink Abalone Ochre Sea Star Blue Sea Star Bat Star Fragile Star Other

*For abalone, measure greatest shell length. For sea stars, measure from center of disk to tip of longest ray.

32 Form 8. ROCKY INTERTIDAL PEOPLE AND BIRD CENSUS

Date: Time: Page #: Study Site: Observer: Temperature: Air °C Water °C Wave height: (ft) Wind: Speed (kt) Direction Cloud Cover: Low Tide Level: (ft) at (time)

ARE A III ARE A II ARE A I People

Wading Birds

Great Blue Heron Great Egret Snowy Egret Other

Shore Birds

Black-bellied Plover Willet Wandering Tattler Spotted Godwit Whimbrel Ruddy Turnstone Sanderling Other

Gulls

Western California Heermanris Mew Ring-billed Other

33 Form 9. ROCKY INTERTIDAL MONITORING PHOTO POINT INTERCEPT FORM

Site ______Survey Date ______

Scored by ______Score Date ______

BARNACLE PLOT # Total Points Acorn Barnacle Thatched Barnacle Rockweed California Mussel Goose Barnacle Other Plant Other Animal Bare Substrate Tar

ROCKWEED PLOT # Total Points Acorn Barnacle Thatched Barnacle Rockweed California Mussel Goose Barnacle Other Plant Other Animal Bare Substrate Tar

MUSSEL PLOT # Total Points Acorn Barnacle Thatched Barnacle Rockweed California Mussel Goose Barnacle Other Plant Other Animal Bare Substrate Tar

POLLICIPESPLOT* Total Points Acorn Barnacle Thatched Barnacle Rockweed California Mussel Goose Barnacle Other Plant Other Animal Bare Substrate Tar

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2000 589-382 / 15010 Region No. 10 34