平成

26年度指定 ス ー パ ー グ ロ ー バ ル ハ イ ス ク ー ル 研究報告書別冊

平成 26 年度指定スーパーグローバルハイスクール

研究報告書別冊 生徒成果および課題研究論文集

第 5 年次

生徒成果 お よ び 課題研究論文集

平成 31 年 3 月

第 5年次

平成

31 年 3月

私 立

立 命館高等学校 私立 立 命 館 高 等 学 校 〒617-8577 京都府長岡京市調子一丁目 1-1 TEL 075-323-7111 Super Global High School 「平和な社会の実現に貢献できる人材の育成を目指す教育システムの研究開発」 概要 立命館高等学校

本校 の教育理念 これまでの国際化の取り組み ・立命館学園は「平和と民主主義」を教学理念 ・長期，中期，短期の海外研修企画の実施（平成25年度1年間の短期海外派遣企画は30企画） ・教育ミッションとして ，「世界に貢献できる人を育てる」 ・海外交流校の拡大（教育交流協定締結校10校を含め，海外交流校は約30校） ・国際社会でリーダーとなって牽引 できる人材の育成 ・英語教育の改革（TOEFLによる英語力評価，プレゼンテーションを軸にした英語運用能力の向上）

研究開発課題 「平和な社会の実現に貢献できる人材の育成を目指す教育システムの研究開発」

主対象生徒 平成26年度より設置する高校2,3年のGLコース（各35 研究開発組織 SGH研究開発チームを校務分掌として位置付け，担 名），及び，それにつながる高校1年GJクラス（2ク 当責任者，担当教員（数名），及び，海外留学アド ラス70名）の生徒を主対象として研究開発を行う。 バイザー，事務職員，事務補助員を配置する。 ≪課題研 究≫

テーマ： 「貧困の撲滅と災害の防止・対策 ～世界平和の実現のために～」 課題 研究科 協力・支援 平成 年度高校 年生から全校 26 2 立命館大学 モンテ・カセム教授 生徒へ課題研究を拡大。課題研 立命館大学 究科がその運営を行う。 貧困 災害 立命館アジア・太平洋大学 高校 年では，「計画」「収集」 協力・支援 2 社会的弱者からの視点を持ち，世界の 国際社会においての行動力や計画性，リ JICA地球ひろば 「分析」「報告」に分けて，研 研究スキル 平和実現への使命感を高める。 ーダーシップを養う。 究スキルを学習する。「分析」 の指導 海外共同研究実施校 で統計的手法や「報告」で論文 海外校との共同研究 高雄高級中学（台湾）と共同研究 作成等についても学習する。 グローバルな視点を育み，協調の姿勢と国際舞台で活躍する夢を具体的に描ける。 共同研究 として実施。今後，英国，タイ等 海外での調査・研究活動 の学校も含めていく。 「貧困」「災害」の問題を抱え，本校の交流校もあるフィリピンで，共同研究活動。 英語教育 SSH研究開発との相乗効果 ・段階的な ディスカッションの指導 SSH第3期（平成22~26年度）の研究開発課 成果として目指す生徒像 ・海外提携校とのTV会議でトピックベー 題は「国際舞台で活躍する科学者への素養 スの議論 グローバル人材の育成， を育てる教育システムの研究開発」 ・四技能統合型授業の実施 人類のために貢献する強い使命感や課題解決能力，判断力，プレゼン これまでのSSH事業で開拓してきた大きな ・海外紙 や The Washington Post The テーション力，ディスカッション力や交渉技術，未知の分野への積極 国際的ネットワークをSGHで利用。また， 等の定期購読 INDEPENDENT 性等を備え，リーダーとして活躍できる人材。 SGHでの視点は，SSH活動での科学者とし ・ や 等の視聴 CNN BBC ての倫理観等にも大きな影響。 普及

成果の普及 ・研究会の実施 ・成果をホームページで公開 ・成果報告書のまとめと配布 ・成果のテキスト化とその配布 ・シンポジウムの開催 ・

目 次 PART 3: 生徒成果物 各研修のうちから以下の研修について および課題研究論文（抜粋） ＊「PART 1: 平成 30 年度スーパーグローバルハイスクール研究開発完了報告書」および 「PART 2: 研究開発全般に関する各行事の研究実施報告」については、「平成 26 年度指 定スーパーグローバルハイスクール研究報告書 第 5 年次」に掲載

1. 30th Annual Convention of APS: Association of Psychological ·························· 1 ポスターセッションポスター 2. FedEx Express/JA International Trade Challenge 2018 国内大会 最終プレゼンテーション・パワーポイント ······························ ································ 2 3. 長崎平和研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 ··································································· 4 4. 台湾平和研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 ·································································· 7 5. 高校ナビゲーション DAY（学校説明会）発表プレゼンテーション・パワーポイント ········ 10 6. Rits Super Global Forum 2018 (RSGF2018) ①DAY 1 ポスターセッション用ポスターから抜粋 ················································· 12 ②DAY 5 プレナリーセッションより 議論の流れ ················································· 20 ③DAY 5 ファイナルプレゼンテーション・パワーポイント ······································ 27 ④SUSTAINABLE STUDENTS ACTIONS 17 POSSIBLE ACTION ··························· 33 ⑤RSGF2018 を終えて 生徒総括文書から抜粋 ······················································ 34 7. 2018 年度スーパーグローバルハイスクール全国高校生フォーラム ポスターセッション ポスター ······································································· ································ 42 8. キャンパス SDGs at NKC 結果分析資料 ①結果分析本文 ······························································································· 44 ②事前アンケート ···························································································· 51 ③配布ポスター ······························································································· 52 ④事後アンケート ···························································································· 53 ⑤行動目標標語 一覧 ······················································································ 55 9. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果発表会代表プレゼンテーション・パワーポイント ·········· 57 10. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果発表会 ポスターセッションポスター 抜粋 ············· 61 11. 東北復興防災研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 ·························································· 67 12. フィリピン貧困防災研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 ················································· 70 13. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果論文 テーマ一覧 ··············································· 72 14. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果論文 優秀作 ① Labor Conditions and Environmental Costs of the Fast Fashion ····························· 73 ② How to Solve Child Labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: The Relationship Between Child Labor and Developed Countries ································································ 84 ③ How a Third-Party Intervention Affects a Conflict Situation ········································ 91 ④ The Relationship Between Sports and Development Through the Concept of Social

Cooperation ····························································································· 104 ⑤ The Vicious Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia ··························································· 115 ⑥ Adolescent Marriage in Bangladesh: How Can it Be Resolved? ·································· 126 ⑦ Two Kinds of Disparities - Economic and Human Made - From the Relationship Between

Happiness and Poverty ················································································ 137

Child Labor and Developed Countries

③ How a Third-Party Intervention Affects a Conflict Situation

④ The Relationship Between Sports and Development Through the Concept of Social

Cooperation

⑤ The Vicious Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia ⑥ Adolescent Marriage in Bangladesh: How Can it Be Resolved?

⑦ Two Kinds of Disparities - Economic and Human Made - From the Relationship Between Happiness and Poverty PART 3: 生徒成果物 各研修のうちから以下の研修について および課題研究論文（抜粋）

1. 30thAnnualConventionofAPS:AssociationPsychologicalScienceポスターセッションポスター

(—THIS SIDEBAR DOES NOT PRINT—) QUICK START (cont.) DESIGN GUIDE How a Third-Party Affects a Conflict Situation How to change the template color theme This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 36”x48” You can easily change the color theme of your poster by going to the presentation poster. You can use it to create your research DESIGN menu, click on COLORS, and choose the color theme of your poster and save valuable time placing titles, subtitles, text, choice. You can also create your own color theme. and graphics.

We provide a series of online tutorials that will guide you Ritsumeikan High School, Rinda Kawamoto through the poster design process and answer your poster production questions. To view our template tutorials, go online to PosterPresentations.com and click on HELP DESK. INTRODUCTION and ABSTRACT MATERIALS and HYPOTHESIS CONCLUSIONS You can also manually change the color of your background by going to RESULTS and DISCUSSIONS VIEW > SLIDE MASTER. After you finish working on the master be sure to When you are ready to print your poster, go online to go to VIEW > NORMAL to continue working on your poster. PosterPresentations.com Q. Can we really stop someone fighting? Questionnaires 1st Game A third-party “monitoring” can be effective How to add Text Need assistance? Call us at 1.510.649.3001 Undoubtedly, it is important to have a different point of to to prevent an aggressive behavior, while a The template comes with a number of resolve a conflict situation. However, there is a third-party “intervention“ may exacerbate pre-formatted placeholders for headers and text considerable number of cases that a conflict situation was blocks. You can add more blocks by copying and a conflict situation by leading the groups pasting the existing ones or by adding a text box QUICK START exacerbated by a third-party intervention: Iraq War and from the HOME menu. Syrian Civil War. Is a third-party intervention actually into a vicious cycle of counterattacks necessary to create a peaceful world? Text size Zoom in and out The subjects acted more fairly on case 2 Adjust the size of your text based on how much content you have to As you work on your poster zoom in and out to the level that is more Tamai (1995) suggests in his that a third-party → powerful opponents provoke wariness and In this study, the possibility of a third-party intervention to present. The default template text offers a good starting point. Follow comfortable to you. intervention is needed not only for conflict “prevention” the conference requirements. Go to VIEW > ZOOM. deter one’s aggression result in a conflict intensification was examined. Although but for conflict “resolution.” In order to verify if a nd a third-party intervention (arbitrating) is often regarded as third-party intervention is really effective to resolve a 2 Game The judge confiscates the How to add Tables Title, Authors, and Affiliations a praise-deserving behavior, the data showed that a To add a table from scratch go to the INSERT menu and Start designing your poster by adding the title, the names of the authors, conflict situation, I made a research from a social dictator’s chocolate conflict situation can be aggravated by it. click on TABLE. A drop-down box will help you select rows and the affiliated institutions. You can type or paste text into the psychological point of view. regardless of the player’s and columns. provided boxes. The template will automatically adjust the size of your rd choice You can also copy and a paste a table from Word or another PowerPoint text to fit the title box. You can manually override this feature and 3 Game document. A pasted table may need to be re-formatted by RIGHT-CLICK > change the size of your text. FORMAT SHAPE, TEXT BOX, Margins. FUTURE PLAN TIP: The font size of your title should be bigger than your name(s) and METHODS

−1− Graphs / Charts institution name(s). You can simply copy and paste charts and graphs from Excel or Word. Dictator Game with ‘The Judge’ Since it was suggested in this study that a third-party Some reformatting may be required depending on how the original Divide the players into 2 groups intervention may not be an effective way to resolve a document has been created. conflict situation, more solutions are needed to efficiently →Tajfel &Turner reported that the subjects’ “actions are How to change the column configuration deal with the issue. I would like to focus on a scapegoat in Adding Logos / Seals unambiguously directed at favoring the members of their RIGHT-CLICK on the poster background and select LAYOUT to see the Most often, logos are added on each side of the title. You can insert a ingroup as against the members of the outgroup.” (Tajfel Those who behaved fairly on 2nd game were the ingroup in the further research. column options available for this template. The poster columns can also logo by dragging and dropping it from your desktop, copy and paste or by & Turner, 1970) more likely to act aggressive on 3rd game be customized on the Master. VIEW > MASTER. going to INSERT > PICTURES. Logos taken from web sites are likely to be → See. Q2 low quality when printed. Zoom it at 100% to see what the logo will look The first player (“the dictator”) determines how to split 11 How to remove the info bars like on the final poster and make any necessary adjustments. REFERENCES pieces of chocolate with the second player If you are working in PowerPoint for Windows and have finished your poster, save as PDF and the bars will not be included. You can also delete TIP: See if your school’s logo is available on our free poster templates Q1 Takeshi Iida, ”From 9.11 terrorism to Iraq War-Attempt to solution with them by going to VIEW > MASTER. On the Mac adjust the Page-Setup to page. collective consciousness-,2016, Otani University Shingon Research Institution match the Page-Setup in PowerPoint before you create a PDF. You can also delete them from the Slide Master. Photographs / Graphics Hideki Tamai, “The Process of Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation”,1995, Souka University Peace Issues Research Institution You can add images by dragging and dropping from your desktop, copy The ‘judge’(experimenter) determines whether the dictator has Save your work and paste, or by going to INSERT > PICTURES. Resize images Hideki Ohira, “Emotional Psychology, Introduction”, 2010, Yuhikaku distributed chocolate fairly Predictive results Save your template as a PowerPoint document. For printing, save as proportionally by holding down the SHIFT key and dragging one of the Aruma PowerPoint or “Print-quality” PDF. corner handles. For a professional-looking poster, do not distort your -If the judge admits the distribution, the dictator’s decision is The satisfaction of A and C measured by Q1 Kengo Nawata et Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, “The Ingroup Audience Affect on images by enlarging them disproportionally. accepted nd rd declined on 2 game and recovered on 3 game Intergroup Vicarious Retribution [in Japanese]”, 2013, Japanese Journal of Print your poster -If the judge regards the distribution to be unfair, the dictator’s Social Psychologyp.167-177 significantly When you are ready to have your poster printed go online to chocolate will be confiscated nd Takako Ishii, Mary Rigdon, Shinobu Kitayama, Motoki Watabe, “What PosterPresentations.com and click on the “Order Your Poster” button. →the groups that behaved unfairly on 2 game indicated higher does ∵ look like? The effects of others in the dictator’s game”,2007, 30th satisfaction Choose the poster type the best suits your needs and submit your order. Nisshinn Competition If you submit a PowerPoint document you will be receiving a PDF proof • 1st game →counterattacking may relieve frustration Tajfel, H., Billing, M., Bundy, R.P., ＆ Flament, C. (1971), Social for your approval prior to printing. If your order is placed and paid for ORIGINAL DISTORTED Corner handles -Dictator’s decision will be accepted, regardless of its content categorization and intergroup behavior. European journal of social before noon, Pacific, Monday through Friday, your order will ship out that • 2nd game Fair distribution≦6 (the dictator)：5(the second player psychology, 1, 149-177. same day. Next day, Second day, Third day, and Free Ground services are ＆ offered. Go to PosterPresentations.com for more information. Image Quality Check -Dictator’s decision will be rejected, regardless of its content Unfair distribution≧7(the dictator):4(the second player) Tajfel, H., Wilkes. A.L. (1963), Classification and quantitative judgement. Ritish Journal of Psychology, 54, 101-114 Tajfel, H., ＆ Zoom in and look at your images at 100% magnification. If they look good • 3rd game they will print well. Turner, J.C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. -Dictator’s decision will be accepted, regardless of its content Austin ＆ S. Worchel(Eds.), Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Hypothesis Chicago. Nelson pp.33-47 Case 1 Sense of inequality towards the situation -The second player cannot resist the dictator’s decisions 1. The subjects may act more fairly on CASE 1 than CASE .2 measured by Q2 increased prominently in A ACKNOWLEDGMENTS printing quality printing printing quality printing Case 2

Bad Bad →this frustration may lead the subjects to behave more Good Good -The second player may resist the dictator’s decisions by passing a 2. The predictive result A may be the most frequent consequence Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Takao Sato and aggressively on 3rd game Student discounts are available on our Facebook page. bribe to the judge Associate professor Kousuke Wakabayashi from Ritsumeikan University for Go to PosterPresentations.com and click on the FB icon. useful discussions. I am also grateful to the classmates from 2-8, Ritsumeikan (The dictator will not be told whether the second player took any high school who participated in my experiments. action) © 2015 PosterPresentations.com 2117 Fourth Street , Unit C Berkeley CA 94710 RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2015 www.PosterPresentations.com [email protected] 2019/3/1

2. FedEx Express/JA International Trade Challenge 2018 国内大会最終プレゼンテーション・パワーポイント

①Product “Sensu” (Japanese fan) × Insect Repellent

Ritsumeikan High School Climelo116

Table of Contents ②Motivation PNG ①Product ②Motivation Friendly ③ Mosquitos Hot Price Relationship ④Targets ⑤How to sell ⑥Advantages Malaria ⑦Disadvantages ⑧Goals

CSR CSV Corporate Social Creating Shared ③ SDGｓ Responsibility Value Price • $5 : Mosquitone • $6 : Solar panels • $2 : “Sensu” • $1 : Others (ex. rubber, transportation, etc.) • $2 : Profit • $0 : Bamboo (by volunteering)

These pieces of information are from each specialized company $16

−2− 1 2019/3/1

④Targets High Class ⑧Goals Tourists ＋ Local People Reduce the number Take Advantage of victims of Opportunities

SDGs ^^ APEC(Nov.2018) Tokyo Olympics(2020)

2014: 100% 2030: (280,000) (0)

⑤How to sell ⑧Goals Exclusive shopping areas Shared Value

CSR CSVSV ESG

Contribute to Sustainability Five star hotels Local departments

⑥⑦AdvantagesDisadvantages

Thank you for your kind attention!

Feeling cool Culture Protection

−3− 2 3. 長崎平和研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋

○被爆者である中村さんの体験談をお聞きしました。体験談を話されている中村さんの表 情はどこか悲しそうで、悔しそうでした。“家族を捜す時に鳴るザクザクという足音”、も しかしたら自分が踏んでいる骨が家族かもしれないと思うと、耐えられなかったと思いま す。ビクター・デルノア氏はアメリカ軍の司令部だったのにも関わらず、「核兵器は人類を 破滅に導く無用の長物」と発表し、長崎市民からは、絶大な支持を得たそうです。このよ うな人が政府に訴えることで、国全体が良い方向に動いていくと思います。被爆者や現地 の人々は核兵器廃絶を願っているにも関わらず、核兵器禁止条約に被爆国である日本は入 っていません。大きな活動は私たち高校生だけでは出来ませんが、長崎で学んだことを一 人でも多くの人に“伝える”そして“知ってもらう”ことが大切だと思います。運命のほ んの少しの歯車が狂っただけで、自分だけでなくその後の人生も変わるということを痛感 させられました。今“生きている”ことをしっか りと感じて原爆の恐ろしさを、世代を超えて語り 伝えていきたいと思います。

○二日目は、平和公園周辺でインタビューをしま した。海外の方も日本の方もとても真剣に答えて 下さりました。特に印象に残ったのは、日本人の 女性二人組にインタビューしたことです。私たち は、その人たちに世界平和のために自分たちにできることは何ですか？と聞きました。す ると、核兵器を作らないように言い続けるべきだと答えられました。今の世代では不可能 だったとしても、その次の世代で可能になるかもしれないからです。だから、私もこれか ら核兵器がなくなるように言い続けていこうと思いました。

○まず始めにこの研修に参加することが出来てほんとうに自分の成長に繋がったと思いま す。そして、サポートして下さった全ての方に感謝したいと思います。正直に言って、戦 争の歴史を自ら学ぼうとする人は少ないと思います。私もこの研修が無ければ、何も知ら ないままだったかもしれません。研修が私たちに戦争や、平和を考える機会とさせてくれ ました。今では戦争の歴史を考えることは日本人の使命の様な気がしています。 事前学習では歴史の平面の部分しか知ることができていませんでした。長崎では、多く の衝撃を受けました。長崎の資料館は京都で行った資料館とは、視点が異なり、受け手の 感情も左右させるのかなと思いました。また、平和祈念像をはじめとする沢山の史跡を見 て、言葉で表すことが出来ない、力を感じました。それはきっと、戦争の痛みを知った人々 の平和を懇願する願いです。写真で見ているだけなら、この力は分からないと思います。 私たちは、今回その願いを少しでも分かることが出来たと信じています。やはり現地で見

−4− 3. 長崎平和研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 るもの、聞くもの、感じるものを大切にしたいと改めて思うことができた。SNS は便利だけ れど、それで分かったように思うのは違うとみんなに主張したいです。２日目に現地の方 ○被爆者である中村さんの体験談をお聞きしました。体験談を話されている中村さんの表 だけでなく国外問わずインタビューを行いました。私自身初日に多くの海外の方を見て、 情はどこか悲しそうで、悔しそうでした。“家族を捜す時に鳴るザクザクという足音”、も 様々な旅行先の中から長崎を選んだ理由は何なのか、とても気になっていました。インタ しかしたら自分が踏んでいる骨が家族かもしれないと思うと、耐えられなかったと思いま ビューをすると聞いた時は、嬉しい気持ちと、上手く出来ないのではないかという不安が す。ビクター・デルノア氏はアメリカ軍の司令部だったのにも関わらず、「核兵器は人類を ありました。今感じることは、自分が相手のこと 破滅に導く無用の長物」と発表し、長崎市民からは、絶大な支持を得たそうです。このよ を知ろうとする気持ちの大切さです。私たちの真 うな人が政府に訴えることで、国全体が良い方向に動いていくと思います。被爆者や現地 剣な姿勢を見て、多くの方が協力してくださった の人々は核兵器廃絶を願っているにも関わらず、核兵器禁止条約に被爆国である日本は入 のではないかと思います。海外の方は私たちが想 っていません。大きな活動は私たち高校生だけでは出来ませんが、長崎で学んだことを一 像していた印象よりも、フレンドリーで、つたな 人でも多くの人に“伝える”そして“知ってもらう”ことが大切だと思います。運命のほ い英語を話す私たちに寛容でした。緊張していた んの少しの歯車が狂っただけで、自分だけでなくその後の人生も変わるということを痛感 私たちにとって、それはとても嬉しかったです。 させられました。今“生きている”ことをしっか 長崎に来た理由が歴史を知るため、興味があるからなど異国の歴史について学ぼうとして りと感じて原爆の恐ろしさを、世代を超えて語り くれていることが驚きであり、日本人として嬉しいことでした。しかし、日本人の方が歴 伝えていきたいと思います。 史への意識が低いのではないかと残念な思いも湧きました。核は必要かという問いに対し ては考えさせられました。多くの人が核兵器を廃絶するべきだが、核を利用して私たちも ○二日目は、平和公園周辺でインタビューをしま 恩恵を受けているから、答えることが難しいとおっしゃっていました。しかし、インタビ した。海外の方も日本の方もとても真剣に答えて ューの後半である男性が核の平和利用もすべきではないと答えられました。核の使い方を 下さりました。特に印象に残ったのは、日本人の 少しだけ変えてしまえば、平和を脅かすことになる、唯一の被爆国として、核廃絶を訴え 女性二人組にインタビューしたことです。私たち るのならば、平和利用さえも許さない。確かに、平和利用をするなどと曖昧な表現は望ま は、その人たちに世界平和のために自分たちにできることは何ですか？と聞きました。す しくない解釈を発生させるのかもしれません。平和に向けて強い姿勢を持つことが最初の ると、核兵器を作らないように言い続けるべきだと答えられました。今の世代では不可能 ステップかとも思いました。しかし、このような積極的な考え方は一般に広く浸透してい だったとしても、その次の世代で可能になるかもしれないからです。だから、私もこれか ないのだと思います。なぜなら、この意見を下さったのは私たちのインタビューにおいて ら核兵器がなくなるように言い続けていこうと思いました。 一人だけだったからです。 この研修を通して、平和のために何をすべきなのか、何が私たちにできることなのか、 ○まず始めにこの研修に参加することが出来てほんとうに自分の成長に繋がったと思いま それは結論づけられませんでした。また私自身、このことを忘れてしまうのではないかと す。そして、サポートして下さった全ての方に感謝したいと思います。正直に言って、戦 いう不安があります。自分が忘れないようにするためにも、日本人の使命として、これか 争の歴史を自ら学ぼうとする人は少ないと思います。私もこの研修が無ければ、何も知ら らも平和を求めて自分たちのすべきことを考え、行動を起こし続けていきたいと思います。 ないままだったかもしれません。研修が私たちに戦争や、平和を考える機会とさせてくれ ました。今では戦争の歴史を考えることは日本人の使命の様な気がしています。 ○研修に行くまでや、事前学習では「核は抑止力として日本は保有すべきだ」「原爆投下に 事前学習では歴史の平面の部分しか知ることができていませんでした。長崎では、多く よって戦争が終結したのだから核あっても良いのではないか」などと現地の人々の叫びを の衝撃を受けました。長崎の資料館は京都で行った資料館とは、視点が異なり、受け手の 一切考えずにいた。しかし実際、原爆資料館や平和記念公園で学ぶことによって、今まで 感情も左右させるのかなと思いました。また、平和祈念像をはじめとする沢山の史跡を見 にない発見をした。そして夜のミーティングを通して、さらに理解を深めることができた。 て、言葉で表すことが出来ない、力を感じました。それはきっと、戦争の痛みを知った人々 中でも特に心に残ったのが、「語り部による体験談」だ。被爆者である彼に「日本がアメリ の平和を懇願する願いです。写真で見ているだけなら、この力は分からないと思います。 カの核によって守られていることについてどう思うか」をたずねた。すると、「政府は国を 私たちは、今回その願いを少しでも分かることが出来たと信じています。やはり現地で見 守るために判断しているが、唯一の被爆国として核兵器禁止条約に参加していないのはお

−5− かしい」という回答があった。この返答には、身体の傷や病気など目に見える傷ではなく、 核によって大事な家族を奪われた一生治ることのない被爆者本人にしかわからない心の傷 が詰まっているのではないかと感じた。この研修を終えて、原爆や核に対する考え方は変 わったが、それと同時に自分の無力感も抱いた。 2 日目の長崎東高校とのディスカッションで、「国民と政府が考えていることが一致して いない」「大国で核を持っている国が核を保有するから、北朝鮮やイランも核を保有してい るのではないか」という意見がでた。しかし我々がそれら を嘆いても、現実的には国政に影響はない。この課題は、 今すぐに解決できることではなく長期的な問題として考え るべきだと思った。そうすれば、我々も国連で勤務したり、 企業で国際取引の場で少しでも活躍できるはずだ。この研 修で学んだことは、心に残しておきたい。

−6− かしい」という回答があった。この返答には、身体の傷や病気など目に見える傷ではなく、 4. 台湾平和研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 核によって大事な家族を奪われた一生治ることのない被爆者本人にしかわからない心の傷 が詰まっているのではないかと感じた。この研修を終えて、原爆や核に対する考え方は変 ○This is my second time to go to Taiwan to join the KIFOSH, so I could feel my growth わったが、それと同時に自分の無力感も抱いた。 through this program. Last year I could not join the discussion positively, because I did 2 日目の長崎東高校とのディスカッションで、「国民と政府が考えていることが一致して not have enough English skills. However, the senior members of my group helped me いない」「大国で核を持っている国が核を保有するから、北朝鮮やイランも核を保有してい and cared about me. I was happy to feel I るのではないか」という意見がでた。しかし我々がそれら could be a member of the group, so I を嘆いても、現実的には国政に影響はない。この課題は、 remembered clearly this good experience. 今すぐに解決できることではなく長期的な問題として考え From this precious memory, I decided to るべきだと思った。そうすれば、我々も国連で勤務したり、 join this program again as a senior and 企業で国際取引の場で少しでも活躍できるはずだ。この研 the person who has already experienced 修で学んだことは、心に残しておきたい。 to lead group members before. So, I tried to work on the discussion. For example, I tried hard to tell my experience that I have learned from KIFOSH since last year. However, there was no juniors in my group this year, so I could not be in a senior’s position like the person who I aimed at, but instead of them, I could raise my motivation for discussions. In discussions, there was a big gap in making a presentation between Taiwanese students and Japanese students. I thought I should have learned more clearly about how to make a presentation. I also thought that it is not good for me to receive only Taiwanese student’s opinion. So, I expressed my opinion positively in order not to be defeated by them. As a result, my opinion was reflected our presentation a lot, so I was very happy and I could feel a sense of achievement.

○I had 3 goals for this event. The first goal is making conversations in Chinese. Actually, I cannot speak Chinese fluently in spite that I am Chinese. But my parents sometimes communicate with each other in Chinese, so I can understand plain Chinese. Because of it, I wanted to check my Chinese skills. Second is improving my English skills. I’m always nervous in making conversations. So I just wanted to chat pleasantly. Of course, I determined to make a good discussion. Last is to make foreign friends for RSGF. This is my second time to spend with a host family since I went to Australia to join AA study trip. I was anxious about

−7− everything because Taiwan is very different from Australia in a language and a culture... However, I didn't have to feel such anxiety. The host family was so kind as to chat with me. My host family have a resemblance to my family, so every day I was sure that I must appreciate to stay in such a warm home, even now. Sometimes I tried to understand what they are talking about in Chinese. When I could hear Chinese words, I was glad to feel I can understand it. I challenged to continue making conversation in Chinese. Actually, I went to a debate competition and MUN in this summer, but I could not do well at all. So, I just wanted to make an effort more than MUN and I also wanted to try hard. There were not any things what I may lose. I gain a lot of things like English skills, discussion skills, Chinese skills and communication skills.... I have never regretted about KIFOSH.

○That was my first time to do a presentation overseas. My group members were not able to talk fluently with Taiwanese students because we didn’t have enough research, but Taiwanese students’ help was so great that we could make a very good presentation. As for me, I did a different presentation from the one that I made in Japan. Sorry to say, we didn’t have enough time to discuss how to make our presentation. But I tried to discuss as deeply as possible with buddy students, so our presentation became so meaningful for us. Happily, we could do a whole presentation in front of our fellow students. I think I will have to do a deeper discussion at RSGF this coming fall so that I could find a lot of improvements from the KIFOSH discussion. I swear that I would attempt to succeed again at RSGF! I was shocked at Taiwanese culture, because of the infrastructure. It was very different from that in Japan. The favorite flavors of the people in Taiwan are so different from ours. They prefer the sower and sweet , which sometimes makes me feel uncomfortable. Everything was too sweet, I thought it was due to the hot weather of Taiwan. Xiaolongbao has been the best food I have ever eaten. It was very delicious. My host grandfather can speak Japanese a little, so I learned the history of Taiwan and the

−8− everything because Taiwan is very different from Australia in a language and a culture... relationship between Taiwan and Japan. Before I visited Taiwan, I researched about However, I didn't have to feel such Taiwanese food culture, and I thought Japan brought a lot of things to Taiwan and anxiety. The host family was so kind as to affected the country a lot during the Japanese colony era. Things I learned in Taiwan chat with me. My host family have a were so big for me, so I want to continue learning about it through my life. resemblance to my family, so every day I was sure that I must appreciate to stay in such a warm home, even now. Sometimes I tried to understand what they are talking about in Chinese. When I could hear Chinese words, I was glad to feel I can understand it. I challenged to continue making conversation in Chinese. Actually, I went to a debate competition and MUN in this summer, but I could not do well at all. So, I just wanted to make an effort more than MUN and I also wanted to try hard. There were not any things what I may lose. I gain a lot of things like English skills, discussion skills, Chinese skills and communication skills.... I have never regretted about KIFOSH.

○That was my first time to do a presentation overseas. My group members were not able to talk fluently with Taiwanese students because we didn’t have enough research, but Taiwanese students’ help was so great that we could make a very good presentation. As for me, I did a different presentation from the one that I made in Japan. Sorry to say, we didn’t have enough time to discuss how to make our presentation. But I tried to discuss as deeply as possible with buddy students, so our presentation became so meaningful for us. Happily, we could do a whole presentation in front of our fellow students. I think I will have to do a deeper discussion at RSGF this coming fall so that I could find a lot of improvements from the KIFOSH discussion. I swear that I would attempt to succeed again at RSGF! I was shocked at Taiwanese culture, because of the water infrastructure. It was very different from that in Japan. The favorite flavors of the people in Taiwan are so different from ours. They prefer the sower and sweet food, which sometimes makes me feel uncomfortable. Everything was too sweet, I thought it was due to the hot weather of Taiwan. Xiaolongbao has been the best food I have ever eaten. It was very delicious. My host grandfather can speak Japanese a little, so I learned the history of Taiwan and the

−9− 2019/3/1

5. 高校ナビゲーション DAY（学校説明会）発表プレゼンテーション・パワーポイント

３C

The place that adds confidence Chance チャンス to yourself, Ritsumeikan

Challenge 挑戦

Confidence ⾃信

⾼校１年(Global Junior クラス在籍) RSGF

RSGF ＝Rits Super Global Forum ⾃分に⾃信をつける場所、⽴命館。 ⾼校に⼊って初めての挑戦

海外⽣と英語で国際問題について 〜SGH Introduction of GL Course〜 ディスカッション（約１週間）

チャンスは⾃分で掴むもの *GL(Global Learning)コース ⾃信を持つことの⼤切さ

SGH (Super Global High school) ⽴命館はチャンスの宝箱！

 GLコースの様々な授業･カリキュラム Theme: 活きた英語授業、グローバルな社会課 題についてディスカッション、プレゼ 「貧困の撲滅と災害の防⽌・対策 ンテーション、 ホストファミリー受け⼊れ 〜世界平和の実現のために」 国内・海外諸研修、国際交流 模擬国連⼤会 海外研修 ホストファミリー受け⼊れ 模擬国連⼤会 ⽣徒会執⾏部 ⽂化祭実⾏委員 体育祭実⾏委員 ⼤学講義 地域ボランティア ・・・

−10−

1 2019/3/1

例えば、 私の将来の夢と⼤学での学び

開発⽀援コンサルタント フェアトレードを⽇本に浸透させたい とことん ⽇本におけるフェアトレード発展の 互いに刺激 可能性の追求 向き合って し合える仲間 下さる先⽣ 学びが⾃信になる。

⾼校２年(Global Learning コース在籍) 最後に。 RSGF ⾃⼰の成⻑に何よりも⼤切なのは“⾃信を持つ”こと リベンジをかけたRSGF チャンスの宝箱、⽴命館。 ⾃分の⽬標 チャレンジし続けられる場所、⽴命館。 決意 ⾃分に⾃信をつける場所、⽴命館。

RSGF2018 メインテーマ：

⾷糧安全保障から持続可能な世界の実現を考える。 皆さんが⽴命館に来ることを、 お待ちしています！

→ ⾼校⽣として何ができるか議論し、実践する試み

−11−

2

6. Rits Super Global Forum 2018 (RSGF2018)

① DAY 1 ポスターセッション用ポスターから抜粋

NEW FOOD BANK SYSTEM “MSSFOD” Multiple Stakeholders for Sustainable Food Development

The number of food banks has been increasing rapidly to support needy persons and have expanded aid. On the other hand, confusion of responsibilities, regional differences , business expenses and storage problems have WHY been pointed out. We think that making a structure for cooperation & reinforcement with the supporters is MSSFOD? indispensable in solving these problems. A creation of new food bank system called “MSSFOD“ is timely to realize a smooth cooperation, clear allotment and definitions of roles, strengthen the partnership of stakeholders. This system may become more effective in of dealing with the issue of starvation. Developing Farmers Government Companies NGOs countries 〈Problem〉 〈Problem〉 〈Problem〉 ① Expensive storage ① ①Few opportunities ① Lack of funds ①No infrastructure - Costs of warehouse facilities Unclear division of roles ・Few windows to access to ・No relationship with ・During rainy season, ・refrigerator(＄2000/1 machine) Unclear (or nonexistent) functions at information about food bank administration unpaved roads ・ventilator(＄300/1machine) National network of food bank in Japan ・ ・ ⇒Only way to check info is on the ⇒No support of Soft ground which cannot tolerate ・air conditioner(＄3000/1 machine) Marketing function ・ internet budget/administrative wheel load of trucks ・ refrigerator vehicle(＄10000/1) ] Innovation function ⇒ ・Business management function agencies Cannot carry the harvest ⇒Cannot cover them with to the market ・Effect measurement function donations and subsidies ②Bias of support method ・Ministry of ⇒Cannot secure passability ⇒ ・ Impossible to preserve vegetable Thinking that food supports 51 million of people and food ② Confusion of responsibilities providing is everything dollars[2014 USA] ⇒ ②No information sharing about -Range of responsibility is not Increase the burden on ・local governments ③Lack of funds transportation and office work vegetable specified in the law support food bank [UK] ・Poor peasants don’t have enough because of large amount of ・Name of vegetable ・Make agreements by themselves to money to secure water, land and confirm compliance matters [Japan] provided food ・ Quantity of food ③No trust to NPO seeds for farming ・Preservation method ⇒Force others to take responsibility ⇒Difficult to earn income and food Other way of support: ・ ・Expiration date because of the ambiguity No summarized business ⇒Cannot get rid of ・money donation content which was agreed by ・Allergen poverty and famine 100yen （≒＄１）～ all food bank ⇒Cannot correspond properly when ・Providers are not responsible from [bank transfer, mail account] accidents happen unexpected accidents from [actual results, customs, ④ documents, procedure] Unstable electricity ⇒Quality and hygiene management offered .[USA] ・ ⇒ ・Infrastructure for power plant and cannot are not done sufficiently Volunteer Difficult to get ・Specific foods can be offered even [transportation, package making, administrative’s electricity are not developed cooking, office work] understanding ⇒Cannot preserve the harvested ③Farmers don’t know how to after the expiration date （snacks, frozen food, ⇒Cannot get certification from vegetable ⇒ support food banks canned food, soda） ・Cooperation in logistics government Cannot secure enough agricultural A. Farmers deliver directly [USA/Canada] [lending of warehouse, ⇒Cannot receive grants and water [ equipment, B. Through JA donation of transportation, subsidies or important agricultural pump] ⇒ (Japan Agricultural Cooperatives) ・To obey the rule of food storage, system development, financial resources Cannot keep temperature of C. Through vegetable market warehouse storage document scanning] ⇒ Large amount of imperfect [Poland] would be discarded

・Invite capital investment from other stakeholders ・ ・Share vegetable information Establish common standards and regulations ・ ・Cooperate with JA(Japan Agricultural Cooperate with political organizations to Cooperatives) and markets develop sustainable laws

・Let all food banks join existing national networks ・Employ local people to agricultural ・Using SNS,newspaper,TV,entertainers jobs and politicians for promoting ・Utilize renewable to secure electricity

・Report the achievement records to the government to require financial support ・Enrich bank account, post office and homepage for easy donation

Conclusion ： MSSFOD will ensure: References ① Effective mechanism for collaboration Asou,A.(2015).Fudobankkatudouniokerukadaitoatarasiisisutemunoteigen[Issue s in food banking activities and recommendations of new systems]. -By taking advantage of mutual expertise and characteristic to collaborate Nihondaigaku. from http://www.bus.nihon-u.ac.jp/campus/temp/麻生彩夏_卒業論 ⇒It is possible to collect and distribute food more effectively 文2.pdf ② Transparency among all stakeholders ・Nourinsuisannsyou[Food bank activities abroad]. Retrieved March, 2012, from -By clarifying each other’s position and deciding the range of responsibility http://www.maff.go.jp/j/budget/yosan_kansi/sikkou/tokutei_keihi/seika_h25/shok ⇒Useless losses can be eliminated usan_ippan/pdf/h25_ippan_213_03.pdf ③ ・Angelo Sec Co., Ltd. Handbook on Promoting Cooperation between NGO and Reward system for all stakeholders Company. Retried March,2009,from -Evaluating and praising activities can motivate all stakeholders to further activate food https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/shimin/oda_ngo/shien/pdfs/kr_handboo bank activities k.pdf ・Yoshinori,Y About collaboration with NGO and Government. Retried ⇒expect to increase the efficiency of food bank system March,2008,fromhttp://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/HTML_Simple/201112kyoudou_ma nu(ver1.7)1_p5_p9,0.pdf

−12− Sustainable Food Development The contradiction between food self-sufficiency rate and food insecurity

Introduction Current situation in Nigeria 8.30% The population in Nigeria is about 180 million people and 70 % of people work as GDP 9% 3.30% Food self-sufficiency rates of many farmers. 10% countries in Africa are high. On the other That is why agriculture accounts for 20% of Nigeria’s GDP. However Nigeria's hand, hunger is rising in many parts of 18.30% average GDP is 400 US dollar, even so it has been increasing. But 1 million 13% Africa. What are the causes? We focus people still live on only about US $1.25 per day. In sum, “The food self 21.00% mainly on Nigeria and examine some causes sufficiency rate is high, but a lot of people are in poverty and suffer from hunger ”. of this problem, such as monoculture 17.10% economy, depopulation, climate change, etc. Agriculture21 Food loss

 What is food loss？ Postharvest Processing North Africa, handling Agricultural and West and Central Asia and Household Production packaging storage Distribution consumption

Europe Sub-Saharan Africa

Monoculture economy Storage Urbanization Development Young people Big disparity of move between Large amounts of are urbanization to the city urban and rural produced

Depopulation But Way of supporting in rural areas

Organizations support Movement of young men to through mechanical Physical labor is A large percentage of farm not needed the city, while rural area is engineering left with the elderly produce get damaged

Storage problems

Average Monthly Precipitation in Nigeria Drought from climate Producers do not have enough change 【State】 money and cannot access to →crops die easily ・There is little rain in January, February, electricity 61.4% March, November, Producers depend on and December (0 mm) cultivating crops which ・The annual precipitation is only about →cannot buy and make storage can grow with little water 40mm facilities (In Japan: 1718mm) Ex. cassava, corn etc.

Solution Solution ・Changing the way of supporting from aid to giving ・Use storage facilities education because its effects are long-term such as COLD HUBs ・Spreading irrigation culture ・Change to modern ・ agriculture style Cultivate a variety of crops Conclusion References

It is important that producers be active. But producers don’t have enough money to act. For ・Ministry of Agriculture, and : Naijeria no 〔 example, to introduce irrigation system and storage system. Therefore it is important for NGOs, nourinnsuisanngyou gaikyou Outline of Agriculture, forestry and in Nigeria〕. Retrieved October 10, 2018, from NPOs and government to invest in these smallholder farmers. Especially, investment from NGOs http://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kaigai_nogyo/k_gai and NPOs is the best because governments in Africa tend not to use money from other countries to kyo/nig.html make improvement in agriculture. Also, NGOs and NPOs not only manage donations, but can also ・Cold hubs: Solar-powered cold storage for developing teach a standard knowledge of agriculture for these smallholder farmers at the same time. countries. Retrieved October 7, 2018, from Fundraising is an important support for the farmers who live in developing countries; humanitarian http://www.coldhubs.com/ aid can also promote a more sustainable society. A sustainable society can help solve the food ・Global Note: Naijeria no toukei de-ta〔Statistical data in 〕 insecurity problem. Nigeria . Retrieved October 10, 2018, from https://www.globalnote.jp/post-2695.html

−13−

ZERO HUNGER The connection between companies and hunger STAKEHOLDER : COMPANY Introduction ＊ZERO HUNGER : To end hunger, realize food security, improve nutritional status and promote Land grabbing is one of the causes of hunger from companies. Companies buy farmland in the developing country to acquire cheap and vast land. The food grown on this land is mainly intended for export, not for local people.

The target locations of most land grabs are in the Global South, with 70% of land grabs concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Other primary areas of note are in Southeast Asia and Latin America. Investor Target Target＆Investor

The most clear cause of the recent land grab was the 2008 food crisis. In 2007-2008 the huge increase in the price of agricultural products, like wheat, rice, corn, and other cereals, provoked a serious food crisis. Countries with large populations and food security concerns such as China, South Korea and India are seeking opportunities to produce food overseas, especially in developing countries where production costs are much lower and where land and water are more available.

Cause / Effect Who are the land grabbers? The hunger connection

As you can see this graph, companies are ・More than 60 percent of crops grown on land bought by foreign the actors most related to land grabbing. investors in developing countries are intended for export, instead of for Ex) In Ethiopia in Africa, Indian companies feeding local residents. （Karuturi Company ）acquired 310,000 ha of farmland. ・ Most workers are not local residents. This company borrowed from the government on a 50 year contract ・Local residents are forced to leave. and cultivated corn etc. from 2009 →Lose their land.

Conclusion

Most people think that those who live in an area where land grabbing occurs will be able to get jobs in farming, but it is not true. People in these countries are being worked in a harsh environment and forced to migrate. Land grabs may contribute to make a country poor. One company in a developed country may have a significant amount of power and influence in that country. So, such companies create conditions where local people are under their control. Current action to help hunger Short term Red Cup campaign Many children’s lives are lost due to starvation in the world. The red cup campaign is supplying meals for nutrient deprived children. Moreover, the campaign raises awareness about child labor - the situation where children who can’t go school have to work to earn a living. Over the past 50 years, the United Nations WFP has promoted the healthy growth of children of the developing country by providing children school meals, so that more and more children get the opportunities to receive education. The school meals of 30 yen a day makes a large difference.

If the company joins such a campaign… -They can send the meals to children in developing countries. -They can use the Red Cup campaign mark. Long term The Ajinomoto Foundation The Ajinomoto Foundation was established for the purpose of contributing to the solutions to crucial social issues, by conducting programs related to “nutritional improvement through food”. 1. Food and Nutrition support project 2. Nutrition improvement project in low-income countries AIN program: Provide grants and know-how for business promotion to Through Research & Development, manufacturing and selling of organizations that implement projects to improve food and nutrition in nutritional food which is for locals food culture and dissemination of developing countries. Contribute to public welfare through improving the nutrition knowledge, we realize maternal and child nutrition quality of life of the people covered by the project. improvement in low-income countries and contribute to public welfare. References ・Hunger Free World & Katsumata, M. (2012), Sekaikarakigawoowaraserutameno30nohouhou,30 Ways to End Hunger from the World, Goudou Shuppan ・Kouekizaidanhoujin Ajinomoto Foundation (2016) [Ajinomoto Foundation].Retrieved October, 8, 2018, from http://www.theajinomotofoundation.org/ ・ World Food Programmed, Red cup campaign, (2018), Retrieved October 8, 2018,from https://www.jawfp.org/redcup/

−14−

Overfishing

Introduction

Currently, overfishing is becoming a big problem in the oceans of the world. Already 80% of the world's main fishery resources are caught up to the limit. Especially large fish such as tuna, swordfish, cod, etc. disappeared from the ocean of the world by 90% in the last 60 years when fisheries became industrialized. In addition to the problems of overfishing and resource management, there are many problems that worsen the environment of the sea and deplete its resources. Problems Japan Overseas

・Catching undersized fish ・Destructive fishing ➡Fisheries that use illegal methods. Ex. Dynamite fishery ・Fishers sell fish at cheap prices to get consumers to buy ・Illegal fishing ➡Fishing in other than the ocean of your country ・Catch more fish than the fixed amount ・Unsustainable fishing ➡Erroneously take out fish other than the target, and throw away accidentally picked fish into the ocean

Why do these problems occur?

Changing of the The amount of fishing number about fisherman Nowadays, the fishing industry in Japan is getting weaker. The amount of fishing is decreasing. The problem is occurring for different reasons. One problem is the age of fishers. Most of fishers are over 50 or 60. Many are too old to work but they must work. Also they are fishing so many fish to get more profit. This problem is “overfishing”. Overfishing also occurs through people’s over consumption. The improvement of the In the world, the amount of Now in Japan, the number ship technology and the fishing methods are other reasons why fishing is increasing every of people who work as overfishing occurs easily. year. But, this is only the fishers is decreasing. And trend in some countries this trend also has effects such as China and other on the amount of fishing. developing countries.

Initiatives already undertaken

Marine Stewardship Council - MSC The Blue MSC Label The blue MSC label is only applied to What is MSC? What is sustainable fishing? wild fish or seafood from fisheries that MSC is an international non-profit Sustainable fishing means leaving enough have been certified to the MSC organization. fish in the ocean, respecting habitats and Fisheries Standard. They recognize and reward efforts to protect ensuring people who depend on fishing can 24,768 products are on sale with the oceans and safeguard seafood supplies for maintain their livelihoods. blue MSC label. the future. Over 12% of the wild fish caught from the 315 fishing companies in 34 countries are world’s oceans is MSC certificated. certificated by MSC. More than 9 million tons of seafood is Over 12% of the wild fish caught from the MSC certificated. world’s oceans is MSC certificated. Action plan

＜Increasing MSC certified fishers＞ ＜Change seasons to take fish＞ →More fishers need to have MSC certification if we take fish until it grows enough, MSC small fish will be caught with them Marine Stewardship Council

Certification Certification Certification Certification body body Certification body body body many fish are thrown away Fishery certification COC authentication ① ② ex) the main seasons of … Kihada tuna → mid May to August Fishers get Distribution ・ processors will Autumn Salmon → September to December certified by MSC also be certified by MSC Pike → mid August to October

③ We have to tell what season is the best for each fish Fishery products certified by MSC are completed by raising awareness (putting posters, etc).

References Marine Stewardship council Homepage (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2018,from https://www.msc.org/jp WWF Japan(n.d.). Retrieved October 26,2018, from https://www.wwf.or.jp/activities/basicinfo/3555.html Risk of clinging to the table with overfishing of world – scale fish(n.d.). Retrieved October 6, 2018, from https://www.Bloomberg.co.jp>articles

−15− Producers are Suffering!

SOLUTION Introduction As you may know, food waste is still increasing. However, producers cannot stop producing so easily because demands cannot be stopped by themselves. The cause of this is due to the 1. relationship with others, such as the environment or situations that The transition to organic farming is very difficult for producers face and sometimes they are forced into problems farmers. They need to be educated about organic farming. because of the demands from wholesalers and consumers in order Benefits EX) improves , safer for human to receive income health, produces good soil.

PROBLEMS Overuse of pesticides INDIA Sikkim  30 percent of Health • The first organic world population state “pest attacks”  Struggling due to • Transition from poor policy chemical [at least 2 Over measures Income years needed] production  Risky input costs • Education Food waste Income problems  Limited market.

1.HEALTH－Using Too Many Pesticides 1. Pesticides can destroy the nature which need to make healthy foods such as bugs and insects also human health. 2. Big gap between rich producers and local farmers. Pesticide cycle The amount of using pesticides Around the year 2000 Need a Change Decreasing

NOW 2. Direct store They need the right store to build up relationships with consumers. In order to reduce food waste from food 2.Over production and Income effect production and to get the benefits from selling all their products, setting a direct store is one of the solutions for it.

Ex.) Direct store in , department store, nearby , JA (*The Japan Agricultural Cooperatives Group, a farmers’ cooperative).

©U.N. Food and Agriculture ↑This chart shows the ratio of lost food by region. Organization By The New York Times ①Volunteer at a direct store ・23 places which sell fresh produce to customers Supply ≠ Demands deictically. ・They can create a good Producers Production community circle. ②”Weekend farming” - In addition choosing farming as an occupation for weekend, can prevent the decreasing of farmers Wholesale Unnecessary production Be wasted

Conclusion We focused on two big problems that producers are facing. It is impossible to solve these problems right away, but it’s possible to focus on each problem individually. We planned to help direct store. It is a very simple action plan and even high schoolers can help them. Also students can learn about organic agriculture from them.

References ①Somini Sengupta. (2017) How Much Food Do We Waste? Probably More Than You Think. Retrieved October 26th 2018 from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/12/climate/food-waste-emissions.html ②The food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations. (2018 ) Retrieved October 26th 2018 from https://ourworldindata.org/fertilizer-and-pesticides ③Top pesticides use countries (2017) Retrieved October 26th 2018 from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-pesticide-consuming-countries-of-the-world.html ④U.S. development of Agriculture. (2017). The agricultural chemical use survey. Retrieved October 26th 2018 from https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2016_Corn_Potatoes/ChemUseHighlights_Corn_2016 ⑤Genetic Literacy Project. (2018) How is India's organic-only farming experiment in Sikkim going? Peering past the propaganda, not so sustainably. Retrieved November 5th 2018 from © Saitama Prefecture. All rights reserved. https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/08/15/how-is-indias-organic-only-farming-experiment-in-sikkim-going-peering-past-the-propaganda-not-so-sustainably/

−16− International Trade View from Japan

Food Safety of Rice Food Security of Seafood Successful Story 2.Solution Background Japan The Japanese government The Japanese government import many fish every year even though decided to stockpile rice we have a lot of resources. Marine products are a kind of symbol for 1.Problem because they couldn’t guess Japanese traditional food. Until the early 1970s, Japan's self- 8% of rice that is sold in Japan when Japanese people will sufficiency rate for marine products exceeded 100%. However, after is imported from other not be able to eat rice because that, domestic production declined and imports started to increase. As countries because of some of disasters. In 1993, people a result, the self-sufficiency rate has declined greatly, and now it trade rules that has been done couldn’t make rice because of depends on imports from about 40%. since 2002, however most the cold weather, so they Indonesia Canada Japanese people did not like reflected on it. Japanese how it tasted and in general government remembered this don’t eat a lot of rice so most and they decided to keep not of it was wasted. A lot of only foreign rice, but also money was wasted, too. Japanese rice as a stockpile. Indonesia Successful Ways  Seizing and blowing up illegal foreign fishing boats and banning fish transfers  They can serve as an example for other nations Canada China Fishing Industry in Vancouver Plastic rice  Government promotes That problem gave damage for not only in China, but also in other some policies to keep countries because plastic rice were exported for some countries such sustainability of fishery. as Nigeria, Indonesia, and some other Asian countries. Smuggled plastic rice were discovered in Nigeria at first. After that, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) was detected from seized plastic rice in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2015.  Number of fish is decreasing because of What kinds of damages? overfishing. →If you eat too much plastic rice, they will make Solution health problem. carcinogenic MSC (Marine Stewardship Council) →Eating 3 rice cups of plastic rice and eating 1 bag plastic bag MSC is an international non-profit organization. They are the same actions. recognize and reward efforts to protect oceans and →Plastic rice is made of potatoes and synthetic resin. safeguard seafood supplies for the future. Each government should use it more to protect marine Action Plan resources.  Use AI technology Action Plan →Taking advantage of AI and big data to visualize  Spread the knowledge of MSC label agriculture.  Promote Producers to catch fish based on MSC’s criterion  Clarified provision of rice imports  Promote Consumers to choose seafood which has the →treat only safe imported rice. MSC label

Conclusion

On the land, there are problems about rice, and on the sea, we also have a problem that is overfishing. In common with these two is . Government need to cooperate with other stakeholders to make our resources more sustainable. Government have obligation to protect citizens. References Ministry of Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries (2009) Minimal Access mai ni kansuru houkokusho [Report on Minimal Access Rice] Retrieved from http://www.maff.go.jp/j/council/seisaku/syokuryo/0903/pdf/ref_data2.pdf Kome no yushutsu yunyuu [Import and Export of Rice] Retreived from http://www.maff.go.jp/j/council/seisaku/syokuryo/171130/attach/pdf/index-9.pdf Saito.I chugoku ni okeru nouyakushiyoujoukyou to zanryunouyakubunseki no genjou [Pesticide Usage and Situation of Analyzing of Pesticide Residue in China](2010, April). Retrieved October 26, 2018, from http://www.mac.or.jp/mail/100401/03.shtml Yasai no zanryunouyaku ga oyobosu kikensei toha? Yasai ni tsuiteiru nouyaku no araikata [Danger of Pesticide Residue, How to Wash out Pesticide Left on Vegetables] (2015, May 24). Retrieved October 26, 2018, from http://www.suikou-saibai.net/blog/2015/05/24/167 EconomyWatch Content, Exports and Imports | Economy Watch. (2018). Retrieved from https://goo.gl/images/c9jy7v Gokkon, B. (2018). Indonesia’s crackdown on illegal fishing is paying off, study finds. Retrieved from https://news.mongabay.com/2018/04/indonesias-crackdown- on-illegal-fishing-is-paying-off-study-finds/ E.(2017).Vancouver Island‘s Fishing Industry. Retrieved October 26, 2018, from http://naturexperience.com/Vancouver-islands-fishing-industry/

−17− How to Support Sustainably?

Introduction ・Difference between NGO&NPO ・Long-term support and short-term support There are 2 types of support that NPOs and NGO NGOs are doing. (Non-governmental organization) NGO is a legally constituted Long-term support organization that is created by legal Plan to break the intergenerational cycle of chronic persons and is not affiliated with hunger and strengthen national capacity to reduce any form of government. In some hunger. countries Ex.) Educate farmers and consumers NGOs and NPO NPOs do Short-term support (Non-profit organization) same task Helping people temporarily, it will rapidly improve NPO is an organization that uses the situation but effect is instantaneously. its revenues and surpluses in order

to fund other projects instead of Ex.) School lunches, and donations giving them to share-holders as dividends.

Problem ・The number of people who suffer from hunger in the Yemen’s situation world is increasing ・One of the poorest countries in the Arab world ・ The world's hunger population, which has steadily Ranked 168th out of 188 for human development declined for more than 10 years, began to increase again Impact on major overland routes and in 2016, reaching 815 million people, accounting for 11% airports are severe of the world’s population. Most of it caused by war and Made it difficult for The conflict people to get food conflict. Left thousands of civilians dead and 3 million internally displaced

https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment

Solutions Although volunteer organizations were already taking action like providing aid and medical treatments, people suffering from hunger in Yemen is increasing. Therefore, people need to change the way to give aid. Idea 1. Using Donation Deduction Idea 2. Using Long-Term and Short-Term Supports Efficiently

Difference Between "Furusato Nouzei" and Other Donations Long-term support Short-term support • Infrastructure maintenance • Provide food Furusato Nouzei Other Donations • Way to secondary market • Medical assistance Donation Deduction International cooperator Donation ・Donation Accept Not accept reduction is A person who receives a Incidentally…The total amount high sufficient income to live, such donated over the last 40 years is ・Corporation ・Streets and as international civil servants about 37,253,558,817 yen on the checkouts ・Get special 24 hour TV (Japanese TV ・Japanese Red products for program) Cross Society ・Without Receipt receiving

Donate References Donate ・Yamamoto,T (2007).Kokusaikyouryokushi ni narutameniha [How to become International cooperators]. Hakusuisha ・Retrieved September 29,2018,fromhttps://furusapo.fururi.jp/article/other-donation-differences ※“Furusato nozei” is a tax reduction given to tax payers ・Retrieved September15,2018,from who donate to local municipalities. http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-ngo-and-npo

−18− The Problem of Decreasing Farmland and Farmers

Introduction In Japan, the number of farmers are decreasing, because young people are not interested in agriculture. Do you know the percentage of people who are farmers in Japan? Only 1%. One of the biggest reasons for this is “decreasing farmers.” Not only in Japan, but also a number of countries are suffering from this situation.

Agricultural land in Japan (% of land Agricultural Population and Ration of area) Problem 1 Problem 2 Farmers 65 or Older

Decreasing farmland Decreasing farmers →Farmlands are → The younger replaced by building generation don’t new roads and want to become houses. farmers.

These problems affect…

“Food Sufficiency-Rate”

Food sufficiency based on production price Staple food sufficiency Food sufficiency based on calorie

Long term transition of food sufficiency in Japan

Solution and Action Plan To make farming easier and more profitable

To get people’s interest and Create a group understanding through where farmers can collaborate and food education Open a number of farmer markets motivate each other in various places

Rooftop gardening Provide farmland equipment

rooftop gardening Food education

References Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. (2011). Nogyo Keieitai To Nogyo Shugyosha No Doko [Trends in agricultural management and agricultural workers]. Retrieved October 26th, 2018,from http://www.maff.go.jp/j/wpaper/w_maff/h22_h/trend/part1/chap2/c3_02_01.h tml Food Action Nippon. (2018). Syokuryou Jikyuu Ritsu Ttennani [What is the “Food self-sufficiency rate”]Retrieved October 26th, 2018, from http://syokuryo.jp/fan/kids/problem/gikyuritsu.html Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishers. (2011). Kousaku Houkiti No Conclusion Genjyou Ni Tuite [Current status of abandoned cultivation area] Retrieved October 26th, 2018, from Farmers nationwide need to collaborate between farmers and the government. http://www.maff.go.jp/j/nousin/tikei/houkiti/pdf/genjou1103.pdf AFA. (2007). Seeinen No Nougyou Kaiki Wojitsugenn Surutame [ A Viable In order to establish this relationship, NGO/NPO’s can create groups or Future: Attracting the Youth Back to Agriculture] Reteieved Octorber 26th, 2018, from http://asianfarmers.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/AFA-Issue- advertise the current situation of farming. Paper-Attracting-Youth-to-Agriculture-Japan.pdf

−19− ②DAY 5 プレナリーセッションより 議論の流れ （立命館生徒の発言を中心に）

Participating students began with 3 days of intense discussion in small groups that focused on 5 stakeholders concerning food security in developed and developing countries, namely producers, consumers, companies, governments and NGO’s/NPO’s. We then created 4 large groups (called Mini-Plenary Groups), namely group A, B, C and D. In each of these groups the 5 stakeholders are represented and their task was to share each approach’s findings and then come up with two plan: an integrated, creative action plan for each stakeholder and a combined action plans as a group, which they presented to the entire forum on the last day. The presentations and question and answer session are summarized below.

Mini plenary group A stated that part of the cause for hunger in the world is food loss and food waste. They suggested some basic ideas to help decrease the amount of food loss and food waste, which includes cutting down the amount of food people in developed countries consume and using the money saved to financial support developing countries. Raising awareness about food loss and food waste through social media to educate was also mentioned. Following this, the group discussed action plans based on each stakeholder. This involved creating an organization of farmers to connect and cooperate with other stakeholders, encouraging consumers to buy imperfect vegetables over perfect vegetables, collecting food close to its expiration date through advertising, selling the food at a low price and educating people on food loss and food waste through NGOs/NPOs. Again, social media platforms would be used to promote awareness of food loss through hashtags, advertisements on TV and YouTube, creating posters and placing them in public transport. The group suggested that volunteers go to specific areas where people suffer from hunger and assist them by providing food collected. During the question and answer session, one of the participants asked the presenters to explain the differences between developed and undeveloped countries, to which one of the presenters did so by comparing the financial and GDP differences for both types of countries.

Mini plenary group B emphasized the importance of educating each stakeholder about food loss and food waste and because education is universal and an educational program can be implemented to each stakeholder. With this, they thoroughly explained

−20− their action plan through the following subcategories: timeline, resources, potential challenges and indicators of success. They suggested a four-year timeline, with each year having a specific aim; in 2019, members from each stakeholder collect data on the sale of crops to determine which crops sells the most; in 2020, the stakeholders hold a forum to assess the progress and help keep the project going by promoting it via social media platforms and putting posters for NGO’s and NPO’s in food banks; in 2021, lessons on food waste is added to the school curriculum and is updated every three years. For resources, the group emphasized the need for teacher and principal support, updated books and data, dedicated individuals, financial aid from the government and use of social media to reach influential people. The potential challenges mentioned included lack of interest, funds, miscommunication and the problem of knowing which specific area on food waste to teach on and its target audience. Indications that the project is a success include changes in consumer lifestyle, farmers learning how to produce food more effectively, companies caring more about food waste and making rules to reduce the amount; the government seeing improvements by consumers and producers and realizing the importance of implementing policies for food loss and food waste; and offer more access to resources and NGO’s/NPO’s introduce programs that are easier for people to join, such as foodrice.com. On the website people answer a question or quiz online and through that donations of rice can automatically be given to developing countries. During this question and answer session, the group received a number of compliments on their action plan and believed that it would be successful. One student from Ritsumeikan wanted to know more about the group’s strategy in educating people about food waste:

Rits student:“Thank you for your presentation. You mentioned about adding food waste in the school curriculum, but food waste is such a huge problem, so how do you educate about it?” The presenters explained that currently people are unaware of the severity of food waste and the damage it causes to the environment, so by teaching people from a very young age about food waste and its effects, they can become more mindful about food waste and in turn it can become a societal trend. Similar to mini plenary group A, mini plenary group C described their action plans based on each stakeholder, this involved government officials researching the land available in their locality and determine its suitability for growing crops and the kinds

−21− their action plan through the following subcategories: timeline, resources, potential of crops can be grown; in turn this can help producers maximize the quality and challenges and indicators of success. They suggested a four-year timeline, with each quantity of the crops they grow and reduce unnecessary waste by investing in crops year having a specific aim; in 2019, members from each stakeholder collect data on the that produces a higher yield than plants that do not. Enforcing policies that protect sale of crops to determine which crops sells the most; in 2020, the stakeholders hold a farmers from being exploited by companies, that is deciding a fair price for buying local forum to assess the progress and help keep the project going by promoting it via social produce and adding tax was also discussed. The group explained about a mobile media platforms and putting posters for NGO’s and NPO’s in food banks; in 2021, application that not only helps connect citizens with NGO’s and NPO’s, but also locates lessons on food waste is added to the school curriculum and is updated every three restaurants that have leftover food and alerts NGO’s and NPO’s to collect the leftover years. For resources, the group emphasized the need for teacher and principal support, food and distribute it to people in need. The mobile application can help people who updated books and data, dedicated individuals, financial aid from the government and cannot afford much food and so they can contact NGO’s and NPO’s when leftover food use of social media to reach influential people. The potential challenges mentioned is discovered. It can also be used to spread information and promote local producers to included lack of interest, funds, miscommunication and the problem of knowing which different stakeholders. specific area on food waste to teach on and its target audience. Indications that the The question and answer session revolved around giving more information about how project is a success include changes in consumer lifestyle, farmers learning how to leftover crops can be used, solving the overproduction problem through group C’s action produce food more effectively, companies caring more about food waste and making plan and transporting leftover food. The presenters explained that research on the rules to reduce the amount; the government seeing improvements by consumers and crops and the type of land that it is most suited to would be needed. Their plan is to producers and realizing the importance of implementing policies for food loss and food only plant specific crops suitable to the land and export the to places where it is waste; and offer more access to resources and NGO’s/NPO’s introduce programs that needed with proper storage systems, which will prevent overproduction. The question are easier for people to join, such as foodrice.com. On the website people answer a and answer for Group C concluded with a comment from a teaching assistant who question or quiz online and through that donations of rice can automatically be given to stated that some relationships between stakeholders are already established, however developing countries. During this question and answer session, the group received a there are misunderstandings between producers, governments and NGOs and NPOs number of compliments on their action plan and believed that it would be successful. and that there are no clear incentives for stakeholders. One student from Ritsumeikan wanted to know more about the group’s strategy in educating people about food waste: Mini plenary group D highlighted the importance of establishing sustainable agriculture through and vertical farming. Like group B, group D created Rits student:“Thank you for your presentation. You mentioned about adding food a well devised action plan that consisted of the following sub categories: resources, waste in the school curriculum, but food waste is such a huge problem, so potential challenges, indicators for success and timeframe. The group first began by how do you educate about it?” explaining the benefits of both methods of farming, that is crop rotation creates The presenters explained that currently people are unaware of the severity of food healthier soil due to soil irrigation and vertical farming uses less land, saves soil and waste and the damage it causes to the environment, so by teaching people from a very land and reduces heat. The group suggested a number of resources that can be used to young age about food waste and its effects, they can become more mindful about food reduce the cost of vertical farming, as it can be quite expensive. This involved using waste and in turn it can become a societal trend. buildings that are not in use, such as abandoned buildings in urban cities, establishing Similar to mini plenary group A, mini plenary group C described their action plans solar panels to reduce cost of electricity, employing skilled workers and establishing based on each stakeholder, this involved government officials researching the land relations with local governments who can financial support the project and who can available in their locality and determine its suitability for growing crops and the kinds regularly check and ensure that equipment’s used are at optimum levels. The potential

−22− challenges mentioned was that it might be difficult to sell vertical farmed food as they are expensive, however there were a number of indications of success listed including a decrease in price of sustainable food, an increase in the number of countries implementing this strategy, a decrease in food loss and food waste, a decrease in ecological footprint, investment returns for companies, an increase in GDP and an increase in crop yield through crop rotation and vertical farming. Regarding the timeframe, the group hopes that 50% of farmers would have a better knowledge of vertical farming and crop rotation as a result to training programs developed by NGO’s and NPO’S by 2025.

Following the presentation, a participant from Singapore inquired about locating financial resources that were mentioned in the presentation, storage systems and commented that crop rotation is already established in developing countries. One of the presenters explained that vertical farming would more than likely take place in a developed country and in such countries the government would have a surplus budget which can be invested and also have a cyber-donation drive; the presenter stated the importance of establishing storage systems, however their primary goal is on developing better farming techniques for countries that have unsustainable practices.

This presentation and question and answer session was then followed by a plenary session – moderated by one native English-speaking staff of Ritsumeikan High School – in which the discussion was opened to all participants of RSGF 2018. That plenary session is summarized below.

An Indian girl who acted as a representative from mini plenary group B suggested to boycott restaurants that promote food loss and food waste and to share this with their social circles. This idea resulted in a deeper discussion about how much power high school students have as consumers. Some participants did not believe that they had much power, but one teacher assistant stated that high school students have so much power because they are the driving force behind consumer spending and trends, thus a number of businesses always bear this in mind. A girl from the United Kingdom emphasized the importance of making a conscious effort to not waste and suggested storing unfinished food and donating food that is about the expire and that will not be consumed to food banks.

−23− challenges mentioned was that it might be difficult to sell vertical farmed food as they A representative from mini plenary group C, a Ritsumeikan student, gave the following are expensive, however there were a number of indications of success listed including a idea that linked consumers to companies quite nicely: decrease in price of sustainable food, an increase in the number of countries Rits student:“What we can do as high school is to share pictures with information implementing this strategy, a decrease in food loss and food waste, a decrease in about ecological footprint, investment returns for companies, an increase in GDP and an food waste through SNS to people or companies who are interested in increase in crop yield through crop rotation and vertical farming. Regarding the being involved in combatting food loss and food waste.” timeframe, the group hopes that 50% of farmers would have a better knowledge of A teacher assistant added to this by again reiterating the power high school students vertical farming and crop rotation as a result to training programs developed by NGO’s have and suggesting to that they look closely at all the sustainable development goals and NPO’S by 2025. (SDGs), choose one of them and be an ambassador for it. That is, high school students Following the presentation, a participant from Singapore inquired about locating promote their selected SDG on social media, explain why they want to represent it and financial resources that were mentioned in the presentation, storage systems and post comments when they see something contrary to the SDG. The two Ritsumeikan commented that crop rotation is already established in developing countries. One of the MC’s then asked the participants to suggest possible hashtags that can be used on presenters explained that vertical farming would more than likely take place in a social media. This generated a number of ideas and later the participants decided on developed country and in such countries the government would have a surplus budget the most suitable hashtag. A Ritsumeikan student who represented Mini Plenary which can be invested and also have a cyber-donation drive; the presenter stated the Group D gave their idea for an action plan: importance of establishing storage systems, however their primary goal is on Rits student:“We suggest starting gardens at school and organizing workshops developing better farming techniques for countries that have unsustainable practices. about food sustainability.”

This presentation and question and answer session was then followed by a plenary A girl from Hong Kong suggested to showcase sustainable food products and how they session – moderated by one native English-speaking staff of Ritsumeikan High School can be delicious and sustainable simultaneously. In keeping in line with this, the moderator emphasized the need to discuss composting, which an Indian girl from the – in which the discussion was opened to all participants of RSGF 2018. That plenary NGO/NPO’s group addressed. She said that students in eco-friendly clubs can convert session is summarized below. food waste collected at school into and distribute this to farmers. This was An Indian girl who acted as a representative from mini plenary group B suggested to followed by a comment by a Ritsumeikan student, who offered a solution to improving boycott restaurants that promote food loss and food waste and to share this with their the decreasing population of farmers in Japan: social circles. This idea resulted in a deeper discussion about how much power high Rits student:“NGOs offers farming internship and high schools can go and help these school students have as consumers. Some participants did not believe that they had NGOs and teach students how to farm. The problem in Japan is that the much power, but one teacher assistant stated that high school students have so much number of farmers are decreasing, so if we can get students involved in power because they are the driving force behind consumer spending and trends, thus a farming it may help increase the number of farmers.” number of businesses always bear this in mind. A girl from the United Kingdom The conversation turned towards an action plan that would help raise consumers’ emphasized the importance of making a conscious effort to not waste and suggested awareness of food loss, which was presented by a Ritsumeikan student: storing unfinished food and donating food that is about the expire and that will not be Rits student: “We are consumers so we can buy whatever amount of food we want and consumed to food banks. to highlight this, we can make a poster and put them in the cafeteria or anywhere in the school so students can understand how precious food is

−24− and how much food we unconsciously waste.”One more action plan is to establish school clubs and organize a campaign to reach out to members of the public who in turn will gather more people to join a movement against food loss and food waste.

A student from Nepal began sharing his opinion about technological advances in farming and believes high school students have the responsibility to convince farmers and the local people to see the importance of technology. A student from the Philippines suggested using an infographic which is an online poster. She explained what they can include on the posters, such as all the common points of the mini plenary groups displaying all the statistics and the solutions the participants have agreed on and share this to the participants’ schools. She also suggested making a mini video which contains information of all the suggestions from each participant and also the mini video and infographic should be short and more visually appealing so that hopefully, people would be more interested in it.

Mr. Hasegawa:“All of the presentations were very unique and so are the action plans. I was very impressed with the hashtag you created. As I told you before, I was a farmer. I studied agriculture and then I participated in JICA. Do you know JICA? I was involved in the overseas corporation volunteer program and I went to the Dominican Republic and joined a technological program that focused on sustainability. The workers that I met was unable to read and had very little understanding of basic agriculture. For me the most important things were to teach agricultural techniques to the producers and to build better relationships with government bodies in order to address problems and improve work satisfaction for producers. To refer to the lack of communication between stakeholders which the consumer and company group mentioned in their presentations, I agree that this is quite evident, especially in developing countries. So, I really believe that the connection between stakeholders is vital for improving food security. We are all consumers and I think consumers are probably the most important. Thank you very much.”

Miki Horie: “I also have some comments for you. First of all, thank you so much for your very hard work and I can imagine that you had a very intensive

−25− and how much food we unconsciously waste.”One more action plan is to discussion in your groups. I have two suggestions, one is very simple, you establish school clubs and organize a campaign to reach out to members of have all these action plans, so just do them. So when you return home, the public who in turn will gather more people to join a movement against just try to do everything. I was surprised that some of you said that high food loss and food waste. school students do not have any power, but I don’t think it’s true. You have all the power and one of the privileges that high school students A student from Nepal began sharing his opinion about technological advances in have is that you don’t have anything to lose. Even if you try out all these farming and believes high school students have the responsibility to convince farmers ideas and if you fail, you have nothing to lose. So you can just give it a and the local people to see the importance of technology. A student from the try and if you fail, you can still learn from these experiences which will Philippines suggested using an infographic which is an online poster. She explained be more valuable so please just remember and just do it. And for my what they can include on the posters, such as all the common points of the mini second suggestion, I would like to ask you a question. Was this whole plenary groups displaying all the statistics and the solutions the participants have discussion exercise easy for you? How many of you think it was very agreed on and share this to the participants’ schools. She also suggested making a mini challenging? Can you raise your hand if it was very challenging? How video which contains information of all the suggestions from each participant and also many of you thought it was kind of an easy discussion? Maybe none. I the mini video and infographic should be short and more visually appealing so that think you just had a very valuable experience and this is like a hopefully, people would be more interested in it. simulation of a real life experience in tackling such a global issue in a “ Mr. Hasegawa: All of the presentations were very unique and so are the action plans. team of different cultures and that is really challenging. So please reflect I was very impressed with the hashtag you created. As I told you before, on the process of your discussion when you return home and before you I was a farmer. I studied agriculture and then I participated in JICA. Do forget all the details, please think about how you were in the group, what you know JICA? I was involved in the overseas corporation volunteer kind of role you had, what kind of contributions you made to the group program and I went to the Dominican Republic and joined a and also please try to think if you’re given another opportunity in a technological program that focused on sustainability. The workers that I similar situation, what would you do differently? So you can think of how met was unable to read and had very little understanding of basic to improve in a group scenario.” agriculture. For me the most important things were to teach agricultural The MCs asked two international teachers to make a final speech, which was then techniques to the producers and to build better relationships with followed by a closing statement from both MCs: “We would like to keep in our mind government bodies in order to address problems and improve work what we learned through RSGF to create a peaceful world and make our future great. I satisfaction for producers. To refer to the lack of communication between think it is important to grasp the big picture of what kind of problems relating to SDGs stakeholders which the consumer and company group mentioned in their are occurring in the world and also it is important to know that they are connected to presentations, I agree that this is quite evident, especially in developing each other. In addition, as a consumer who consumes products made in developing countries. So, I really believe that the connection between stakeholders is countries, we should be aware that we are also connected to each problem in SDGs. vital for improving food security. We are all consumers and I think Our small decisions and actions will affect their achievements. We would like to consumers are probably the most important. Thank you very much.” remember that we are all global citizens, that we are the ones who can solve the Miki Horie: “I also have some comments for you. First of all, thank you so much for problems and that we are the ones who can change this world.” your very hard work and I can imagine that you had a very intensive

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6. Rits Super Global Forum 2018 (RSGF2018)

③ DAY 5 ファイナルプレゼンテーション・パワーポイント

2019/3/1

Mini Plenary A

Problem Consumer

Hunger in developing Food waste in developed countries countries 800million people are starving 1/3 of food are thrown out as every day in the world. garbage. It is 1/9 people

Action plan ・Using social media as an education Company ・Raising awareness

0 Wasted 1 food

Developed countries 3 Amount 2 we really need

If we save 15% of food that American waste, we can feed 25million people every day. Developing countries

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1 2019/3/1

Thank you for your attention

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2 2019年3月1日

Partners / people Producers: concerned with farmers, and how those who produce food can have a direct impact on the amount of food produced and how its Mini Plenary B stockpiled. Consumers: consists of the population who consume the food produced by the producers. They also have a direct link to the food demand of a country.

Companies: have impacts on the distribution of food among consumers and are responsible for keeping food fresh.

Governments: controls amount of food that is imported and exported in a country and monitor food demand.

NPOs/NGOs: Have the ability to provide food for those who have little/no access to it, and can use food that would otherwise be wasted.

Food Waste Timeframe / Deadlines 〜aspect from education 〜 • 2019 – Annual census by producers • 2020 – Annual Forums • 2020 – NGO/NPO ads and promotions • 2021 – Lesson in food wastage added to curriculum

Objectives Resources Needed The problem: • Support from teachers • Influential people • and principals The issue we are covering is food waste. 1/3 of all • Time to plan and food produced globally is lost due to food waste • Teaching resources, coordinate facts, and information every year. • Volunteers (NGO and NPO Our way to tackle the problem is through the use of • Money groups) education, mainly of the different stakeholders that • Social media, public • Dedicated Individuals can impact this problem. service announcements, posters

−29− 1 2019年3月1日

Potential Challenges

• Lack of interest • What you are educating them on (topic) • Agreements (lack of co- operation) • Technique for promotion or advertisement • Understanding the significance • Might not listen/care • Where will you educate people? Who will be educated and who will educate? • Spread of education • • Miscommunications • Money • Technology Catching the attention from the government • Time • • Companies may not want to change as it is • Lack of resources easier and cheaper for them

Indicators of Success

Through education/training, 1. Consumers Become more aware→change lifestyle 2. Producers Effective production with modern technology 3. Suppliers in food companies Care about food waste Rules to prevent food loss 4. Government See improvement→realize the importance Offer access to resources Monitor Be intermediation 5. NGOs Make it easier for consumers to join Cooperate with other groups

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Cool-AP PRODUCERS Coolaborative Action Plan ● Many in poverty - difficult to take action Group C ● Reliant on other stakeholders Aashutosh, Jade, Jonathan, Yuki, Zeba ● Be open to help from the government and NGOs ○ Skills ○ Knowledge ○ Resources ● Sell produce to companies

PROBLEMS CONSUMERS

What is one of the reasons for food insecurity? -Participate in campaignes Mindful purchase : Buy imperfect held by NGO/NPOs Buy less and buy food or food -Stay alert for information Resources being wasted only what we need that’s close to -Inform family and friends expiring of the above and spread the 17 SDGs

Donate leftover food to food banks using app to order delivery Buy food Food Land service with fair trade labels

ACTION PLAN (OVERVIEW) COMPANIES

Resources being wasted ● Buying the products from the Food Land producers at a fair price Consumers ○ fair price is decided by Government poor people Using GDP + governments and public Tax Redistribute to people who Taxes opinion need it Skills + Research ● Profit will be taxed by the Companies Resources + Station NGOs Create an app Policies to governments Sell produce at protect Leftover food Using the a fair price Information app Consumers Skills + Producers Restaurants//Households Resources

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GOVERNMENTS SUMMARY

Resources being wasted ● Economically relies on: Food ○ Country's GDP Land ○ The taxes received from Companies Consumers Government ● Plans and funds for the establishment of Research Station Using GDP + Tax Taxes ● Redistribute to people who Research station: need it ○ Accumulates data about the crops suitable for the land Skills + Research Companies Resources + Station ○ Determines factors like Rain, Wind, Temperature, etc. and suggests NGOs Create the app Policies to protect suitable products for the land to the farmers (Producers) Sell produce at Leftover food Using the app a fair price Information Consumers Skills + Producers Restaurants/Supermarkets/Households Resources

GOVERNMENTS (CONT.)

● Arrange skill trainings for the producers ● Provides subsidies for producers ● Enforces laws to protect the rights of the producers ● Provides funds/loans, subsidies and complementary agricultural tools to the producers ○ Example: USDA initiatives

NGOs/NPOs

● Must network and collaborate with other stakeholders to ensure success ○ leads to the creation of Cool-AP! ● Consumers → use app to collect leftover food to redistribute Thank you for listening! ● Producers → use social functions to promote local producers and to collect and distribute products to customers ● Companies → collect leftover produce to redistribute; app allows companies to alert NGOs when and where to pick up food ● Governments → no affiliations

−32− 2 .④ SUSTAINABLESTUDENTSACTIONS17POSSIBLEACTION 6.

SUSTAINABLE STUDENTS ACTI NS 17 POSSIBLE ACTIONS MADE IN RSGF 2018

1. Do a 4. Burn 5. Bring your 6. Gather 2. Make 3. Cut down food drive calories, own eco-bags school meals last on food every time supplies for at your not longer proportions when you needy

−33− school electricity shop children

8. Turn off 10. Keep the 11. Use 12. Buy & 7. Do the tap when 9. Don’t paper for public promote brushing volunteer leave the printing to a teeth & transporta- fair trade work light on minimum showering tion & bikes products

13. Grow 14. Organize 15. Discuss 16. Put 17. Share what food locally on the fair money in a we discussed in treatment of RSGF through including at programs at women & donation SNS! November 17, 2018 school your school LGBTQs box #beRITSponsible at Ritsumeikan High School, Japan 6.⑤ RSGF2018 を終えて 生徒総括文書から抜粋

◆Reflecting on the whole RSGF ○Before RSGF, I thought that I can’t achieve RSGF. I can’t speak clear English. I can’t speak with foreign students, During RSGF, I was nervous. At Day 1, I confused how to make one action plan and how to say my idea in English. However, a teaching assistant helped to create new action plan and give us many ideas. Then, we could make a good action plan. I appreciate for teaching assistants. Also, I could hold a good lunch party and farewell party. The meals were very delicious!! I appreciate for cafeteria staffs and manager. Our games that we thought were nice. Everyone enjoyed our games. (Intro, zoom, actor quizzes and bingo game) Therefore, I could make some good memories. Also, I could learn many things! I have to learn English more.

○Time flies so fast. I learned many things from each activity in this RSGF. Field trip was the best thing for these 5 days. I prepared hard with Ririka, and we could make a wonderful time with her. I want to say thank you to her because I could not do anything without her. In this RSGF, I played a lot of roles. A leader of small discussion group, field trip department, and MC for the closing ceremony. So I didn’t make memories with international students compared with last year because I was too busy. But this RSGF2018 is the precious experience for my life. I appreciate with all of students, teachers, and TAs especially. I want to say thank you to my small group discussion members, Margaux, Joy, Muskaan, Mako, Honoka, Ayana and Miku. I was very helpful to them and I could make wonderful memories with them. I hope to see them in the future. I want to go to France, Taiwan and India sometime. And when I meet them again. I want to make a lot of memories with them more than RSGF2018. Thank you for everything, I don’t forget this RSGF 2018 as a treasure of my life.

○As a whole of RSGF, I grew up with not only English skills but also a positive attitude. Through RSGF, I made a lot of friends of course, we became nice friends with small group member and I also made friends through cultural performance. I took participate RSGF last year, too. But this year’s RSGF was better in terms of English ability and a positive attitude toward everything.

○Before starting RSGF, I was very afraid of this event because I can’t speak in the discussion. I was very shocked of this. So I decided one aim. It is “ I speak at least one

−34− 6.⑤ RSGF2018 を終えて 生徒総括文書から抜粋 time while discussion.” I thought I could not do this. However, I decide to have a courage to join discussion. I could do it. My English is very poor so I could not speak clearly. But ◆Reflecting on the whole RSGF my group member could understand my opinion and I could speak to everyone. I really ○Before RSGF, I thought that I can’t achieve RSGF. I can’t speak clear English. I can’t appreciate my group members. Thanks to them, I could change myself. Last year, I felt speak with foreign students, During RSGF, I was nervous. At Day 1, I confused how to very painful and this event was so long. But this year I felt fun and time passed so make one action plan and how to say my idea in English. However, a teaching assistant quickly. Moreover, I could interact with many students and exchange my SNS and took helped to create new action plan and give us many ideas. Then, we could make a good a lot of photos. RSGF is my precious memory and my pleasure. I was helped by many action plan. I appreciate for teaching assistants. people. So I could improve myself. And I could reach my goal. Also, I could hold a good lunch party and farewell party. The meals were very delicious!! I appreciate for cafeteria staffs and manager. Our games that we thought were nice. ○I could feel my growth by myself in RSGF2018. Last year, I could not understand Everyone enjoyed our games. (Intro, zoom, actor quizzes and bingo game) some contents of discussion, but this year, I tried not to have some things that could not Therefore, I could make some good memories. Also, I could learn many things! I have to understand. So if I have them, I asked foreign students all the time. Then I could learn English more. understand 100% of discussion. Also I could tell my opinion to group members a lot. I joined every discussion positively not to miss what foreign students said. I could join not ○Time flies so fast. I learned many things from each activity in this RSGF. Field trip only small group discussion but also mini plenary discussion, so I was satisfied with my was the best thing for these 5 days. I prepared hard with Ririka, and we could make a efforts. The happiest thing is to present our action plan in mini plenary discussion. wonderful time with her. I want to say thank you to her because I could not do anything However, I also have some problems. When I was with my senior and friends. I talked without her. In this RSGF, I played a lot of roles. A leader of small discussion group, with them a lot. So I regretted that I should have talked to foreign students. Also I field trip department, and MC for the closing ceremony. So I didn’t make memories with sometimes spoke in Japanese in front of them because I wanted to understand the international students compared with last year because I was too busy. But this contents of discussion clearly. In addition, I was shocked that I could not join the end of RSGF2018 is the precious experience for my life. I appreciate with all of students, RSGF. However, I’m glad that RSGF2018 made us cry. I’m happy to cooperate as a core teachers, and TAs especially. I want to say thank you to my small group discussion member. members, Margaux, Joy, Muskaan, Mako, Honoka, Ayana and Miku. I was very helpful to them and I could make wonderful memories with them. I hope to see them in the ○I did not expect to cry but could not stop my tears. It was too amazing for me. I’m so future. I want to go to France, Taiwan and India sometime. And when I meet them glad to meet all of the students from overseas and make friends through discussions, again. I want to make a lot of memories with them more than RSGF2018. Thank you for field work, lunch party, and so on. I really appreciate core members that programmed everything, I don’t forget this RSGF 2018 as a treasure of my life. this great event. It was such a wonderful week. It passed really fast. I wish if I had more time. I got so heart-moved when my host sister mentioned my name when she made her ○As a whole of RSGF, I grew up with not only English skills but also a positive attitude. last speech in front of audience as a representative of her school. I hope all the oversea Through RSGF, I made a lot of friends of course, we became nice friends with small students had a good time in Japan. group member and I also made friends through cultural performance. I took participate RSGF last year, too. But this year’s RSGF was better in terms of English ability and a ○I had a really better experience than I had thought. Also, I was so much motivated. It positive attitude toward everything. was really hard to follow the discussions and very difficult to give my opinions because of the lack of my courage and effort. Overseas students have more knowledge than us ○Before starting RSGF, I was very afraid of this event because I can’t speak in the and their English fluency was much better. So, I’d like to improve my English skills to discussion. I was very shocked of this. So I decided one aim. It is “ I speak at least one the same level as theirs by the next year. I realized that communicating with overseas

−35− students is a lot of fun because what they were talking about was really interesting for me. I could have had more conversations with them. I regret that. It is my worst thing about RSGF. However, the best thing about RSGF was preparing a lot as a student committee member of party department of the forum with the two senior students. Considering lunch menu, making quizzes and power point slides to explain the games, decorating the room and so on. I want to be a core member again next year and make RSGF more successful than this year.

○It was really a great experience for me. Especially during the discussion sessions, I was able to talk a lot. Compared with last year, I really felt my English skills had improved. I gave my opinions, made questions and suggestions to the group members and we were able to discuss in details. As a result, our wonderful action plans were born. I was very proud of our action plans. I also gave comments or questions to every poster that I watched during poster sessions. I believe it is the result of practicing in the classes. Every night, I had a task to make Newsletters for RSGF. It was a bit tough, but it became a good memory, too. Next year, I will make RSGF2019 a better forum than this year.

○I am very happy to join RSGF2018. Before RSGF started, I thought RSGF would be a too hard event. However, After finishing RSGF, I thought RSGF is a very wonderful event, and I was proud of having joined RSGF2018. Last year, I joined JSSF. It was also good, but then I couldn’t speak English well, but this year I was able to speak English better than last year, So, I enjoyed talking with foreign students. They were so kind and friendly. I love them very much. Especially my host sister, Agathe, always said to us, “thank you so much for the wonderful day.” I am already missing her. I will never forget the memories with them. Also, I learned a lot of things such as English, discussion skills and so on. So, I thought I have to study more and more. I want to speak English fluently, and I would like to become a good person like my seniors. I will try hard until RSGF2019. Everything is my best memory.

◆What can we do to realize a sustainable world? What can we do to solving problems related to food security? What is important for us to do? What idea came up with you through all the discussions, lectures and activities in RSGF2018? ○Our small group’s idea: Hunger is the biggest problem of food security. And education is the most important to solve problems. If people don’t know NGO’s existence and their activities, they won’t join the programs and donate money. So this education should be

−36− students is a lot of fun because what they were talking about was really interesting for introduction of NGO’s information. me. I could have had more conversations with them. I regret that. It is my worst thing NGOs have some problems. First of all, it is difficult to gather employers. Second, it is about RSGF. However, the best thing about RSGF was preparing a lot as a student difficult to collect money. Third, it is difficult to get trust. And especially Food Bank, committee member of party department of the forum with the two senior students. there are not enough place to store a lot of food. Finally, people don’t have enough Considering lunch menu, making quizzes and power point slides to explain the games, awareness about food security. I confused which problems we can solve. (How to solve decorating the room and so on. I want to be a core member again next year and make NGOs’ problem about food security or How to solve food security problem by NGOs?) RSGF more successful than this year. In plenary discussion, there are four groups. And they focused on Food loss and waste. I think that it is not good because there are many problems about food security in the ○It was really a great experience for me. Especially during the discussion sessions, I world. I think that we have to have more wide viewpoint.Our group’ s SDGs is that if we was able to talk a lot. Compared with last year, I really felt my English skills had put on the food or cloth pictures in Instagram, we should put on hashtag of improved. I gave my opinions, made questions and suggestions to the group members #stopoverconsumption. It means that we should use social media to solve the problem. and we were able to discuss in details. As a result, our wonderful action plans were born. Our mini plenary discussion’s solution is that any people can be educated about food I was very proud of our action plans. I also gave comments or questions to every poster security to especially poor people. In developed countries should cut off food loss or that I watched during poster sessions. I believe it is the result of practicing in the waste. Then, we should provide amount of food losses’ food to developing countries. classes. Every night, I had a task to make Newsletters for RSGF. It was a bit tough, but In conclusion, it is difficult to solve the problem of food security. We could get it became a good memory, too. Next year, I will make RSGF2019 a better forum than opportunity to think about food security. this year. ○I think action plan by high school students is the best way to solve problems related ○I am very happy to join RSGF2018. Before RSGF started, I thought RSGF would be a food security for us. I discussed how each stakeholder can help to solve food security too hard event. However, After finishing RSGF, I thought RSGF is a very wonderful problem, but it is impossible for use, as high school students. We have only small power event, and I was proud of having joined RSGF2018. Last year, I joined JSSF. It was also and it’s hard to change situation of this world by high school students. Especially, action good, but then I couldn’t speak English well, but this year I was able to speak English plans of government, companies can’t achieve by us because we can’t be employers or better than last year, So, I enjoyed talking with foreign students. They were so kind and member of parliament. Also, we can’t go to foreign countries in many times as NGOs or friendly. I love them very much. Especially my host sister, Agathe, always said to us, NPOs because we have to study as high school students. We live in developed country “thank you so much for the wonderful day.” I am already missing her. I will never forget and we are students. We have to think about what high school students can do. In the memories with them. Also, I learned a lot of things such as English, discussion skills plenary discussion session, we discussed what high school students can help to achieve and so on. So, I thought I have to study more and more. I want to speak English fluently, problems related to food security. And we had a lot of action plans. Using SNS such as and I would like to become a good person like my seniors. I will try hard until Instagram of Facebook is easy to do by high school students, Most high school students RSGF2019. Everything is my best memory. who live in Japan have smartphone and SNS. Especially girls often check Instagram. So if we post about foods or fashion on SNS with hashtag something. We can spread ◆What can we do to realize a sustainable world? What can we do to solving problems knowledge about food security problem to people who use SNS. And we decided hashtag, related to food security? What is important for us to do? What idea came up with you #beRitsponsible. I think it is easy to understand the meaning for only Ritsumeikan high through all the discussions, lectures and activities in RSGF2018? school students, teachers, and international students who participated in RSGF2018, ○Our small group’s idea: Hunger is the biggest problem of food security. And education but we can start to do some activities to stop problems of food security from this action is the most important to solve problems. If people don’t know NGO’s existence and their plan. We could make great action plans as high school students. activities, they won’t join the programs and donate money. So this education should be

−37− ○There is a lot of things to do to realize a sustainable world. Today, one third of food are wasted. We can save them, and give them to people suffering from hunger. For example, we have to plan to buy. We are consumers. So we can reduce over consumption. In my house, a lot of food are thrown away. So we should buy the food which we truly need.

○I think the power of young people is so strong. So we can change the world. And in the discussion, group C said we should use social media. I think it’s good idea. Because most of people use SNS. Especially young people use SNS a lot. So we can spread the problems of food security and share ideas and opinions. Moreover, using hashtag is so good. Because we can link the page. I’ll use #beRitsponsible in Instagram. And I saw a lot of post that use #beRitsponsible. From these things, I think SNS have a big power. And I think we should educate to the people that live in developing countries. They don’t have enough knowledge. So they can’t make technologies. To solve this problem, education is so important. And each stakeholder should cooperate. For example, NGOs/ NPOs/ Volunteers can educate people. And government can make policy. All stakeholders have each role. But they need money to solve the problem. So using SNS we should share opinion and spread the role of NGO/ NPO and government and so on. Then people know about their roles. And if they have trust, they donate money to NPO/ NGO and so on. After they get benefit, they can visit developing country will be able to make a good situation. And the people that live in developed countries should donate money and accept people that live in developed countries. The thing which we can do is teaching for developed country’s people. In the discussion, we discussed about less workers. So organizations need more workers. If developed country’s people help to teach for developing country’s people, we will be able to solve problems easily?? Also we have to do is supporting people sustainably.

○We are high school students. That means that we are just consumers. There are some activities that can be done by only consumers but also we have to cooperate with other stakeholders. First, what we can do as high school students is to educate and spread the knowledge for other people. For example, we can educate our friends or family about buying imperfect food and donating food to Food Bank. Also to boycott companies which do not contribute to solving problems of food loss and waste. I though the most serious problem is to buy more than we need. Also we can’t be aware of how much we consume. So we have to find balance what we need by making shopping list. All these things can be done by only high school students. I could realize that there are a lot of things we can

−38− ○There is a lot of things to do to realize a sustainable world. Today, one third of food are do from now. Also we can solve more problems to cooperate with other stakeholders. For wasted. We can save them, and give them to people suffering from hunger. For example, example, we can start volunteering with NGOs and NPOs, donating leftover food to we have to plan to buy. We are consumers. So we can reduce over consumption. In my Food Bank. I realized that there are many things that can be done by high school house, a lot of food are thrown away. So we should buy the food which we truly need. students. So we have to start something as soon as we can.

○I think the power of young people is so strong. So we can change the world. And in the ○I think we can promote online campaign as a high school student and a consumer. discussion, group C said we should use social media. I think it’s good idea. Because most First of all, only consumer is a position that every people stands, so I think it is a of people use SNS. Especially young people use SNS a lot. So we can spread the necessary access to get safety foods. Also there are some ways to agriculture to achieve problems of food security and share ideas and opinions. Moreover, using hashtag is so food security. For example, vertical farming and crop rotation and so on. However, these good. Because we can link the page. I’ll use #beRitsponsible in Instagram. And I saw a are not major and famous in not only Japan but also other regions. Then, recently SNS lot of post that use #beRitsponsible. From these things, I think SNS have a big power. such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook is developing more and more. So, by utilizing And I think we should educate to the people that live in developing countries. They don’t these online, we can spread vertical farming, crop rotation and their products. have enough knowledge. So they can’t make technologies. To solve this problem, Also schools provide workshop to student and government, NGO and NPO provide it to education is so important. And each stakeholder should cooperate. For example, NGOs/ adult to prevent food waste and food loss. So we can spread everything that learned in NPOs/ Volunteers can educate people. And government can make policy. All workshop. However, if it is held, it needs other stakeholders’ help such as NGO, NPO stakeholders have each role. But they need money to solve the problem. So using SNS and government because we don’t have enough power to solve social problems. I think if we should share opinion and spread the role of NGO/ NPO and government and so on. we promote vertical farming and crop rotation, consumers demand their crops. And Then people know about their roles. And if they have trust, they donate money to NPO/ then their crops will be cheaper. After that those ways to agriculture will be more NGO and so on. After they get benefit, they can visit developing country will be able to famous, so their producer will be able to get new technology. For these things, vertical make a good situation. farming and crop rotation will be busy and be sustainable. And the people that live in developed countries should donate money and accept people I believe we can prevent food waste and food loss and solve food security problem with that live in developed countries. The thing which we can do is teaching for developed online to raise our awareness. Also we need cooperation with other stakeholders to aim country’s people. In the discussion, we discussed about less workers. So organizations at solving SDGs and food security problem. need more workers. If developed country’s people help to teach for developing country’s people, we will be able to solve problems easily?? Also we have to do is supporting people ○I focus on resources being wasted especially, and what is needed is the connection sustainably. between each stakeholder. Connection makes cooperation. Also we need human resources. Nowadays, less people work as farmers and especially younger generation ○We are high school students. That means that we are just consumers. There are some are decreasing. What NGO, NPO can do is to open workshops or to introduce food activities that can be done by only consumers but also we have to cooperate with other education lessons in elementary school to get people’s interest and understanding on stakeholders. First, what we can do as high school students is to educate and spread the agriculture. What we can do as high school students is to spread the idea about how knowledge for other people. For example, we can educate our friends or family about important agriculture is and how serious against food security problem is. We have buying imperfect food and donating food to Food Bank. Also to boycott companies which larger power that we expect. Also joining workshops is important. Our activities and do not contribute to solving problems of food loss and waste. I though the most serious thoughts have huge effect on society. We might be able to metion government about food problem is to buy more than we need. Also we can’t be aware of how much we consume. security problem. More people should realize that food security problem is not only in So we have to find balance what we need by making shopping list. All these things can developing countries but also in developed countries like Japan. It is good to get be done by only high school students. I could realize that there are a lot of things we can information and knowledge about this problem and tell them to other people. This is

−39− other connection to think and face what we can do to realize a sustainable world is needed.

○I think education is one of the most important and meaningful things to solve the problems of food security. There are many problems which are related to food security such as food loss, food waste, hunger and so on. Education can be a solution for all these problems. So, each stakeholder needs to cooperate to give people quality education. However, it is difficult for us high school students to educate people. So, something that we can do is to cooperate indirectly. To think about it in detail, we can donate money to NGOs or NPOs which are working for education in the countries in need, or we can just learn about those situations and tell friends about them. Also, we can join some volunteer work to help the, not only for education but also for other things. From the experiences in RSGF2018, I learned many important things and every student had his/her own ideas. I was so impressed that the students at the same age from the different countries also learned together about these important issues, and we were able to discuss food security. I am very happy t have a lot of precious experiences in such as wonderful forum and I am sure we can make more wonderful RSGF next year.

○To sustain something, we should cooperate with each stakeholder; producer, consumer, company, government and NPO/NPO from various aspects. Especially, thinking of food security, food waste/loss in developed countries is the biggest problem, so we should solve this problem first. In my opinion, through RSGF, imperfect food holds the key. My definition of imperfect food is “even though the taste is the same as normal products, it is thrown away because it has irregular shape.” In brief, it is a food waste. Developed countries have thrown away imperfect foods, meanwhile developing countries are still suffering from hunger. To solve this problem, producers evaluate products for A to D. Then, consumers buy products valued D and cook some dishes using these products for school meals. By doing so, imperfect foods were consumed by children. Also, NGOs/NPOs hold some food fairs in school to introduce imperfect foods and raise funds by governments. Teaching to young generation is very important to spread correct information. Furthermore, social media has a great influence among high school students, so hashtag movement is good for reducing food loss/waste.

○To tell the truth, I could not find any feasible answers to this question. Through the RSGF, I was able to spend precious time to think about this issue with foreign students. I was in the Action Department, and we did Campus SDGs at NKC. I think it had a big

−40− other connection to think and face what we can do to realize a sustainable world is effect to gain attention from many people about global issues. I hope the Campus SDGs needed. would be the beginning of thinking about SDGs. SDGs are the great goals for us, and it would be achieved by cooperating with many people. I am proud of joining the Action ○I think education is one of the most important and meaningful things to solve the Department. It was great memory. I felt involving many people is very difficult. How problems of food security. There are many problems which are related to food security can we keep good relationships with others? I was not able to make sure about it. I such as food loss, food waste, hunger and so on. Education can be a solution for all these guess it takes much time to make strong relationships. Food is necessary for us all. Food problems. So, each stakeholder needs to cooperate to give people quality education. is essential for our lives. However, most of us don’t know the facts about food security. However, it is difficult for us high school students to educate people. So, something that Some people don’ care where foods come from. What can we do in the first place is to let we can do is to cooperate indirectly. To think about it in detail, we can donate money to other people know about the serious situations. When people face to the problems about NGOs or NPOs which are working for education in the countries in need, or we can just food security, they might consider these problems more seriously, and they will start learn about those situations and tell friends about them. Also, we can join some thinking more. In my opinion, knowing about these issues, people can review their own volunteer work to help the, not only for education but also for other things. From the life styles more easily. I want many people to get interested in global issues and do some experiences in RSGF2018, I learned many important things and every student had actions. his/her own ideas. I was so impressed that the students at the same age from the different countries also learned together about these important issues, and we were able ○I thought vertical farming and are effective ways to make a sustainable to discuss food security. I am very happy t have a lot of precious experiences in such as world because they are economic and environmentally friendly. First, why is vertical wonderful forum and I am sure we can make more wonderful RSGF next year. farming a good way? The topic of our poster is decreasing the number of farmers and farmland in Japan. To solve this problem, we suggested roof top gardening. At that time, ○To sustain something, we should cooperate with each stakeholder; producer, consumer, I thought it was a very effective way for the urbanized societies in Japan, but some company, government and NPO/NPO from various aspects. Especially, thinking of food house roof tops are not flat. It is a bad point about roof top gardening. However, to do security, food waste/loss in developed countries is the biggest problem, so we should vertical farming, they can apply to anywhere. It is because it is vertical and they can solve this problem first. In my opinion, through RSGF, imperfect food holds the key. My make twice as many crops. I think vertical farming is the application of our project roof definition of imperfect food is “even though the taste is the same as normal products, it top gardening. Also, vertical farming is inside and it doesn’t need some pesticides or is thrown away because it has irregular shape.” In brief, it is a food waste. Developed chemicals. It can make organic crops and it can reduce imperfect crops. Accordingly, it is countries have thrown away imperfect foods, meanwhile developing countries are still good for our health and making crops cheaper. Second, why is aquaponics effective? The suffering from hunger. To solve this problem, producers evaluate products for A to D. project has already started in a school in the Philippines, but it has been common in the Then, consumers buy products valued D and cook some dishes using these products for world. We can save water in the water tank by aquaponics as well as grow plants using school meals. By doing so, imperfect foods were consumed by children. Also, the water. Therefore, we can have aquaponics anywhere. For example, school garden or NGOs/NPOs hold some food fairs in school to introduce imperfect foods and raise funds vertical garden is difficult to have for all the people. On the other hand, aquaponics can by governments. Teaching to young generation is very important to spread correct be done by all the people because we don’t need vast lands and soil. Moreover, we don’t information. Furthermore, social media has a great influence among high school need water. students, so hashtag movement is good for reducing food loss/waste. This is what we can do in a sustainable way.

○To tell the truth, I could not find any feasible answers to this question. Through the RSGF, I was able to spend precious time to think about this issue with foreign students. I was in the Action Department, and we did Campus SDGs at NKC. I think it had a big

−41− 7. 2018 年度スーパーグローバルハイスクール全国高校生フォーラム ポスターセッションポスター

RitsumeikanHigh School #2639 Introduction School can have a good or bad influence on various types of students. They absorb what they learned from teachers directly. According to a national survey, one out of 20 people is recognized as LGBTQ but generally most teachers said that they have never met one. According to Professor Fujiwara at Sugiyama Women’s Gakuen University, teachers at different educational levels in Japan misunderstand the basic general knowledge about LGBTQ. This causes LGBTQ students not to come forward as LGBTQ in the classroom. Teachers have to be released from stereotyping students as either male or female. Usually, people have previously defined gender roles which is called “Doing Gender”. It is necessary to compare how gender education is taught in Japan and other countries to reveal what is lacking in health education classes in Japan. Ⅰ . Questionnaire Investigation Ⅱ. Comparison between the Netherlands and Japan ➢ September to October ➢ About 60 Ritsumeikan teachers [Why the Netherlands?] ➢ Based on the survey “LGBT Intention Survey Report of 5,979 teachers” (November 2011, ◆ First country which conducted same sex marriage registration in the world Yasuharu Hidaka) (April 1, 2001) ◆ Gender education which is based on sexual diversity became mandatory Q1-1 Do you think that the environment at Q2-1 Do you consider your students’ gender when ◆ Ritsumeikan Junior and Senior High School is a Best country for LGBTQ rights [2014. The Gallup Organization] assigning roles and responsibilities in class? comfortable place for students who are in a sexual minority? 2% 2% The Netherlands 5% ➢ Toolkit Working with Schools 1.0 [Global Alliance for LGBTQ Education NO YES (GALE)] YES NO 49% Junior high school=No 45% (Examples of lessons) Senior high school=Yes 53% ➢ ～ 44% I don't know No manliness No womanliness (age 4 6) [Each person is special and unique] ➢Partners may not be members of the opposite sex all the time (age 6～9) [Respect Gender Diversity >> Educational Freedom] Q1-2 Which part of the school environment is good for Q2-2 Have you ever felt gender bias from ➢“De Dokter Corrie Show” School TV, an educational program (age 9～12) students who are in the sexual minority? your teachers? 4% school morals

educational policies 15% 32% uniforms Japan intention among students NO YES Ministry of Education designed coursebooks do not include topics about 15% others 49% sexual minorities because it is said that there is a lack of general recognition of teachers 51% understanding about LGBTQ. As a country, LGBTQ is slowly gaining recognition. 17% 17% However, it is not accepted in society.

1-1 and 1-2 • NPO are actually moving to change the situation Ex) Rebit ➢ Sex Education taught in school as heterosexual • Some local Boards of Education have started providing lessons about ➢ Nobody doubts the current situation → However, no recognition of “Doing Gender” gender by experts for teachers. Ex: Professor Fujiwara→Aichi prefecture 2-1 and 2-2 ➢ Teachers said “NO” but students said “YES” ➢ Teachers unintentionally prescribe gender roles. Future Plan Solution (Ideal Plan) 1. Experts will train 1. “Train the Trainer” teachers. “Initially training a person or people who, in turn, train other people at their Having workshop home agency.“ Experts [meanings from Society for Research on Educational Effectives] [to breakdown gender Teachers have a lecture from experts. stereotypes among Train teachers to have a lesson about sexual minorities for their students in teachers] each grade. Based on my questionnaire investigation, teachers have knowledge about sexual minorities, but they still continue to misunderstand the role of gender in the classroom. Workshop 2. Make a workshop in cooperation with teachers Hold a workshop with teachers to consider incorporating gender education at our school. Teachers 2. Teachers have to 3.Encourage the efforts of local boards of education to accept the concept to spread general awareness about LGBTQ+. explain it to the students Solutions related to SDGs Lessons for each class #4 Quality Education 3. Having lessons about sexual diversity ✓ Shift awareness within Gender in their class Education ✓ Offered to all children ✓ Teachers become role models for 5. Change the concept children of gender from the students point of view #5 Gender Equality ✓ Improve laws Students →Include gender education in school References 1. Williams Distinguished Scholar, Gary J. Gates (2011) How many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender? Retrieved in 2018 from curriculums https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf 2. Health issue.jp, Yasuharu Hidaka, (November, 2015) Kyouin 5,979 nin no LGBT tyousa repo-to [LGBT intention survey report of 5,979 teachers]. Retrieved on 2018 ✓ Change the Concept of Gender from http://www.health-issue.jp/kyouintyousa201511.pdf 3. Naoko Richters, (2018), Zero sai kara hajimaru oranndano seikyouiku [the sexual education in the Netherlands which start from 1 month old baby]. Tokyo:Nihon Hyouronsha. 4. Toguchi Takuya and Kasai Makiko, (2016), International Comparison of educational Practices on Sexual and Gender Diversities: Bulletin of center Collaboration in #10 Reduce Inequalities Community Naruto University of Education, No.30, 65-73. 5. Andrew R. flores, Andrew Park and M.V. Lee Badgett, (2018), New Measure of LGBT Acceptance and Inclusion Worldwide. Retrieved in 2018 from ✓ https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/press-releases/lgbt-acceptance-increases-press-release/ Overall acceptance within society 6. Chuo Kyoiku Shingikai Shoto Chuto Kyoiku Bunkakai(2017), Personal Pages of Chuuou Kyouiku Shinngikai Shotou Chuutou Kyouiku Bunnkakai, Retrieved on 2018 from http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo3/siryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/08/09/1387466_10_1.pdf

−42−

キャンパス SDGs at NKC 事前事後アンケート結果分析報告書

2018/12/15 RSGF2018 生徒実行委員会アクション部署 SGH 推進機構

−43− キャンパス SDGs at NKC 事前事後アンケート結果分析報告書 本文

2018/12/15 RSGF2018 生徒実行委員会アクション部署 SGH 推進機構 概要 キャンペーン名：キャンパス SDGs at NKC（長岡京キャンパス） 実施期間 ：2018 年 11 月 10 日（土）～2018 年 11 月 24 日（土）の 2 週間 実施内容 ：①期間中に SDGs 認知向上のためのポスターの校内掲示 約 100 枚 ②SDGs から想を得て作成した中高生にできること（＝アクション） を示した 17 の具体的行動目標を記した日本語版ポスターの校内掲示 約 600 枚 ③RSGF2018（11/13-17）期間中に海外生用として②の英語版ポスタ ーの校内掲示 約 90 枚 ④RSGF2018 の具体的行動計画として討議し合意した、②の発展版 としての「SUSTAINABLE STUDENTS ACTIONS 17 POSSIBLE ACTIONS MADE IN RSGF2018」を示した PP スライドをメインエ ントランスで投映（11/26～年度末まで） ⑤事前・事後アンケートを中高全クラスおよび教職員対象に実施 ⑥キャンペーン終了後にアンケート結果分析を含めキャンペーン活 動報告を実施（12/19 終業式後の高校全校集会） ⑦⑥について、活動報告サマリーをポスターにして校内に掲示

事前アンケート 中学 336，高校 574 総計 910（有効回答数） ＊ただし、設問によって中高別および総計のばらつきがあり（無回答等）、866～928 の 範囲で推移。上記数字は Q1 の回答数。 事後アンケート 中学 354，高校 559 総計 913（有効回答数） ＊ただし、設問によって中高別および総計のばらつきがあり（無回答等）、703～913 の 範囲で推移。上記数字は Q1 の回答数。 注 1.事後アンケートでは J3 はその期間が AA 研修中のため未実施（ちなみに事前アンケー ト回収率は J3 が研修直前ということもあり、著しく低かった）。 2.GL コース 2，3 年（実数計 74 名）は事前事後ともアンケート対象外として実施せず。 3.中高全クラス（1656 名）に協力を呼びかけた（回収率事前 55% 、事後 64% 910,913/1656,1422）。また、中高教職員にも協力を呼びかけたが、回収率が低かったため、 中高教職員については除外して考察をすることとした。（回収率約 5.5～9.5% 11,19/200）

−44− キャンパス SDGs at NKC 事前事後アンケート結果分析報告書 本文 Q1.SDGS を知っているか 事前認知度 少し知ってい 2018/12/15 よく知ってい SDGs る る 9% 生徒実行委員会アクション部署 RSGF2018 2% SGH 推進機構 あまり知らな い 概要 6% キャンペーン名：キャンパス （長岡京キャンパス） SDGs at NKC 知らない 実施期間 ：2018 年 11 月 10 日（土）～2018 年 11 月 24 日（土）の 2 週間 76% 実施内容 ：①期間中に SDGs 認知向上のためのポスターの校内掲示 約 100 枚 ほとんど知ら ②SDGs から想を得て作成した中高生にできること（＝アクション） ない を示した 17 の具体的行動目標を記した日本語版ポスターの校内掲示 7% 約 600 枚 よく知っている 少し知っている あまり知らない ③RSGF2018（11/13-17）期間中に海外生用として②の英語版ポスタ ほとんど知らない 知らない ーの校内掲示 約 90 枚 ④RSGF2018 の具体的行動計画として討議し合意した、②の発展版 としての「SUSTAINABLE STUDENTS ACTIONS 17 POSSIBLE SDGs事後認知向上度 ACTIONS MADE IN RSGF2018」を示した PP スライドをメインエ おおいに変化 ントランスで投映（ ～年度末まで） まったくない 11/26 7% 22% ⑤事前・事後アンケートを中高全クラスおよび教職員対象に実施 少し変化 ほとんどない 37% ⑥キャンペーン終了後にアンケート結果分析を含めキャンペーン活 18% 動報告を実施（12/19 終業式後の高校全校集会） あまりない ⑦⑥について、活動報告サマリーをポスターにして校内に掲示 16%

事前アンケート 中学 336，高校 574 総計 910（有効回答数） ＊ただし、設問によって中高別および総計のばらつきがあり（無回答等）、 ～ の 866 928 おおいに変化 少し変化 あまりない 範囲で推移。上記数字は Q1 の回答数。 ほとんどない まったくない 事後アンケート 中学 354，高校 559 総計 913（有効回答数） ＊ただし、設問によって中高別および総計のばらつきがあり（無回答等）、703～913 の 範囲で推移。上記数字は Q1 の回答数。 事前アンケートからは、SDGs 自体のそれまでの認知度が中高生徒全体で、 注 1.事後アンケートでは J3 はその期間が AA 研修中のため未実施（ちなみに事前アンケー 知っている（よく知っている、すこしは知っている を含む）が計 11％ ト回収率は J3 が研修直前ということもあり、著しく低かった）。 知らない（あまり知らない、ほとんど知らない、知らない を含む）が計 89％ 2.GL コース 2，3 年（実数計 74 名）は事前事後ともアンケート対象外として実施せず。 だったが、事後アンケートでは、 3.中高全クラス（1656 名）に協力を呼びかけた（回収率事前 55% 、事後 64% 向上（大いに変化、少し変化 を含む）が計 44% 910,913/1656,1422）。また、中高教職員にも協力を呼びかけたが、回収率が低かったため、 向上なし（あまりない、ほとんどない、まったくない、を含む）が計 56% だった。 中高教職員については除外して考察をすることとした。（回収率約 5.5～9.5% 11,19/200） → 11%から 44%と 4 倍に認知度が向上したことがうかがえ、大いに認知度向上に貢献

−45− したと言える。さらに中学生に限って分析すると、その向上数値が大きいことがわかった。 → 中学：6%→40%、高校:13%→46% このことから、仮説として早期からの教育が認知度向上等のより一層の効果を生む可能 性があると言える。 事後 Q2 張り紙を見かけたか？

一度も× ほとんど× ポスター 8% 6% 認知度

何度か たくさん 14% 48%

まあまあ 24%

たくさん まあまあ 何度か ほとんど× 一度も×

認 知（「見た」：たくさん、まあまあ、何度か を含む）が計 86％ 非認知（「見なかった」：ほぼ見ていない、一度も見ていない を含む）が計 14％ → 圧倒的に認知が高かったが、これがそのまま SDGs 認知向上には繋がっていないこと （SDGs 自体の認知は 40%、張り紙認知は 85.7%）については、張り紙が SDGs 自体では なくそれに想を得て中高生にでもできるアクションとして考えたものであったので両者は イコールの関係ではなかったこと、企画の意図として張り紙をきっかけに自ら SDGs につ いて知ろうとする姿勢を喚起するという位置づけだったためということも考えられる。 事後 Q3 標語の内容に実際に取り組んだか 積極的 標語の取り 5%

組み度

取り組まな かった

25% 自分にできる ことは取り組 んだ ほとんど取り 38% 組まなかった 32%

積極的 自分に ほとんど× 取り組まなかった

−46− したと言える。さらに中学生に限って分析すると、その向上数値が大きいことがわかった。 取り組んだ（「積極的に取り組んだ」「自分にできることは取り組んだ」）が計 43% → 中学：6%→40%、高校:13%→46% 取り組まなかった（「ほとんど取り組まなかった」「取り組まなかった」）が計 57% このことから、仮説として早期からの教育が認知度向上等のより一層の効果を生む可能 性があると言える。 事前 Q3 今後の SDGs に関する活動に対してどう思うか 事後 Q2 張り紙を見かけたか？ 取り組む（「積極的に取り組んでいこうと思う」「自分にできることをやろうと思う」）が 計 一度も× 54.8% ほとんど× ポスター 8% 取り組まない（「あまりやりたくないと思う」「やらないと思う」）が計 45.2% 6% 認知度 →取り組む意欲を見せていた生徒の割合より実際に取り組んだ生徒の割合が 12.1%（101 人） 少なかった。意識と行動の間の乖離を埋めることができなかった。ただ、人間の行動要因は 複雑な要素が絡み合っているので、例えばインセンティブ効果など行動経済学的な観点を 何度か たくさん 14% 含んだ取り組みを検討するなどの工夫が必要。 48% また、

まあまあ 事後 Q6 今後世界をよくするためにできることをしようと思うか 24% 国際問題に対する意識 思わない たくさん まあまあ 何度か ほとんど× 一度も× 7% あまり思わな い 積極的 8% 10% 認 知（「見た」：たくさん、まあまあ、何度か を含む）が計 86％ 非認知（「見なかった」：ほぼ見ていない、一度も見ていない を含む）が計 14％ → 圧倒的に認知が高かったが、これがそのまま SDGs 認知向上には繋がっていないこと （SDGs 自体の認知は 40%、張り紙認知は 85.7%）については、張り紙が SDGs 自体では 自分にできる なくそれに想を得て中高生にでもできるアクションとして考えたものであったので両者は こと イコールの関係ではなかったこと、企画の意図として張り紙をきっかけに自ら SDGs につ 75% いて知ろうとする姿勢を喚起するという位置づけだったためということも考えられる。 積極的 自分にできること あまり思わない 思わない 事後 Q3 標語の内容に実際に取り組んだか 積極的 標語の取り 5% 取り組む（「積極的にしようと思う」「自分にできることをしようと思う」）が計 85% 組み度 取り組まない（「あまりしようとは思わない」「思わない」）が計 15% 取り組まな かった →世界の問題に対して取り組む意欲をみせた生徒は全体の 85%（756 人）と、事前アンケー 25% 自分にできる トにおいて「取り組む」と答えた人数より ポイント（ 人）も増加した。 ことは取り組 30.7 281 んだ これらの結果から考えられることは、キャンパス の取り組みを通して、国際問題 ほとんど取り SDGs 38% 組まなかった に対する生徒の興味関心やその課題解決に対する意欲の向上にはつながったものの、今回 32% の企画が生徒にとって取り組みやすいものではなかったことがうかがえる。それは、下の 事後 Q4 の結果からも分かるように、具体的に何のために何をすればよいのかということ

積極的 自分に ほとんど× 取り組まなかった が明確でないものも多かったことが関係していると考えられる。

−47− 事後 Q4 どの番号の標語に実際に取り組んだか 中高全体順位 1. #3 手洗い・うがいをしよう 2. #7 ストップ電気のつけっぱなし 3. #2 ごはんは腹八分目まで 4. #6 音消しは水ではなく音姫を（中学５位） 5. #12 モノは友達 6. #11 みんなの学校を大切に（中学４位） 7. #15 コピーは最低限の枚数で（中学８位） 8. #14 財布携帯マイバッグ（中学７位、高校９位） 9. #10 みんな同じ地球人（高校８位） 10. #8 いつもお仕事おつかれさま 11. #5「らしさ」にこだわらず 12. #4 目標は、生徒兼先生、 #9 いたわろうスマホと高齢者（中学 14 位） #16 自分の「正しさ」を信じないで 15. #1 募金箱に入れてみよう（高校１３位） 16. #13 お金も気温も上がり放題 17. #17 誰かの HELP に気付けるセンサー（中学 14 位）

・中高で順位はほとんど変わらない →標語の分かりやすさ、実行しやすさが表れた順になっているのではないかと考えられる。

・一見すれば何をすればいいのかが分かる標語（8 位ぐらいまでは全てそう作られているも の）は順位が高く、その中でも家庭を含め基本的な生活習慣として身についていると想像で きる、いわば当たり前なものほど順位が高い傾向となった（例：1 位手洗いうがい）。 →ポスター自体の認知度が高く、標語を見て考える機会がが多かったことがうかがえる

・#6（トイレでの節水）は女子トイレのみの張り出しだったにも関わらず 4 位だった。 →パーソナル・スペースで一人で見る場所に貼った影響か。

事前 Q2 どこで SDGs を知ったのか ・1 位は学校の授業（46%）。その中でも 60％以上が高 1 で、圧倒的に多かった。 →これは GJ が現代社会解析、英語プレゼンテーションの中で取り扱ったことによるもの ・中学生で授業と答えた生徒が三学年合わせても６名しかおらず、授業でほとんど扱ってい ないことが今回の結果からうかがえる →各授業等で扱っていただければと考える。

−48− 事後 Q4 どの番号の標語に実際に取り組んだか ・授業以外ではその他を除くとテレビが多い（12%）。インターネットの時代とはいえ、SDGs 中高全体順位 に関する情報を自ら得ようとすることはなく、いわば受容的なメディアであるテレビの影 1. #3 手洗い・うがいをしよう 響は大きい。最近はニュース番組でも耳にすることが多いため今回の企画で興味関心が高 2. #7 ストップ電気のつけっぱなし まったことから、そのことに気付けるようセンサーを張って欲しい。 3. #2 ごはんは腹八分目まで その他では研修系の意見が多い。研修に参加できる国際系コースとそれ以外で認知度の差 4. #6 音消しは水ではなく音姫を（中学５位） が生まれる理由の一つなのではないか。 5. #12 モノは友達 6. #11 みんなの学校を大切に（中学４位） 事後 Q7 意見・感想 7. #15 コピーは最低限の枚数で（中学８位） ・どこか他人事のような自分がいた。 8. #14 財布携帯マイバッグ（中学７位、高校９位） →異常気象や自然災害の増加など、自分たちにも影響があることを活動報告の場で触れて、 9. #10 みんな同じ地球人（高校８位） SDGs の趣旨である持続可能な社会をつくる必要があることを理解してもらう。 10. #8 いつもお仕事おつかれさま ・コアや CE コースも参加できる企画にするべき。学校全体でできる取り組みを増やして 11. #5「らしさ」にこだわらず ほしい。 12. #4 目標は、生徒兼先生、 #9 いたわろうスマホと高齢者（中学 14 位） →三学期にもっと取り組みやすい企画を作成する予定。 #16 自分の「正しさ」を信じないで ・張り出すだけで行動がない。きれいごとばかり。意見を交わすなど、実際に行動すべき。 15. #1 募金箱に入れてみよう（高校１３位） →今はこれから行っていく具体的なアクションに多くの生徒に参加してもらうための意識 16. #13 お金も気温も上がり放題 向上の種まきの段階としてこの企画をしたということを活動報告の場で説明する。 17. #17 誰かの HELP に気付けるセンサー（中学 14 位） ・今後もこのような取り組みを定期的にしてほしい。 →GL2 年生とも連携して活動母体を拡大し、継続的に学校全体を巻き込んだアクションを ・中高で順位はほとんど変わらない 考えていくべき。このような意見が出たことは、国際系コース以外の生徒も何かしたいとい →標語の分かりやすさ、実行しやすさが表れた順になっているのではないかと考えられる。 う意欲が生まれたということでもあり、よかった。 ・コピーは＃１２と矛盾している。紙の資源の無駄。 ・一見すれば何をすればいいのかが分かる標語（8 位ぐらいまでは全てそう作られているも →紙の資源を無駄遣いすることに対して、もったいないという気持ちが生まれたことにつ の）は順位が高く、その中でも家庭を含め基本的な生活習慣として身についていると想像で いてはよかったと思う。みんながそれに気づいてこれから紙の使用量をできるだけ減らす きる、いわば当たり前なものほど順位が高い傾向となった（例：1 位手洗いうがい）。 努力につながるのなら、今回使用した大量の紙は無駄ではなかったと考える。 →ポスター自体の認知度が高く、標語を見て考える機会がが多かったことがうかがえる ・自分が積極的でないからかもしれないが、何をしているのか分からなかった。 →もう少し何をするにも事前に説明や狙いをみんなにさらに伝えて理解してもらわないと ・#6（トイレでの節水）は女子トイレのみの張り出しだったにも関わらず 4 位だった。 いけなかったのが反省点の一つだと思う。 →パーソナル・スペースで一人で見る場所に貼った影響か。 ・いきなりでびっくりした。 →上の質問と同じで、説明不足だったと思う。 事前 Q2 どこで SDGs を知ったのか ・SDGs は何の略なのか。結局何かわからない。 ・1 位は学校の授業（46%）。その中でも 60％以上が高 1 で、圧倒的に多かった。 →活動報告の場で SDGs についてもう一度簡単に説明する予定。 →これは GJ が現代社会解析、英語プレゼンテーションの中で取り扱ったことによるもの ・学校の様々なところに張り出されていて目に留まり、読むのが楽しかった。 ・中学生で授業と答えた生徒が三学年合わせても６名しかおらず、授業でほとんど扱ってい →貼る場所やデザインを工夫したらもっと反響があったのかも。 ないことが今回の結果からうかがえる ・普段あまり知ることのない GL コースの活動を見ることができて良かった。 →各授業等で扱っていただければと考える。 →自分たちが思っている以上に GL コースの活動や勉強している内容は伝わっていない。

−49− そういうことを今回のような企画を通してもっと伝えていく努力をしていきたい。 ・アンケートの意味があるのか。 →活動報告の場で分析結果を公表することにより、意味があったと思ってもらいたい。意識 調査の面では大変意義のあるアンケートだったと思う。 ・ポスターをもっと具体的にしたり、イラストを入れたりと工夫してほしい。 →分かりにくいという意見はいくつかあったので、そこはもう少し工夫するべきだった。 ・社会問題に興味を持つきっかけとなった。 →今回の企画の目標の一つだったので、この意見が出てよかった。 ・世界で起きていることに目を向けようと思った。 →上の意見と同じく、この意見が出てよかった。 ・標語が面白かったし、読むのが楽しかった。 →それが世界の問題への関心の向上につながっていたらうれしい。 ・続けてほしい。もっと長期間貼ってほしい。 →また何か貼れたらいいと思う。 ・できる限り世界のみんなのために頑張ろうと思えた。 →その気持ちをずっと持っていてほしいし、それを継続できるようにするのが GL コース の役割ではないか。 ・目につくところに貼ってあるため、自然と学習できて良かった。 →貼る場所の工夫はこれからどんな掲示をするにしてもよく考えるべきだと思う。 ・世界の課題なのに全校生徒が参加していないのは筋が通っていないのでは。 →参加型イベントがあってほしいという声も多かったので、今回の企画での意識向上を踏 まえてもう少し参加系の企画を検討できればと思う。

以 上 RSGF2018 生徒実行委員会アクション部署長 梅本怜奈 SGH 推進機構 2018/12/15

−50− NKC キャンパスをご使用の皆様へ RSGF(Rits Super Global Forum)2018 SGH 推進機構 そういうことを今回のような企画を通してもっと伝えていく努力をしていきたい。 アクション部署 部署長 梅本怜奈(H3-8) ・アンケートの意味があるのか。 2018/11/09 →活動報告の場で分析結果を公表することにより、意味があったと思ってもらいたい。意識 キャンパス SDGs at NKC(長岡京キャンパス) 事前アンケートについて 調査の面では大変意義のあるアンケートだったと思う。 私たち GL コース生は 11/13～17 に NKC キャンパスで RSGF2018 を実施します。それに伴い、11/10(土)～11/24(土) ・ポスターをもっと具体的にしたり、イラストを入れたりと工夫してほしい。 の２週間を「キャンパス SDGs at NKC」キャンペーンとして、地球の様々な問題解決のために自分たちにできること →分かりにくいという意見はいくつかあったので、そこはもう少し工夫するべきだった。 をキャンパス内で実際にやっていくつもりです。SDGs とは、2015 年国連サミットで採択された「持続可能な開発の ・社会問題に興味を持つきっかけとなった。 ための 2030 アジェンダ」の 2030 年までの国際目標です。地球上の誰一人として取り残さないことを誓い、人類全体 →今回の企画の目標の一つだったので、この意見が出てよかった。 が取り組むものだとされています。今、世界で起こる様々な問題は何で、どういったことができるのかということを ・世界で起きていることに目を向けようと思った。 知ってもらうのと同時に、何ができるのかをみなさんと一緒に考えていきたいと思っています。 →上の意見と同じく、この意見が出てよかった。 このたび、キャンペーンの事前と事後にみなさんのお考えを聞かせていただければと思い、以下のアンケートを作 ・標語が面白かったし、読むのが楽しかった。 成しました。お手数ですがご協力いただければと思います。よろしくお願いいたします。 →それが世界の問題への関心の向上につながっていたらうれしい。 事前アンケート アンケート（あてはまる項目にチェックしてください） ・続けてほしい。もっと長期間貼ってほしい。 →また何か貼れたらいいと思う。 ・できる限り世界のみんなのために頑張ろうと思えた。 あなたの属性 中学生 ○1 年生 ○2 年生 ○3 年生 ○男 ○女 →その気持ちをずっと持っていてほしいし、それを継続できるようにするのが GL コース 高校生 ○1 年生 ○2 年生 ○3 年生 ○男 ○女 ○ ○ の役割ではないか。 教職員、その他 男 女 ・目につくところに貼ってあるため、自然と学習できて良かった。 Q1. SDGs を知っていますか。 ○よく知っている ○すこしは知っている ○あまり知らない →貼る場所の工夫はこれからどんな掲示をするにしてもよく考えるべきだと思う。 ○ほとんど知らない ○知らない ・世界の課題なのに全校生徒が参加していないのは筋が通っていないのでは。 →参加型イベントがあってほしいという声も多かったので、今回の企画での意識向上を踏 Q2. Q1.で「よく知っている」「すこしは知っている」と答えた方に聞きます。どこで（どのように）知り ましたか（複数回答可）。 まえてもう少し参加系の企画を検討できればと思う。 ○学校の授業（具体的な科目名； ） ○ネット ○ＴＶ

○保護者 ○教員 ○その他（具体的に： ） 以 上 Q3. これから NKC キャンパスで SDGs に関する様々な活動を呼びかけていきますが、それについてはどう RSGF2018 生徒実行委員会アクション部署長 梅本怜奈 思いますか。 SGH 推進機構 ○積極的に取り組んでいこうと思う ○自分にできることをやろうと思う 2018/12/15 ○あまりやりたくないと思う ○やらないと思う

Q4. 将来の社会にとってあなたが今最も問題だと考えていることは何ですか（複数回答可）。 ○貧困をなくそう ○飢餓をゼロに ○すべての人に健康と福祉を ○質の高い教育をみんなに ○ジェンダー平等を実現しよう ○安全な水とトイレを世界中に ○エネルギーをみんなにそしてクリーンに ○働きがいも経済成長も ○産業と技術革新の基盤をつくろう ○人や国の不平等をなくそう ○住み続けられるまちづくりを ○つくる責任つかう責任 ○気候変動に具体的な対策を ○海の豊かさを守ろう ○陸の豊かさを守ろう ○平和と公正をすべての人に ○パートナーシップで目標を達成しよう Q5. Q4.のような問題解決のために現在あなたが取り組んでいることはありますか(レジ袋をもらわない等)。 ○ない ○ある（具体的に； ） 裏面のチラシもご覧ください。ご協力ありがとうございました。

−51− キャンパスSDGs at NKC はじめます！2018/11/10-24

RSGF2018 アクション部署 ●SDGsとは？ →「Sustainable Development Goals（持続可能な開発目標）」の略で、 国連で採択された、2016～2030年までの間に全世界で達成したい17 個の目標と、それに対する169個のより具体的な目標から成るもの です！各目標にはそれぞれ番号が振られています！

部活でチームの目標に向かってみんなで頑張るのと同じ ように、世界全体でも全ての国が同じ方向を向いて行動 するためには、目標があった方が分かりやすいよね！

●キャンパスSDGsって何するの？ → SDGsの達成には世界中の人の力が必要で、もちろん私たちもその 一員ですが、認知度が低いのが現状です。それを改善するため、そ してSDGsをもっと身近に感じてもらうために、その目標と関連のあ る場所にそれにまつわるポスターを設置する、という内容の企画で す！この企画を通して、何か自分にできることを探してください！

●ポスターの内容は？ → （例）目標１ 貧困をなくそう

キャッチコピー SDGsのロゴマーク （私たちにできることの例）

目標番号＆ロゴマーク 目標の説明 （今起こっている問題）

−52− NKC キャンパスをご使用の皆様へ RSGF(Rits Super Global Forum)2018 SGH 推進機構 アクション部署 部署長 梅本怜奈(H3-8) 2018/11/26 キャンパス SDGs at NKC(長岡京キャンパス) 事後アンケートについて 先日は事前アンケートにご協力ありがとうございました。さて、私たち GL コース生が 11/13～17 に実施した RSGF2018 の一環として、11/10(土)～11/24(土)の約２週間、地球の様々な問題解決のために自分たちにできること をキャンパス内に掲示する「キャンパス SDGs at NKC」キャンペーンを実施してきました。SDGs とは、2015 年国連 サミットで採択された「持続可能な開発のための 2030 アジェンダ」の 2030 年までの国際目標です。この企画を通し て、今世界で起こる様々な問題は何で、どういったことができるのかということを知り、考えるきっかけになってい れば幸いです。このたび 2 週間のキャンペーン期間が終了したところで、あらためてみなさんの思いを聞かせていた だければと思い、以下のアンケートを作成しました。お手数ですがご協力よろしくお願いいたします。

アンケート（あてはまる項目にチェックしてください） 事後アンケート

あなたの属性 中学生 ○1 年生 ○2 年生 ○3 年生 ○男 ○女 高校生 ○1 年生 ○2 年生 ○3 年生 ○男 ○女 教職員、その他 ○男 ○女 Q1. 今回のキャンペーン前と比べて、SDGS の認知度に変化はありましたか（SDGs をより知ることができ ましたか）。 ○大いに変化した（よく知るようになった） ○少しは変化した（すこしは知るようになった） ○あまり変化はない（あまり知らない） ○ほとんど変化はない（ほとんど知らない） ○まったく変化はない（まったく知らない） Q2. この 2 週間、校内でキャンパス SDGs の張り紙を見かけましたか。 ○たくさん見た ○まあまあ見た ○何度か見た ○ほぼ見ていない ○一度も見ていない Q3. キャンパス SDGs の張り紙の標語の内容に実際に取り組みましたか。 標語内容 1.募金箱に入れてみよう 2.ごはんは腹八分目まで 3.手洗い・うがいをしよう 4.目標は、生徒兼先生 5.「らしさ」にこだわらず 6.音消しは水ではなく音姫を 7.ストップ電気のつけっぱなし 8.いつもお仕事おつかれさま 9.いたわろうスマホと高齢者 10.みんな同じ地球人 11.みんなの学校を大切に 12.モノは友達 13.お金も気温も上がり放題 14.財布携帯マイバッグ 15.コピーは最低限の枚数で 16.自分の「正しさ」を信じないで 17.誰かの HELP に気付けるセンサー ○積極的に取り組んだ ○自分にできることは取り組んだ ○ほぼ取り組まなかった ○取り組まなかった Q4. Q3.で「積極的に取り組んだ」「自分にできることは取り組んだ」と答えた方に聞きます。具体的に何番 に取り組みましたか（複数回答可）。 （番号： ）

ウラへ ↓

−53− Q5. 今回の企画を通して、世界で今起こっている問題やその課題解決について、あなたの関心は高まりました か。 ○高まった ○少し高まった ○あまり高まらなかった ○ほとんど高まらなかった ○高まらなかった Q6. 今後、世界をよくするためにできることをしようと思いますか。 ○積極的にしようと思う ○自分にできることをしようと思う ○あまりしようとは思わない ○思わない Q7. 今回の企画に対しての意見・感想があれば、以下にお願いします。

今後、事前事後アンケートの結果を分析して学校 HP 等で紹介させていただきたいと思います。 ご協力ありがとうございました。

−54−

−55−

−56− 2019/3/1

9. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果発表会代表プレゼンテーション・パワーポイント

LABOR CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF THE FAST FASHION INDUSTRY

Rana Plaza Collapse Water Pollution

Illegal building extensions

Death: 1,134 From crack to collapse Injured: 2,500

SWEATSHOP LABOR MOVEMENT FASHION REVOLUTION DETOX CAMPAIGN ・ Low wage Average wage for per month Per hour by GREENPEACE 8000 yen 15 yen ・ Long working hours ・ Child labor ・ Environmental insecurity ・ Impacts on environment

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1 2019/3/1

ENSURING TRANSPARENCY

• 37% of brands are publishing supplier lists • 16% of brands are publishing their processing facilities where clothes are dyed, printed and finished • Only 1 brands are publishing its suppliers of raw material

ESG INVESTING

CONNECTION WITH ALL STAKEHOLDERS

United Nations support NGOs/NPOs observation

Local labors Consumers Government → Raising awarenessobservation fund raising

making law communication Companies

WHO PAYS THE PRICE OF OUR CLOTHING???

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2 2019/3/1

How to solve Child labor in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ~The relationship between child labor and developed countries~

 The situation of Child labor in the Congo  Smart phone

Mining labors Penetration of Smart phone Penetration of Smart phone - rare metals in Congo in Japan

23.0% 24.5% - Carry heavy loads 75.5% - Work 12 hours 77.0% but

Get only 1.2 dollars

 The situation of Child labor in the word  Conflict

- Military forces from Uganda and Burundi began to attack the Congo - Produced more than 5.4 million victims - The media rarely covers this story

152 million children were in child labor Of which 73 million were in hazardous work

Hazardous child labor : Work in dangerous or unhealthy conditions that could result in a child being killed, or injured, made ill as a consequence.

−59− 1 2019/3/1

 Conflict minerals

- Mined in an area of armed conflict - Traded illegally to finance the fighting Ex: tin, cobalt, diamond, gold

1. Become a source of fund 2. Continue fighting

Conflict minerals cause child labor

 Solution

“Fair phone”

- Made from fair trade - Uses raw materials - Publishes all the processes and data

→ Transparent

 What can we do?

“Convenient life” of developed countries people is built on the sacrifice of people living in the Congo

Our lives are not unrelated to this problem. Should raise awareness about issues in the world to make a better world.

−60− 2 10. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果発表会 ポスターセッションポスター 抜粋

Solving the Poverty and Environmental Issues in the Philippines through Sustainable Architecture Introduction A poverty and environmental issues are the biggest global issues in the world. According to the World Poverty Clock, there is 6 Billion people who live in extreme poverty in the world (8% of world population). It is not small amount of number. The World Bank updated the international poverty line to US$1.90 a day, from US$1.25 a day. The poverty line was revised to incorporate new information on differences in the cost of living across countries. The World Bank also announced that, using the new line, global poverty has fallen from 902 million people (12.8% of the global population) in 2012, to 702 million people (9.6% of the global population) in 2015. As it says there is still a lot of people who are facing starvation in all over the world. So it is a time to corporate with whole world and people in the earth need to achieve SDGs until 2030. Issues in the Philippines Poverty Environmental Issues 【Poverty rate】 【The rate of access to clean water】 Before the MDGs was published: 33.15% Before the MDGs was published:27% The end of MDGs (in 2015)：18.94 % The end of MDGs (in 2015)：16.6%

【Cause of poverty】 ・ The poverty has been passed generation to 【Cause of environmental issues】 generation ・Method of waste. ・Building collapse and lose one’s job caused by ・A quality of water in Philippines is low natural disasters The importance of building for people ・Product people a base and center of one’s life ・Produce more material resources then clothing and food ・Create “Sustainable society” to solve poverty and environment issue. Original building idea Building construction Building method and utilization system 【 】 ETFE 【Intended use】 ・ excellent light transmission ・Community house ・ excellent electrical isolative properties ・Cultivated land on the roof ・ eco-friendly 【Expectations】 People can do agriculture farming More and more economic activities 【Moringa】 ↪ ・ Promote to solve environmental issue Produces seeds that are rich in anti-oxidant oils ↪ ・Produces leaves that have more vitamin A than carrots, Create a sustainable city more protein than eggs ↪ ↪ Solve the 【Precedent】 poverty and environmenal ・“The Interlace ” in Singapore, designed by Ole – issue Scheeren Conclusion As stated above, the poverty and environmental issues will be solved by “sustainable city”. At this time, this researching was focused on No.11of SDGs, which goal is “sustainable cities and communities”. And Philippines has both big issues, although it is not impossible to reduce the rate of poverty and the rate of people who can get safety and clean water. The most important thing here is, sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build. In the future, I would like to focus on the other developing countries and consider how can we support them and what is the best way to solve global issue in each countries. Global issues are not just for developing countries, it is the problem for every country. Reference ・Michael, P (2011) Using nature’s genius in architecture. Retrieved Jun,15,2018 from https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_pawlyn_using_nature_s_genius_in_architecture/transcript?awesm=on.ted.com_8BWg&language=ja ・Hidefumi, A (2017) Koukinou Fuso Jyushi ETFE Firumu [High function resin's filter ; ETFE] Retrieved September, 03, 2018 Osaka: TAIYO KOGYO CORPORATION from https://www2.taiyokogyo.co.jp/maku/etfe.html

−61− Escaping the Cycle of Hunger in Nigeria (Providing support for mothers and their under 2-year-old children in Nigeria)

introduction The key to escape cycle of hunger

Nigeria is one of big agricultural countries and food self Key period sufficiency rate is high level. However Nigeria →The 1000 days between women’s pregnancy and has some terrible problems on hunger. their children’s second birthday Especially women and children need support.

bad influence Development of the children’s The situation of hunger in Nigeria immune system Over 5 million people are facing hunger. →450,000 children are severely malnourished bad influence

Preventable diseases are spreading. Malnutrition Ex, malaria or diarrhea in the first 1000 days

Problem of parents in Nigeria 1. Mothers and children’s malnutrition DOHaD • Newborn’s mortality rate … 2nd in the world. The concept that improvement of nutrition for 1000 • Anemia rate days from the fetal period has been reported to …under 5 years old is 71 percent reduce the risk of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, …pregnant women is 57.9 percent and mental nerve in adulthood Women and children are suffering from terrible health problems.

2. Agricultural skills Conclusion 70 percent of population do agriculture In conclusion, It is difficult to get out of hunger by but providing nutrition support that only provides food. So ’ Their agricultural skills cannot meet expectations as a solution, the first 1000days between a woman s ’ demanded from world economy. Also there are a pregnancy and her child s second birthday is significant in order not to repeat starvation. However, it is also lot of food loss. important to promote food education for mothers and they can provide proper They don’t have enough skills or facilities to do nutritionfor their children. Also, to escape sustainable agriculture from the cycle of hunger is going to be 3. Lack of correct knowledge more possible by providing skills for sustainable agriculture. People in Africa don’t have correct knowledge about nutrients they need. →Parents cannot feed their children nutritious meals

What knowledge is needed for them? Reference http://www.jiid.or.jp/files/04public/02ardec/ardec40/key_note1.htm What kind of Which period is http://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kaigai_nogyo/k_gaikyo/att ach/pdf/nig-2.pdf nutrition is the most http://www.maff.go.jp/j/kokusai/kokusei/kaigai_nogyo/k_gaikyo/att needed? important? ach/pdf/nig-2.pdf

−62− Making a Society Where People Can Live Long: Improving Food, Sanitation, Medical care in the Philippines

Introduction ・Even if there is sanitation in the school, the numbers are not enough, it is The average life expectancy in the Philippines unsanitary and has a bad smell ・men… 66.2 years old ・women… 72.6 years old 123th/183 countries ・country… 69.3 years old × ×

the cause of low life expectancy is food, sanitation and medical care Prevention of disease Food problem in the Philippines ・ A flood is easy to be generated in wet season, and a hygiene state turns worse, and the food poisoning with ・the Philippine staple food is rice polluted food and drink and infectious enteritis are common →However, unlike Japan, Filipinos tend to eat rice too much ・ A mosquito can thrive easily because rice does not have stickiness ・The country consists of more than 7,000 islands and is one ・The meal of three times a day does not always go as we that it features it that prevalent illness varies according to want among the poor, and there are children falling into each island and area malnutrition Facilities and the situation of the hospital Effect of disaster on food ・In the Philippines there are regular ・ 887 earthquakes occur annually on average private hospitals or facilities like the United States ・There are 220 volcanoes, of which 22 volcanoes are However classified as active volcanoes ・The climate of the Philippines is a tropical monsoon climate and is strongly affected by the monsoon ・The situation is severer in some districts, and a lot of →typhoons frequently occur doctorless villages exist

・It is often aggravated without having a medical In this situation, nutritious foods examination out of vague "uneasiness for the treatment" cannot be received soon in places that in the poor, in particular (or parents do not let a child go suffered disasters such as typhoons to the hospital).

Sanitation problem Solution ・ ・The lack of sanitation equipment Food bank is not influenced by the climate cause illness, and the death rate of young →can get food steadily people and children increases ・It’s difficult for us to solve sanitation problem but… ・13 million cannot access safe water in the whole land →can donate money to buy toilet and water of Philippines ・ ・People more than 27,500,000 still live in lack of sanitation Preventive medical treatment can also be said to be the most effective way to prolong the average life Details of current situation expectancy ・The sewer diffusion rate is still less than 7% and a very low standard in the Manila metropolitan area Reference

Sekainoheikinnjyumyourannkinngu, dannjyokunibetujyunni, WHO2018nennbann.(2018,July 18). Retrieved November 21, 2018 from ・ https://memorva.jp/ranking/unfpa/who_whs_2016_life_expectancy.php In many schools, the sanitation is not installed equally Asian Development ank. (2013). Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map. Retrieved July 28, 2018, from →children are often forced to go to the toilet outdoors https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33810/files/philippines-water-supply-sector-assessment.pdf Food bank. (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from https://www.foodbank.org.au/about-us/what-is-foodbank/

−63− How we can decrease child mother in Bangladesh

Introduction Causes of child mother Child marriage takes away the girl’s future choices. Child mother means girl who give birth to a children ・Poverty in teens(under 18). Child mother is a serious problem Often their family is extremely poor, so they can’t eat all over the world. enough food. Parents arrange their daughter's marriages in “Approximately 16 million girls order to get out of poverty. aged 15 to 19 years and 2.5 ・Sexual harassment for unmarried girls million girls under 16 years give “There is so much sexual harassment. Parents who are birth each year in developing better off who get their daughters married [young] usually regions.”(WHO) do so because of sexual harassment,” ・Dowry Problem of child mother The habit of a bride's family paying cash, jewelry, or goods to the bridegroom's family is causing the early ・ Child marriage threatens girl’s lives and health marriage of poor family daughters. Because the younger → About 70,000 girls in developing countries die the daughter is young, the fewer dowries it has. annually of causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. ・ It causes negative chain reaction of poverty It addition, it causes violence. poverty →Groom tends to use violence to young bride. Her children →Some family of groom demand for dowry to can’t get enough child marriage bride persistently in Bangladesh. education too & pregnant in the future

Can’t receive Can’t get enough good salary education

Why did I choose Bangladesh ? Solution Education Jobs and livelihoods ☝︎ Bangladesh has the fourth-highest rate >Raise their self-esteem and their status in their of child marriage in the world households and communities →“29 percent of girls married before the age > give them chance to speak more about their decisions of 15 and 65 percent married before the age that affect their lives of 18.” >Receive correct sex education ☝ Bangladesh was sometimes known for a Abolition of primary school fees in the 1990s, making ︎ successful development story education until grade five free for all children. The →Maternal mortality declined by 40 percent government has also made primary education between 2001 and 2010 compulsory.

In Bangladesh, thanks to this strategy the number of girls receive primary education has dramatically increased→To decrease child marriage, government of Bangladesh has to promote secondary education level. References Conclusion ・ Adolescent pregnancy. (2018). Retrieved July 18, 2018, from World Health Child marriage is the serious problem all over the world. This problem is Organization web site: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact- not only developing countries but also developed countries. Despite the fact sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy that poverty has declined particularly in Bangladesh, the problem of child ・Marry Before Your House is Swept Away Child Marriage in marriage still remains. The experience of becoming a bride at a young age Bangladesh.(2015). Retrieved July 18, 2018, Human Rights Watch web site: will result in a physical, psychological, social negative result. Even if you https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/bangladesh give birth, it is still physically immature and you cannot even fully look ・Afroza Begum, (2014), Dowry in Bangladesh: A Search from an International after the children born.The experience of becoming a bride at a young age Perspective for an Effective Legal Approach to Mitigate Women’s Experiences. will result in a physical, psychological, social negative result. Even if you Retrieved July 12, 2018, from Journal International Women’s Studies web site: give birth, it is still physically immature and you cannot even fully look https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/ after the children born.

−64− To Solve the Water Problem in Madagascar In Terms of Time, Sanitation, and Availability Introduction Madagascar is known for its lack of clean water and decent toilets. Madagascar is the 4th worst country in Africa on water access. Madagascar’s climate is divided into a temperate zone and a tropical zone, so only rural area lack of water. Only 2% of elementary schools have water and sanitation facilities. They are plagued by many kinds of water problem. 1200 million people do not have clean water and around nine in ten people can’t use a decent toilet. The biggest problem is almost 4000 children suffer from diarrhea. Problems TIME SANITATION AVAILABILITY

Women and children take a lot of time Diarrhea is the second most serious There is not enough amount of water on to carry water cause of child mortality in Madagascar the earth 200 million hours One of five people in the world die of Women and girls spend time for water related diseases under the age Earth's water collecting water everyday. It is a huge of 5. waste of their valuable time Madagascar don’t have enough knowledge of sanitation. 2.0% 3h Salt water They don’t know to wash 97.5% their hands after going to toilet 0.5% Fresh water 2.5% fire = expensive Fresh water locked in polar ice caps and Glaciers germs working studying They can't afford to boil water Accessible fresh water

Children suffer from water related cause diarrhea, dehydration, As you can see in the graph, water diseases . They miss the chance to learn even death that people can use is limited and to get out of the cycle of poverty. Solution

These solution bring clean water much Israeli company Water-Gen Ltd, has a closer to the people who need it technology that capturing humidity in Installing taps and toilets. People get freedom to go to school and get order to make drinking water out of air. an education to work or start a business to Their machine sucks the vapor from the provide a family air converts it to drinking water.

Educating the community In America, SunToWater was invented. innovative about the importance of good It can create clean drinkable water out water filtration systems hygiene. Setting up hygiene of air using nothing but salt and solar Most important thing clubs in schools where children power. is what inhabitants perform plays and songs to want to do in the future spread the message of good hygiene. The fog catcher was invented in Peru. It is an invention which traps water drops from fog. They get approximately 200 to 400 liters of water a day from each fog catcher. Conclusion By solving the water problem from various aspects, there are many advantages. If children do not need to collect water, they can get education. They can grow up to be, whatever they want to be. And when they’re not at school, children can have more time to play. If Madagascar people collect knowledge of water sanitation, families are healthier and live longer. Water means whole communities can take the first steps out of poverty. References ●SIndia's Water Crisis . (n.d.) — Solutions and Techniques from http://qq4q.biz/N5NA ●Everyone, Everywhere 2030: Grace’s story | WaterAid. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, ○Water Scarcity & The Importance of Water. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2018, from 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF_HlgnWEwU https://thewaterproject.org/water-scarcity/ ○A world of water! | WaterAid. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2018, from ●Water Crisis - Learn About The Global Water Crisis | Water.org. (n.d.).Retrieved June 20, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzRdJc-vPjM from https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/ ●UNICEF, UNICEF Madagascar - Real lives - The blue gold rush, (n.d.). Retrieved ○Water and Sanitation - United Nations Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Retrieved June 20, 2018, June 20, 2018, fromhttps://www.unicef.org/madagascar/eng/reallives_18637.html from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/

−65− The Future of the Fair Trade Market in Japan

Introduction  The market size in Japan Fair trade ＝International ＝ cooperation

Recent consumption trend

・The market size in Japan is increasing １５％ ９３％ ８２％ ・It reached about JPY 10.0 billion (Figure 1) →0.53 euros （68JPY）per person few opportunities to Social value ＞economic value ・ The market is still much smaller than those in other find fair trade products developed countries (Figure 2) in grocery stores in Japan

Recent situation in Japan Suggestion and summery Model of system  Fair trade system Decision making on purchasing Attitude Behavioral belief fair trade product Certification system ① certification system of WFTO Knowledge ② product certification system of FLO Behavioral control ③ original standers Outcome evaluation

 The price of approved coffee beans Intension

Pro social

Ethical obligation School curriculum USD0.30 more than USD0.20 per pound USD1.40 per pound (454 g) importers to producers’ associations

 History of fair trade in Jpan

1986 "Third World Shop" of Plus Alternative Co., Ltd. 1989 Alter Trade Japan (ATJ) established [Fair trade in co-op] 1990 Several organizations and fair trade shops were established 2002 Starbucks started to sell fair trade coffee 2003 AEON started to sell fair trade coffee 2005 Tully‘s Coffee started to sell fair trade coffee

 The history of the fair trade town in Japan ①Sharing about a producer and production environment The Fair Trade Towns campaign ②Explain clearly the meaning of“ fair” trade 2011.06 Kumamoto city [Asia-first certification] ③Keeping a close watch on the company by the third party engine 2015.09 Nagoya city ④Showing the producer characterizing ⑤ 2016.07 Izu city keeping balanced fairs between consumers demand and producer viewpoint

2017.11 Hamamatu city (Annual review 2010-2011) - http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/about_us/FLO_Annual-FinancialsSales_2010.pdf

(DR 2008) - http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Penge/2008/08/19/123652.htm

(Fair companies 2012) - http://faircompanies.com/news/view/greenwashing-companies-that-try-tobe-green-at-any-price/ (Fairtrade for all 2012) - http://fairtradeforall.com/q-and-a/making-it-happen/why-is-fair-trade-usaleaving-the-international-fairtrade-system/

(Fairtrade Federation 2012) - http://www.fairtradefederation.org (Fairtrade Foundation 2012) - http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/what_is_fairtrade/faqs.aspx (Fairtrade International 2012) - http://www.fairtrade.net (Fairtrade UK 2012)- http://www.fairtrade.org.uk/producers/coffee/oromia_coffee_farmers_cooperative_ethiopia/default. aspx

(FAO 2012) - http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5143e/y5143e0w.htm (Global Envision 2012) - http://www.globalenvision.org/library/15/905 (Global exchange 2012) - http://www.globalexchange.org/fairtrade/coffee/faq (International labor organization 2012) - http://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm

(Newstatesman 2012) - http://www.newstatesman.com/global-issues/2009/04/fairtrade-worldfarmers (NGO 2012) - http://ngo.org/index2.htm

93 (Numbeo 2012) - http://www.numbeo.com/cost-ofliving/city_result.jsp?country=Ethiopia&city=Addis+Ababa&displayCurrency=EUR (TeaCoffeeCocoa 2012) - http://www.teacoffeecocoa.org/tcc/Commodities/Coffee/Industry

−66− 11. 東北復興防災研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋

○家が大きかったり、車が立派だったりすることが「幸せ」ではなく、自分自身が今の生 活に満足し充実感を覚えるということが「幸せ」ではないのか、と気づくことができたの がこの研修でした。今までの私は、物が豊富にある都会の方が不便なく、「幸せ」に暮らせ るのではないかと思っていました。しかしその考え方は間違っていて、本当は「幸せ」と いうものは困難に向かって必死に走って行ってこそやっとつかみ取れるものなのかな、と 感じました。今回の研修は東京電力さんの話や風評被害を受けた「まるせい果樹園」の方 の話、ふたば未来学園高校と福島高校との交流会などを通してたくさんのことを考えたも のになりました。 しかし研修に応募した当時の私は、今後社会に出て行く中で津波のことや、それによっ て起こってしまった原子力発電所の事故について知っておく必要がある、というただそれ だけの考えでした。このような浅い考えであったため、実際に津波によって流された町の 現在の様子や復興の状況を見たり、奇跡的に生徒全員が津波から逃げきれ助かったという 話を聞いたりした時に何度も勉強不足だった自分を後悔することになってしまいました。 私は事前学習を通して自分なりに一生懸命に準備してきたつもりでした。そして福島に来 るまでは、地震から 8 年も経っているんだからもうだいぶ復興していると思い込んでいま した。しかし、想像と現実は全然違いました。 実際に福島へ行くと、一階の天井まで津波が押し寄せて半壊状態になった請戸小学校を 見たり、中間貯蔵施設を多数発見したりしました。帰還困難区域をバスで通ったとき、新 しい家や古い家、私たちの家の近くにある同じ スーパー、手入れができず背が高くなった草な ど、たくさんの景色がありました。そして、そ れぞれに住んでいた人や働いていた人がいる と思うと心が苦しくなりました。学校交流の際、 実際に東日本大震災を体験した同世代の学生 の前で、プレゼンテーションをしようと思うと、 体験していない私がこんなに受け入れがたい事実を簡単に話してしまって良いのか、知っ たかぶりだと思われないだろうかとすごく不安に思い、プレゼンをすることが怖くなって しまったときがありました。その時に福島高校のある１人の生徒が、「私たちが住んでいる 所について少しでも知ってくれたらそれだけで嬉しい」と言ってくれたことが今でも印象 に残っています。 今回の研修は私を大きく成長させてくれ、とても大事なことを考えされられました。自 分の家が帰還困難区域だという受け入れがたい真実や、幼い子供たちが生きようと必死に なって逃げたという話を聞いた時に、今までの私は一体、東日本大震災の被害を受けた方々 に対して何ができていたのかと自分が情けなくなる時がありました。しかし、福島に住ん

−67− でいる多くの方は震災を受け入れ、未来に向かって歩みを進めています。だから、これか ら実際に福島で学んだこと、考えたことを身の回りの人たちや友達に伝えていきたいです。

○実際、私が福島に行って得られたものは想像以上にたくさんあります。しかし、地震、 津波、原発事故についての知識は得られましたが、今までの研修にないもどかしさが今も 残っています。研修では、実際に現地の方の生の声を聞いたり、今でも帰還困難区域とさ れているところを通ったり、津波の被害を受けた学校や家を見たり、自分で足を運ばない とわからないことを自分の肌で感じることができました。原発事故の被害を受けたことを 受けて、これからも原子力発電所を使うか使わないか、また、津波の被害を受けた学校を １つのシンボルとして残したいか残したくないかなど、行くところどころで様々な疑問が 浮かんでいました。しかし、いくら考えても解決策を見出せることはなく、逆に深く考え るほど、心の中のモヤモヤが大きくなっていくばかりでした。そんな時に、研修をサポー トしてもらいながら当時のことを熱心に伝えてくださる吉川さんが、「東日本大震災を経験 して、それについて発信する仕事をしている自分でも何が答えがわからない」というのを 聞いて、とても難しく複雑な問題だと感じました。東日本大震災の問題は、人によって感 じるものが違うから、ただひとつの解決策を見出すことは正直難しいと思います。特に私 たちは東日本大震災の当事者ではないので、他人事と思ってしまいがちだと思います。私 は、この研修に参加したからには、得たものを家族や友達、周りの人たちに伝えることが 使命だと思っています。

○当時はまだ小学生だったあの頃は、全てのテレビのチャンネルが一日中震災について報 道する状況が何日も続いており、毎日それを目にしては自然の恐ろしさを感じたのを覚え ています。今ではメディアに取り上げられることも少なくなってしまったものの、毎年 3 月 11 日が近づくと報道される東北の現状をテレビ越しで知るなど、自分なりに多くのこと を知っている気になっていました。しかし、今思うとそれらを「かわいそう」と上から目 線で他人事のように捉えていた自分がいたと思います。そして、自分が知った気になって いただけで、実際の姿のほんの一部分しか見られていなかったことに気がつきました。そ れを一番身にしみて感じたのが、現地の高校生の前で東日本大震災についてのプレゼンを したときです。今までの考えの浅はかさや上から目線になってしまっていたことに気がつ かなかった自分が恥ずかしくなりました。だから、東北のことに限らず、見たり聞いたり しただけで知った気になるのではなく、自分の足で実際に現地へ赴くことに意味があるこ とを改めて実感しました。

○今回の研修では東日本大震災を実際に経験し、多くの方々の話を聞くことができました。 中でも、二日目の夜の旅館の女将の小林さんのお話と、見せていただいた原子力発電所の 影響で避難を余儀なくされた方々の声がまとめられた映画の内容がとても印象的でした。

−68− でいる多くの方は震災を受け入れ、未来に向かって歩みを進めています。だから、これか 前日と二日目の午前は、現状の説明や今起こっている問題の説明を聞くだけにとどまって ら実際に福島で学んだこと、考えたことを身の回りの人たちや友達に伝えていきたいです。 いましたが、小林さんのお話とその映画の内容は、原子力発電所による影響を大きく受け 避難生活をされていたり、現在もされていたりする方々の生の声が聞くことができ、それ ○実際、私が福島に行って得られたものは想像以上にたくさんあります。しかし、地震、 まで聞いた内容とは大きく印象の変わる一歩踏み込んだ内容で、とても衝撃を受けました。 津波、原発事故についての知識は得られましたが、今までの研修にないもどかしさが今も そこで私たちが、いかに自分たちが当事者意識を欠き、傍観者になってしまっていたとい 残っています。研修では、実際に現地の方の生の声を聞いたり、今でも帰還困難区域とさ うことに気が付きました。それから、研修に参加している間、話を聞く際に以上のような れているところを通ったり、津波の被害を受けた学校や家を見たり、自分で足を運ばない 気づきを意識するように心がけました。また、毎晩のミーティングの間も、もし自分だっ とわからないことを自分の肌で感じることができました。原発事故の被害を受けたことを たらどうするか、どう思うかを考えて発言するように意識しました。二日目以降は、話を 受けて、これからも原子力発電所を使うか使わないか、また、津波の被害を受けた学校を 一方的に聞くだけでなく交流をする機会も多くありました。今回の研修では、二つの高校 １つのシンボルとして残したいか残したくないかなど、行くところどころで様々な疑問が を訪問させてもらいました。そこで驚いたのは、生徒たちが遠慮をせずに私たちに当時の 浮かんでいました。しかし、いくら考えても解決策を見出せることはなく、逆に深く考え 話をしてくれたことでした。そこの生徒たちも避難生活を経験し学校にも通えない日々を るほど、心の中のモヤモヤが大きくなっていくばかりでした。そんな時に、研修をサポー 経験していました。しかし、私たちが苦しいと思うような経験を トしてもらいながら当時のことを熱心に伝えてくださる吉川さんが、「東日本大震災を経験 遠慮なく話してくれました。そこで、私は、その生徒たちと被災 して、それについて発信する仕事をしている自分でも何が答えがわからない」というのを 者と被災しなかった人間ではなく、対等な関係を築けていたこと 聞いて、とても難しく複雑な問題だと感じました。東日本大震災の問題は、人によって感 に気がつきました。そのとき、苦しい経験をした人たちをかわい じるものが違うから、ただひとつの解決策を見出すことは正直難しいと思います。特に私 そうと思うのではなく、対等な関係で寄り添い、意見に耳を傾け たちは東日本大震災の当事者ではないので、他人事と思ってしまいがちだと思います。私 ることが大切なのだということを知りました。研修中、そのよう は、この研修に参加したからには、得たものを家族や友達、周りの人たちに伝えることが に経験を重ねていくうちに、物事を知る際に大切なことは、その 使命だと思っています。 分野に詳しい人や経験をした人と対等な立場で対話することだ ということに気がつきました。最初は、東北の現状をみて学ぶと ○当時はまだ小学生だったあの頃は、全てのテレビのチャンネルが一日中震災について報 いう目標を立てていましたが、それだけでなく、話を聞いて意見を交換し、さらに自分で 道する状況が何日も続いており、毎日それを目にしては自然の恐ろしさを感じたのを覚え 考えることで新たな気づきが得られるのだと思いました。今回の研修は私にとってとても ています。今ではメディアに取り上げられることも少なくなってしまったものの、毎年 3 大切な経験になりました。 月 11 日が近づくと報道される東北の現状をテレビ越しで知るなど、自分なりに多くのこと を知っている気になっていました。しかし、今思うとそれらを「かわいそう」と上から目 線で他人事のように捉えていた自分がいたと思います。そして、自分が知った気になって いただけで、実際の姿のほんの一部分しか見られていなかったことに気がつきました。そ れを一番身にしみて感じたのが、現地の高校生の前で東日本大震災についてのプレゼンを したときです。今までの考えの浅はかさや上から目線になってしまっていたことに気がつ かなかった自分が恥ずかしくなりました。だから、東北のことに限らず、見たり聞いたり しただけで知った気になるのではなく、自分の足で実際に現地へ赴くことに意味があるこ とを改めて実感しました。

○今回の研修では東日本大震災を実際に経験し、多くの方々の話を聞くことができました。 中でも、二日目の夜の旅館の女将の小林さんのお話と、見せていただいた原子力発電所の 影響で避難を余儀なくされた方々の声がまとめられた映画の内容がとても印象的でした。

−69− 12. フィリピン貧困防災研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋

○During this study tour, I learned so many things and I was surprised at them. First I went to Manila. We also went to Tondo and Payatas. When I saw the situation of Manila, I thought there are big gap between rich people and poor people. I knew about the big gap. But I was shocked. In Japan we don’t see the gap. So it was the first time for me to see and feel like that. When I saw the area of the poor people, I had imagined that their life is so hard and they don’t smile. However, most of them smiled to us. Especially, children looked enjoying their life. We went to some schools like an elementary school, a nursery school and a vocational school for their job. We talked to them. We taught to made “Origami” and some Japanese. Then they started to take notes very soon. They enjoyed studying. It’s not only the time that we taught something. Even in the ordinary class, they listen the teacher’s lesson so carefully. Moreover, most of them raised their hands and answered the questions asked by their teachers. This situation impressed me a lot. To see this situation, I thought we have to study more. We should join the lessons more and more positively. I was ashamed about us, because we don’t study hard like them. Many Japanese students don’t listen the lessons carefully. But most Japanese can get enough education. We are in a good environment. So we should appreciate our life. And we should help them. I could spend wonderful time in Manila. And it change my thinking.I can tell only a part of my precious experiences. I had more stories in Manila.

○After we spent few days in Manila, we went to Tacloban. In Tacloban we spent with the Philippine Science High School students. They were so cheerful and kind. Their first language isn’t English, but they spoke English very well. I joined some study tours before, but I thought Japanese weren’t good at speaking English. And I’m not good at listening to English. Because of this reason, I sometimes didn’t understand what they said. However, they talked to us slowly. Even when we couldn’t understand, we could become good friends. They made us happy. Also they taught us a lot of things about the Philippines (Tacloban). In Japan, we have the mind of “Omotenashi”. I think Philippines also have the mind of “Omotenashi” like PSHS students did for us. My host buddy told me the reason why the people in the Philippines are kind for us. That was they like the foreigners. I didn’t know that. Like this, I learned something that I could know only the talk of the people in the Philippines.

−70− 12. フィリピン貧困防災研修 生徒総括文書から抜粋 ○We visited the area called Payatas. We heard about the current situation of their work and their lives. After the field work, we visit a kindergarten and an elementary ○During this study tour, I learned so many things and I was surprised at them. First I school in Payatas. We played with Filipino children a lot. After that we visited some went to Manila. We also went to Tondo and Payatas. When I saw the situation of Manila, families who live in Payatas. We talked with them and asked some questions. They I thought there are big gap between rich people and poor people. I knew about the big were scavengers. They were scavenging to earn some money to take care of their three gap. But I was shocked. In Japan we don’t see the gap. So it was the first time for me to children. They need to go to university to get a good job. But they need a lot of money to see and feel like that. When I saw the area of the poor people, I had imagined that their go to school and university. The Philippine has a scholarship system, but students in life is so hard and they don’t smile. However, most of them smiled to us. Especially, the Philippines must get through strict examinations to get the scholarship. Only a children looked enjoying their life. We went to some schools like an elementary school, a handful of students can get the scholarship. I thought they were not able to have the nursery school and a vocational school for their job. right to choose their works. I felt the disparity between the rich and the poor in the We talked to them. We taught to made “Origami” and country. We must think about these problems and must reduce the disparities. The some Japanese. Then they started to take notes very current situation of them was really shocking to me. It was the first time for me to visit soon. They enjoyed studying. It’s not only the time Payatas. I participated this study tour last year, but we couldn’t visit Payatas, because that we taught something. Even in the ordinary class, it was too dangerous to visit last year. Last year, the drug war was intensified in they listen the teacher’s lesson so carefully. Moreover, Payatas. The condition was worse than I had imagined. I think that we can’t know the most of them raised their hands and answered the fact only by the pictures, website, or others. It is very important for us to see by our questions asked by their teachers. This situation impressed me a lot. To see this eyes. situation, I thought we have to study more. We should join the lessons more and more After the field work in Manila, we moved to Tacloban. Then we visited Philippine positively. I was ashamed about us, because we don’t study hard like them. Many Science High School. We had a good time in Philippine Science High School. We Japanese students don’t listen the lessons carefully. But most Japanese can get enough participated their classes. We learned a lot of things which I couldn’t learn in Japan. education. We are in a good environment. So we should appreciate our life. And we Especially, the lecture about law was impressive for me. I had never participated the should help them. I could spend wonderful time in Manila. And it change my thinking.I class like that. We learn about the Constitution of the Philippines with case of law. Also, can tell only a part of my precious experiences. I had more stories in Manila. we visited disaster’s damaged area in Leyte. They had a big damage by the typhoon. They still live in temporally housings. We had an interview to the people who live in ○After we spent few days in Manila, we went to Tacloban. In Tacloban we spent with Leyte fisherman village community. I asked a lot of questions to the native people. They the Philippine Science High School students. They were so cheerful and kind. Their first said that they wanted to us know the real situation of their lives. I think that is the language isn’t English, but they spoke English very well. I joined some study tours biggest purpose of this trip. We visited the Philippines to watch and know the real before, but I thought Japanese weren’t good at speaking English. And I’m not good at situation of the Philippines. It was awful. Almost all people don’t want to watch that. listening to English. Because of this reason, I sometimes didn’t understand what they It was too shocking for us, but we mustn’t overlook the current situation of the said. However, they talked to us slowly. Even when we couldn’t understand, we could Philippines. become good friends. They made us happy. Also they taught us a lot of things about the Philippines (Tacloban). In Japan, we have the mind of “Omotenashi”. I think Philippines also have the mind of “Omotenashi” like PSHS students did for us. My host buddy told me the reason why the people in the Philippines are kind for us. That was they like the foreigners. I didn’t know that. Like this, I learned something that I could know only the talk of the people in the Philippines.

−71− 13.高3GLコース課題研究最終成果論文 テーマ一覧

生徒番号 テーマ

3801 Challenges and Solutions to Supporting Animal Welfare 3802 Japanese Marriage Law: the Viewpoint of LGBT Rights 3803 Obesity of Children of the Poor in the United States of America: Solving it With Dietary Education 3804 The Relationship between Disney Movies and American Society: Discrimination in the United States 3805 Food Shortage in Niger 3806 A Sustainable City for Disaster Prevention in Thailand 3807 Solving Poverty and Environmental Issues in the Philippines Through Sustainable Architecture 3808 Stop Global Warming to Save Tuvalu 3809 Mountains of Garbage: Harmful Effects of Neglected Waste Management Problems 3810 How a Third-Party Intervention Affects a Conflict Situation 3811 Escaping the Cycle of Hunger in Nigeria: Providing Support for Mothers and Their Under 2-year -old Children 3812 The Influence of the Caste System on Nepalese Society 3813 The Necessity of Pre-Primary Education to Mitigate Poverty: Current Educational Situation and Effects of Pre-Primary Education 3814 The Mechanism of Terror 3815 The Effects of Headlines on People's Comprehensions 3816 How to Solve Child Labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: The Relationship Between Child Labor and Developed Countries 3817 Water Pollution from Leather Factories in Dhaka: Problems and Solutions 3818 The Relationship Between Sports and Development Through the Concept of Social Cooperation 3819 Finding Solutions to Improve the Employment Situation of the Handicapped in Japan 3820 How to Improve the Nursing System in Japan 3821 Helping Poor Venezuelan Children with Music 3822 Raising Awareness in Japan About International Problems 3823 Labor Conditions and Environmental Costs of the Fast Fashion Industry 3824 Making a Society Where People Can Live Long: Improving Food, Sanitation, Medical Care in The Philippines 3825 Adolescent Marriage in Bangladesh: How Can it Be Resolved? 3826 The Vicious Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia 3827 Threats to People's Health in Nepal 3828 To Solve the Water Problem in Madagascar: in Terms of Time, Sanitation, and Availability 3829 Eliminating the Economic Disparity in the Philippines 3830 The Possibility of Fair Trade in Japan 3831 Viable Solutions in Addressing the Problem of Racism and Discrimination in the United States 3832 The Way to Improve Education in South Sudan 3833 Fundraising: Promoting World Peace and Supporting Victims of Natural Disasters 3834 Tackling the Problems of Fast Fashion Through a Sharing Economy Scheme 3835 History and Future of Euthanasia Laws: Comparison Between Japan and the Netherlands 3836 How To Save Refugees Living in Camps: Shaping Their Children's Future Through Education 3837 Territorial Expansion of the Islamic State (ISIS) 3838 Two Kinds of Disparities - Economic and Human Made - From the Relationship Between Happiness and Poverty 3839 The Current Situation of Conflict and Poverty in Afghanistan

−72− 14. 高 3GL コース課題研究最終成果論文 優秀作

Labor Conditions and Environmental Costs of the Fast Fashion Industry

Seira Horio

1 Introduction

“Your clothes are killing us.”(Hargreaves, 2015). Such harsh words when clothes are supposed to protect us from nature’s harsh elements. But why were these words said?

What is there in clothes that are causing problems to many people’s lives? Nowadays, fast fashion brands such as ZARA, Gap, H&M and so on have been receiving a lot of attention as inexpensive clothes to get. They are among the brands that specializes in fast fashion. What is fast fashion? Fast fashion can be categorized similarly to fast food.

It is about getting the latest trends in clothing and accessories available in stores in the shortest time possible and in the cheapest price. It indicates the clothes brand which has clothes that have taken on vogue that can be bought at a cheap price. The latest trend in fashion changes rapidly. Most of people believe that it is a good idea to buy cheap clothes as much as possible for wearing in only one season.

It should be a good situation because the appeal of cheap products, trendy and produced in limited number is an advantage for the many. But there are problems with the fast fashion industry. One of which is the cost. Although it appears to be cheap, the need to stay on trend causes buyers to buy more items more often, therefore spending more than they think they are. A result of a survey among Australians showed that 24%

−73− have thrown away clothing after wearing it only once (YouGov, 2017). It has also been reported that millennials aged 16 and 34 have the highest proportion of new clothing with 38% of them buying 50% of the clothes they have in the past year (YouGov, 2017).

Fast fashion has other costs. These costs are related to the challenges that the government industry is currently facing – low pay and unsafe working conditions

(Oxfam Australia, 2017). Add to this are the negative environmental impact of fashion.

In this case, the problems are related to the materials being used to produce clothing and their disposal.

All is not well with the fast fashion industry. Clearly, there are problems that need to be resolved. These existing conditions push the need for a comprehensive understanding of the situation. This paper then aims to discuss in detail the labor conditions in which fast fashion is being produced. It also aims to present the adverse effects it has so far done to the environment. This is done in hope that people will also be more conscious of their buying and wearing habits.

2 Sweatshop conditions

The cheaper the commodity the more active the consumption. Fashion can go out of date really fast. The latest fashion become available in thousands of varieties in a few months and are sold cheaply at stores. Thus, large number of clothing is sold in a short term. The producing companies benefit with large profits and they continue to produce more because of this. To obtain more money, it is necessary to cut costs of producing the clothes. Because of this system, companies hire labors in developing countries giving them low wages. Most of the fast fashion factories are placed in developing countries such as Bangladesh and China. There are a lot of people who has no job or money to live their life, so they need jobs, and the factory will be able to hire them as

−74− have thrown away clothing after wearing it only once (YouGov, 2017). It has also been labor for low wage. In Bangladesh, the average salary is not enough to sustain people’s reported that millennials aged 16 and 34 have the highest proportion of new clothing day to day living, especially for those who are working in garment factories.“Tens of with 38% of them buying 50% of the clothes they have in the past year (YouGov, 2017). thousands of workers walked out of factories this month in the manufacturing hub of

Fast fashion has other costs. These costs are related to the challenges that the Ashulia which make clothes for top western brands such as Gap, Zara and H&M, government industry is currently facing – low pay and unsafe working conditions prompting concerns over supply during the holiday season. The protests were sparked

(Oxfam Australia, 2017). Add to this are the negative environmental impact of fashion. by the sacking of 121 workers, but soon evolved into a demand for the trebling of

In this case, the problems are related to the materials being used to produce clothing and workers’ pay from the current monthly minimum of 5,300 taka (£54)” (Worstall, 2016). their disposal. In a video production “What’s in a dress?” by the Ministry of Labor, the

All is not well with the fast fashion industry. Clearly, there are problems that working environment at the factories with reported improvements in quality over 20 need to be resolved. These existing conditions push the need for a comprehensive years were shown. The movie has a scene where some laborers are discussing with the understanding of the situation. This paper then aims to discuss in detail the labor administration about the type of environment they have to work in every day. The conditions in which fast fashion is being produced. It also aims to present the adverse administration are considering the suggestions based on how much it costs to produce effects it has so far done to the environment. This is done in hope that people will also one dress. In the clip, the administration did not define the price so an arbitrator had to be more conscious of their buying and wearing habits. step in to come up with a fair price for it. At the last scene, the following appeared on

the screen “Labor exploitation has disappeared in the fashion industry in America. You

2 Sweatshop conditions don’t have to worry and you can enjoy your shopping.” But is this really the case?

The cheaper the commodity the more active the consumption. Fashion can go out of Perhaps in America it has, but what about in developing countries? date really fast. The latest fashion become available in thousands of varieties in a few months and are sold cheaply at stores. Thus, large number of clothing is sold in a short 2.1 Sweatshops in developing countries term. The producing companies benefit with large profits and they continue to produce Most of the companies who play it big in the fast fashion industry, such as H&M and more because of this. To obtain more money, it is necessary to cut costs of producing Gap are stationed in high income developed countries. Production however, do not the clothes. Because of this system, companies hire labors in developing countries happen in these countries. They are outsourced to supplier companies in developing giving them low wages. Most of the fast fashion factories are placed in developing countries. These supplier companies then subcontract the production to manufacturing countries such as Bangladesh and China. There are a lot of people who has no job or companies or suppliers that are not officially connected to the initial outsourcing money to live their life, so they need jobs, and the factory will be able to hire them as company. Because of this kind of production system, the fashion brands then do not

−75− have the obligation or responsibility to make sure that laborers are working in decent working conditions. Also, the subcontractors are usually unregistered so they operate without government regulation leading to exploitation of employees’ rights. Laborers are hired on a temporary basis, which maybe daily, weekly or monthly in rates. These manufacturing companies can also easily terminate and replace their laborers as well as relocate to adjust production needs.

Fashion industry players and consumers, all these positions relate to physical and cultural aspects. In 1996, Kathie lee Gifford was under international criticism when the sweatshop in Honduras producing the clothes she designed, was revealed employing child labor. In the late 90s, 20 of apparel companies in the US had appealed. The clothes are made by illegal low wage in Saipan and sold them with the label which says they are made in the US. The companies which have appealed included Abercrombie &

Fitch, Brooks Brothers, Dress Barn, Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Polo Ralph

Lauren and so on which boosted their sales because most people have done most of their shopping in their shops at the time.

Currently, wages for laborers in garment factories in developing countries such as Bangladesh is too low, and the profit for companies is too high. The laborers have been suffering in producing those clothes. The factories/sweatshops, are mainly located in developing countries and a lot of them exploit child labors. Because of the development of various heavy industries and remarkable increasing of personnel expenses in china and India, Bangladesh became the country which has the cheapest wage, and attracted attention of the European and American apparel maker since 2000.

Most fast fashion brands are made in Bangladesh. These apparel industries have become important and supported the economy of the country. With a GDP of 13%, 76% of total export are covered by the apparel industries (Faridul Hasan, et.al. 2016). In Bangladesh,

−76− have the obligation or responsibility to make sure that laborers are working in decent more than 4 million people are concerned with the production of clothes (Hargreaves, working conditions. Also, the subcontractors are usually unregistered so they operate 2015). They earn salary for 60 dollars on average per month. Aside from low income, without government regulation leading to exploitation of employees’ rights. Laborers laborers suffer from harassment, bullying by words, and physical punishment are hired on a temporary basis, which maybe daily, weekly or monthly in rates. These Because of the development of various heavy industry and remarkable manufacturing companies can also easily terminate and replace their laborers as well as increasing on personal wage, Bangladesh has attracted the attention of the European and relocate to adjust production needs. American apparel makers, especially ZARA,H&M, Walmart, and Gap which are the

Fashion industry players and consumers, all these positions relate to physical fast fashion industries to have produced the largest number of cheap clothes since 2000. and cultural aspects. In 1996, Kathie lee Gifford was under international criticism when There are about 5000 sweatshop in Bangladesh, and the amount of export achieved the the sweatshop in Honduras producing the clothes she designed, was revealed employing second highest all over the world. It is said that the world’s main fast fashion industries child labor. In the late 90s, 20 of apparel companies in the US had appealed. The produce most of their products at a low price and large quantities in Bangladesh. These clothes are made by illegal low wage in Saipan and sold them with the label which says system supports the economy of the country and 76% of the total exports are covered they are made in the US. The companies which have appealed included Abercrombie & now by the apparel industry (War on Want, n.d.).

Fitch, Brooks Brothers, Dress Barn, Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Polo Ralph However, treatment for workers in manufacturing companies is also bad as

Lauren and so on which boosted their sales because most people have done most of much as production costs are low. In Bangladesh, over 4 million people are involved in their shopping in their shops at the time. the manufacture of clothes. They receive an average salary of 50 dollars per month.

Currently, wages for laborers in garment factories in developing countries such Besides, many factories operate in conditions that are bad for the environment, with as Bangladesh is too low, and the profit for companies is too high. The laborers have illegal working hours and child labor. In 2013, the Dhaka Building collapsed in an been suffering in producing those clothes. The factories/sweatshops, are mainly located accident that initially caused the collapse of the commercial building "Lana Plaza". In in developing countries and a lot of them exploit child labors. Because of the this building, along with banks and shops, there were five garment factories targeting 27 development of various heavy industries and remarkable increasing of personnel brands such as Mango and Benetton, which are European and American clothing expenses in china and India, Bangladesh became the country which has the cheapest brands. At that time, about 4,000 employees were working. After the disaster, 1,127 wage, and attracted attention of the European and American apparel maker since 2000. people were dead, and more than 2,500 were injured. The cause of the accident was low

Most fast fashion brands are made in Bangladesh. These apparel industries have become safety management. Safety management and evacuation of employees were all important and supported the economy of the country. With a GDP of 13%, 76% of total neglected, to raise quantity of the production. Industrial zone Sapar is an area where 5-6 export are covered by the apparel industries (Faridul Hasan, et.al. 2016). In Bangladesh, story building apparel factories gather, among which Lana Plaza was particularly large.

−77− In order to respond to demand from European and American companies to expand production, they increased the number of illegal expansion without using reinforcing bars to reduce costs again and again. Cracks were already found in the entire building on April 23, the day before the accident, but the employees were not allowed to evacuate and were threatened of not receiving their monthly salary if they did not work.

The next day, the collapse happened. This is one disastrous example of the dangers sweatshop laborers face in unsafe environments.

Workers in manufacturing machines are being treated as machines. Because of the continuous and increasing demand for fast fashion, manufacturers have to target high production. Workers are often forced to work overtime with little or no pay. Breaks such as toilet or water breaks, are oftentimes even neglected. When workers fail to meet the production target, they are subjected to physical, verbal, and sexual abuse as punishments (Stafford, 2018).

3 Impact on the environment

One of the big problems caused by fast fashion is the burden on the environment. Fast fashion has a high appeal to consumers because of its low price and accessibility. The companies also develop new products in a short cycle to stimulate consumption desires.

As a result, the inside of one’s closet will overflow with unnecessary clothes. You may want to check how overflowing with fast fashion your closet has become.

Historically, obtaining goods has been difficult and expensive for a while before the 20th century. People tended to repair, maintain and renovate their clothing many times.

Many people had only a few number of clothes, and it was normal to wear them until they are completely worn out. Far from being thoroughly wearing it now, there are clothes that almost never get worn even if you bought it cheaply. This tendency among people has

−78− In order to respond to demand from European and American companies to expand caused grave concerns for the environment. production, they increased the number of illegal expansion without using reinforcing 3.1 Raw materials for fast fashion cause environmental concerns bars to reduce costs again and again. Cracks were already found in the entire building Fast fashion negatively affects the environment. Various harmful compounds are on April 23, the day before the accident, but the employees were not allowed to necessary for making clothes, and making clothes of large quantities needs much more evacuate and were threatened of not receiving their monthly salary if they did not work. harmful compounds which are discharged to the environment. The clothes that we wear

The next day, the collapse happened. This is one disastrous example of the dangers are made from non-organic cotton which need a lot of water pesticides and to sweatshop laborers face in unsafe environments. grow. From the first stages of the production, there is already a heavy burden to the

Workers in manufacturing machines are being treated as machines. Because of environment. As the production moves forward, a large amount of water is again used to the continuous and increasing demand for fast fashion, manufacturers have to target wash and dye the clothes. Then there is the use of bleaches, acids, inks and dyes that can high production. Workers are often forced to work overtime with little or no pay. Breaks cause pollution in rivers and oceans. such as toilet or water breaks, are oftentimes even neglected. When workers fail to meet A lot of clothes have been made and consumed, which later on becomes a large the production target, they are subjected to physical, verbal, and sexual abuse as amount of garbage that takes a long time to decompose. There is a large amount of punishments (Stafford, 2018). carbon dioxide emission that comes from apparel industries, including the

manufacturing process. Pollution from the textile industry is said to be the second

3 Impact on the environment largest after the oil industry.

One of the big problems caused by fast fashion is the burden on the environment. Fast There are also problems for consumers. Fast fashion is to drive through in fast fashion has a high appeal to consumers because of its low price and accessibility. The food restaurants. It gives consumers instant gratification. Buyers can also get access to companies also develop new products in a short cycle to stimulate consumption desires. new stocks in only a few weeks. Although people buy fast fashion, they just throw them

As a result, the inside of one’s closet will overflow with unnecessary clothes. You may away a few months later when new trends come. This throw away mentality contributes want to check how overflowing with fast fashion your closet has become. to unsustainable practices and an extensive amount of waste. In Canada, it is estimated

Historically, obtaining goods has been difficult and expensive for a while before that 85% of recyclable clothes are being thrown out, and approximately 500 million the 20th century. People tended to repair, maintain and renovate their clothing many times. pounds of textile waste exist in Canadian landfills (Changing Markets Foundation,

Many people had only a few number of clothes, and it was normal to wear them until they 2017). are completely worn out. Far from being thoroughly wearing it now, there are clothes that There are no examples where fibers were produced in an environmentally almost never get worn even if you bought it cheaply. This tendency among people has friendly condition. China, which is responsible for 10% of the world's textile production,

−79− is in the worst environmental situation. Cellulose fiber is a type of synthetic fiber made from natural materials. It is made by melting fibrous materials with harmful chemical substances and extruding them by machine. However, it is a chemically synthetic fiber that is used much more than cellulose. These raw materials are plastic, originally petroleum. Petroleum can’t regenerate and plastics take hundreds of years to biodegrade

(Cline, 2014).

3.2 Improvement of productivity

The harmful effects of mass production and consumption are reaching their limits not only in fast fashion but also in many luxury brands. Producers and consumers, need to change or consider this situation especially since this can also worsen the problem of global warming.

H&M has been attempting to create a line of sustainable fashion, under their

Conscious collection. This line of clothing is supposed to minimize the negative impact to the environment. Their goal is to achieve the use 100% organic cotton that does not use pesticides by 2020. According to the brand, they have already achieved 21% success as of last year. Even if it costs more, they are trying not to produce harmful impacts on environment with such movement. Other programs they have been implementing are used clothes collection services, organic farming and organic cultivation, and switching to energy-efficient equipment. Other companise such as UNIQLO has also come up with their own green campaigns.

4 Solutions

In order to alleviate the problems, main players in the fashion industry as well as consumers can do their share. One possible solution is ensuring transparency. Many

−80− is in the worst environmental situation. Cellulose fiber is a type of synthetic fiber made companies tend to hide their supply chain because they don't want us to know that the from natural materials. It is made by melting fibrous materials with harmful chemical clothes are made in unethical way. In order to improve their transparency, substances and extruding them by machine. However, it is a chemically synthetic fiber environmental, social and governance (ESG) investing will be effective. ESG are the that is used much more than cellulose. These raw materials are plastic, originally three main factors in measuring the sustainability and ethical impact of any company or petroleum. Petroleum can’t regenerate and plastics take hundreds of years to biodegrade business. Another solution is coordination of all stakeholders.

(Cline, 2014). Consumers also have responsibility. Before buying they should think if they

really need something new at that moment. When buying, shoppers should thing of

3.2 Improvement of productivity buying for quality and not quantity, this includes thinking about the type of fabric or

The harmful effects of mass production and consumption are reaching their limits not materials used in the cloth and to support sustainable labels. only in fast fashion but also in many luxury brands. Producers and consumers, need to change or consider this situation especially since this can also worsen the problem of 5 Conclusion global warming. The problem in the fast fashion is solvable but may take a long time. But with

H&M has been attempting to create a line of sustainable fashion, under their coordinated efforts from all stakeholders, great developments can happen. Increased

Conscious collection. This line of clothing is supposed to minimize the negative impact awareness on the negative impact of too much buying and disposing of clothing should to the environment. Their goal is to achieve the use 100% organic cotton that does not be made so that consumers will become more conscious of their buying habits. Such use pesticides by 2020. According to the brand, they have already achieved 21% success action will also lessen the negative impact on the environment. As for sweatshops, strict as of last year. Even if it costs more, they are trying not to produce harmful impacts on regulations should be made, especially in developing countries. environment with such movement. Other programs they have been implementing are used clothes collection services, organic farming and organic cultivation, and switching 6 References to energy-efficient equipment. Other companise such as UNIQLO has also come up Cline, Elizabeth. (2014). Overdressed : The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion. with their own green campaigns. Portfolio Cover. USA

DoSomething.Org: 11 FACTS ABOUT SWEATSHOPS. (n.d.). from

4 Solutions https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-sweatshops

In order to alleviate the problems, main players in the fashion industry as well as Faridul Hasan, K.M., Md Shipan Mia, Ashaduzzaman, Md. Mostafizur Rahman, consumers can do their share. One possible solution is ensuring transparency. Many A.N.M. ahmed Ullah, Muhammad Shariat Ullah. (2016). Role of Textile and

−81− Clothing Industries in the Development of Trade and Business Strategies of

Bangladesh in the Global Economy. International Journal of Textile Science 2016,

5 (3): 39-48. Retrieved on October 2, 2018 from

http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.textile.20160503.01.html

Fashion Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2018, from

https://www.fashionrevolution.org/

Greenpeace International. (2016). Black Friday: Greenpeace calls timeout for fast

fashion. Retrieved November 20, 2018, from https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-

international/en/press/releases/2016/Black-Friday-Greenpeace-calls-timeout-for-

fast-fashion/.

Greenpeace International. (2017). New report breaks the myth of fast fashion’s so-called

‘circular economy’. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from

https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/press/releases/2017/New-

report-breaks-the-myth-of-fast-fashions-so-called-circular-economy---Greenpeace/

Hargreaves, Steve. (2015). Your clothes are killing us. CNN Business. Retrieved

October 2, 2018 from https://money.cnn.com/2015/05/22/news/economy/true-cost-

clothing/

Human Rights Watch : Remember Rana Plaza. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2018 from

https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/24/remember-rana-plaza

Morgan, Andrew (r.d). (2015). THE TRUE COST [DVD]. USA : United People

Nagata, Hanako (Ed.). (2016). 990yennoji-nzugatsukurarerunohanaze?

Oxfam Australia. (2017). What she makes: Power and poverty in the fashion industry.

Australia. Retrieved October 10, 2018 form https://whatshemakes.oxfam.org.au/wp-

content/uploads/2017/10/Living-Wage-Media-Report_WEB.pdf

SDGs TV. (2016). “Fashion” x “Sustainable” How is the clothes you are wearing?

−82− Clothing Industries in the Development of Trade and Business Strategies of Retrieved November 16, 2018, from https://sdgs.tv/goal12/31.html

Bangladesh in the Global Economy. International Journal of Textile Science 2016, Stafford, Victoria. (2018). Factory exploitation and the fast fashion machine. Green

5 (3): 39-48. Retrieved on October 2, 2018 from America’s Green Business Network. Retrieved November 10, 2018 from http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.textile.20160503.01.html https://www.greenamerica.org/blog/factory-exploitation-and-fast-fashion-machine

Fashion Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2, 2018, from War on Want. (n.d). Sweatshops in Bangladesh. Retrieved June 18, 2018 from https://www.fashionrevolution.org/ https://waronwant.org/sweatshops-bangladesh

Greenpeace International. (2016). Black Friday: Greenpeace calls timeout for fast Worstall, Tim. (2016). Nonsense about the minimum and living wages in Bangladesh. fashion. Retrieved November 20, 2018, from https://www.greenpeace.org/archive- Forbes. Retrieved October 2, 2018 from international/en/press/releases/2016/Black-Friday-Greenpeace-calls-timeout-for- https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2016/12/28/nonsense-about-the-minimum- fast-fashion/. and-living-wages-in-bangladesh/#4cfdf31219a2

Greenpeace International. (2017). New report breaks the myth of fast fashion’s so-called YouGov. (2017). Fast fashion: Three in ten Aussies have thrown away clothing after

‘circular economy’. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from wearing it just once. Retrieved October 10, 2018 from https://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/press/releases/2017/New- https://au.yougov.com/news/2017/12/06/fast-fashion/ report-breaks-the-myth-of-fast-fashions-so-called-circular-economy---Greenpeace/

Hargreaves, Steve. (2015). Your clothes are killing us. CNN Business. Retrieved

October 2, 2018 from https://money.cnn.com/2015/05/22/news/economy/true-cost- clothing/

Human Rights Watch : Remember Rana Plaza. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2018 from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/24/remember-rana-plaza

Morgan, Andrew (r.d). (2015). THE TRUE COST [DVD]. USA : United People

Nagata, Hanako (Ed.). (2016). 990yennoji-nzugatsukurarerunohanaze?

Oxfam Australia. (2017). What she makes: Power and poverty in the fashion industry.

Australia. Retrieved October 10, 2018 form https://whatshemakes.oxfam.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2017/10/Living-Wage-Media-Report_WEB.pdf

SDGs TV. (2016). “Fashion” x “Sustainable” How is the clothes you are wearing?

−83− How to Solve Child Labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: The Relationship Between Child Labor and Developed Countries

Airi Sakuma

1 Introduction

Do you know how many people have a smartphone? Most people have a smart phone in developed countries. 77% of people in Japan use a smart phone and 91% of people in their twenties have a smart phone, but in the developing countries, there are the people who do not have a smart phone, and are forced to work. Smart phone use in the

Democratic Republic of the Congo is only 24.5%. (Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, 2016) The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is located in Central Africa and it is a Republic state. This vast nation has the second largest area in the African continent and the 11th largest area in the entire world.

There are conflicts in DRC. Located in the middle of the African continent, the conflict there has produced more than 5.4 million victims, for more than 15 years, involving neighboring countries. It is the world’s deadliest conflict since World War II.

In Japan, the media do not report this situation in extensively, so Japanese people do not know that (Hara, 2016). Because of conflict, there are conflict minerals. Minerals such as gold, copper, tin, cobalt, diamonds and tantalum are so-called because they are mined illegally, and become a source of funds for purchasing weapons, which causes a situation of further prolonging conflict. Conflict minerals also are a cause of child labor.

−84− Child labor is a crisis that cannot be ignored. Child labor is work that prevents

children going to school, and prohibited in law. About 1.5 billion children are forced to How to Solve Child Labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: work. About 70% of child labor in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is agricultural The Relationship Between Child Labor and Developed Countries and forestry industries and fishers (ILO). There are many reasons. Most people in

developed countries think that we can do nothing to solve these problems and improve

Airi Sakuma this situation, and we are not related to these problems, but that thought is wrong. There are things that only people living in those countries can do. The minerals that are mined

in the DRC are used for smart phones and child labor is also used to mine these. This

1 Introduction report focuses on the DRC because at least 50% of the total cobalt in the world is mined

Do you know how many people have a smartphone? Most people have a smart phone in in there, and there are many mining child labor victims in the country. developed countries. 77% of people in Japan use a smart phone and 91% of people in It is natural that people use smart phones, but this promotes the terrible their twenties have a smart phone, but in the developing countries, there are the people situation of child labor in the DRC because of conflict minerals. Children who are who do not have a smart phone, and are forced to work. Smart phone use in the forced into labor have to be treated as normal children, and to solve problem all people

Democratic Republic of the Congo is only 24.5%. (Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs have to know this issue and raise awareness about it. This paper describes the current and Communications, 2016) The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is located situation of child labor, examines the causes and then states what people who live in the in Central Africa and it is a Republic state. This vast nation has the second largest area developed countries can do to solve the present condition. in the African continent and the 11th largest area in the entire world.

There are conflicts in DRC. Located in the middle of the African continent, the 2 Child labor conflict there has produced more than 5.4 million victims, for more than 15 years, 2.1 Situation The term “child labor” is often defined as work that deprives children of their involving neighboring countries. It is the world’s deadliest conflict since World War II. childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and In Japan, the media do not report this situation in extensively, so Japanese people do not mental development. In its most extreme forms, child labor involves children know that (Hara, 2016). Because of conflict, there are conflict minerals. Minerals such being enslaved, separated from their families, exposed to serious hazards and as gold, copper, tin, cobalt, diamonds and tantalum are so-called because they are mined illnesses and/or left to fend for themselves on the streets of large cities – often illegally, and become a source of funds for purchasing weapons, which causes a at a very early age. Whether or not particular forms of “work” can be called situation of further prolonging conflict. Conflict minerals also are a cause of child labor.

−85− “child labor” depends on the child's age, the type and hours of work performed,

the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by

individual countries. (ILO)

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is extensive mining labor and rare metals are often taken. Cobalt is one of the rare metals. Rare metal is metal that is difficult to mine economically and technically, and it used to make a smart phone. At least 50% of the total cobalt is mined in the DRC. Mineworkers in areas where cobalt is procured are at risk of long-term health damage and mining accidents. At least 80 workers died in a mine in the southern part of the Congo during 16 months from

September 2014 to December 2015. Many of the accidents are not made public and the remains are buried under the debris, so we cannot investigate the exact number of deaths. In addition, the majority of miners are forced to work for long hours every day, without breaks, proper work clothes, facemasks and others essential equipment to protect lungs and skin. Children carry heavy loads and work 12 hours a day, getting only 1.2 dollars a day. (Hara, 2017)

According to a UNICEF estimate from 2014, roughly 40,000 young boys and girls are used for dangerous mining activities in southern DRC, primarily extracting cobalt. Many of the mines were mining cobalt. 152 million children – 64 million girls and 88 million boys – are in child labor globally, accounting for almost one in ten of all children worldwide. The Africa region and the Asia and the Pacific region together host nine out of every ten children in child labor. Africa ranks highest in both the percentage of children in child labor – one- fifth – and the absolute number of children in child labor – 72 million. The agricultural sector accounts for by far the largest share of child labor. It is often hazardous in its nature and in the circumstances in which it is carried out. Children aged 5 to 11 years form the largest share of those in child labor and form a

−86− “child labor” depends on the child's age, the type and hours of work performed, substantial share of those in hazardous work. Forty-eight per cent of all those in child the conditions under which it is performed and the objectives pursued by labor are in the 5–11 years age bracket, 28 per cent are aged 12–14 years, and 25 per individual countries. (ILO) cent fall into the 15–17 years age range. Boys appear to face a greater risk of child labor

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there is extensive mining labor and than girls do. (ILO) rare metals are often taken. Cobalt is one of the rare metals. Rare metal is metal that is difficult to mine economically and technically, and it used to make a smart phone. At 2.2 Causes least 50% of the total cobalt is mined in the DRC. Mineworkers in areas where cobalt is Why are children used easily as the workers? The main reason is that children can be procured are at risk of long-term health damage and mining accidents. At least 80 hired cheaper than adults can. This is because most children cannot receive assistance workers died in a mine in the southern part of the Congo during 16 months from from labor unions. In addition, it is almost impossible for children to make complaints,

September 2014 to December 2015. Many of the accidents are not made public and the and it is almost impossible for organizations to improve the environment of work, so remains are buried under the debris, so we cannot investigate the exact number of they are really at the mercy of employers. The problem of child labor is said to be deaths. In addition, the majority of miners are forced to work for long hours every day, poverty. Especially rural areas are the most severe, and many children go to work in without breaks, proper work clothes, facemasks and others essential equipment to urban areas to feed their families. Therefore, it can be said that many poor families protect lungs and skin. Children carry heavy loads and work 12 hours a day, getting depend on child's income. However, there is another reason that most people do not only 1.2 dollars a day. (Hara, 2017) know: conflict minerals

According to a UNICEF estimate from 2014, roughly 40,000 young boys and Rare metals are mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its girls are used for dangerous mining activities in southern DRC, primarily extracting neighbor countries. As mentioned above, in DRC, there are conflicts. The country’s rich cobalt. Many of the mines were mining cobalt. 152 million children – 64 million girls resources have become major factors of causing conflict. Developed countries use and 88 million boys – are in child labor globally, accounting for almost one in ten of all people in Congo to get resources, and the lives of many people were deprived. children worldwide. The Africa region and the Asia and the Pacific region together host The conflict has grown in size since 1998. Military forces from Uganda and nine out of every ten children in child labor. Africa ranks highest in both the percentage Burundi began to attack the Congo, to get natural resources. The Congo conflict of children in child labor – one- fifth – and the absolute number of children in child involving various other factors such as mining rights of minerals and conflicts among labor – 72 million. The agricultural sector accounts for by far the largest share of child ethnic groups. The conflict has produced millions of victims, but its existence conflict is labor. It is often hazardous in its nature and in the circumstances in which it is carried not known fully. The reason why the Congo conflict has become such a large scale is out. Children aged 5 to 11 years form the largest share of those in child labor and form a the indifference from the international community and shortage of support. More than

−87− 90% of the 5.4 million people victimized by the Congo conflict were not due to direct battle but died due to illness and hunger. Another reason is minerals that have been mined illegally become a source of funds for purchases weapon and continue fighting, it has led the situation to further prolong the dispute by armed forces. Therefore, conflict minerals cause further conflict and child labor. (Hara, 2016)

3 What can we do?

When we purchase a smart phone, the cobalt is used to make it, the company needs more cobalt, and child labor may increase. That to say, the reason for child labor exists with us. The companies that use cobalt from Democratic Republic of the Congo are

Apple, Samsung, Sony, Microsoft, Daimler, and Volkswagen and so on. When the companies were asked by Amnesty International about whether or not they use cobalt traded from the Congo, no company can answer the origin of it. That is a big problem.

(Amnesty International, 2016)

There is a useful item to improve this situation. That is called “Fair phone”.

Fair phones are made in the Netherlands from fair trade. It uses appropriate raw materials that are not source of the conflict. They publish all the processes and data how it is made, so it is transparent. It is designed based on long-term use and can be maintained by oneself. As already mentioned, the conflict minerals such as gold and tin are sources of funding for armed companies. The fair phone is purchases raw materials from mines in Rwanda that are not a source of the conflict. When you finish using a typing smartphone, it becomes a garbage and it is a problem of electronic waste, but the fair phone can be reused. (Fair Phone, 2018)

4 Conclusion

−88− 90% of the 5.4 million people victimized by the Congo conflict were not due to direct It seems that the problem of poverty and child labor in the world are unrelated to battle but died due to illness and hunger. Another reason is minerals that have been developed countries people including myself, but it is not so. As mentioned at the mined illegally become a source of funds for purchases weapon and continue fighting, it beginning, most people in developed countries, including Japan, have a smart phone. has led the situation to further prolong the dispute by armed forces. Therefore, conflict The higher the demand for rare metals used for a smart phone in developed countries, minerals cause further conflict and child labor. (Hara, 2016) the more funds flow into armed companies, the more the victims of conflict continue to

increase, and child labor is promoted. The construction of it promotes the bad situation

3 What can we do? of child labor. It can be said that the "convenient life" in developed countries is built on

When we purchase a smart phone, the cobalt is used to make it, the company needs the sacrifice of people living in Congo. more cobalt, and child labor may increase. That to say, the reason for child labor exists There are things that only people in developed countries can do, such as with us. The companies that use cobalt from Democratic Republic of the Congo are lengthening the period of use of a smart phone instead of throwing away or reducing the

Apple, Samsung, Sony, Microsoft, Daimler, and Volkswagen and so on. When the demand for minerals. It is wrong that the company has used the conflict minerals companies were asked by Amnesty International about whether or not they use cobalt without knowing their source. Our lives are not unrelated to this problem. We should traded from the Congo, no company can answer the origin of it. That is a big problem. raise awareness about this issue in order to make the better world and use phones such

(Amnesty International, 2016) as Fair Phone that are not related to child labor.

There is a useful item to improve this situation. That is called “Fair phone”.

Fair phones are made in the Netherlands from fair trade. It uses appropriate raw 5 References materials that are not source of the conflict. They publish all the processes and data how Amnesty International. (2016, January 25). Retrieved July 10, 2018, from it is made, so it is transparent. It is designed based on long-term use and can be https://www.amnesty.or.jp/news/2016/0125_5817.html maintained by oneself. As already mentioned, the conflict minerals such as gold and tin Fairphone. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2018, from https://www.fairphone.com/en/our-goals/ are sources of funding for armed companies. The fair phone is purchases raw materials Hara, K. Blogos. (2016, May 10). Retrieved July 19, 2018, from from mines in Rwanda that are not a source of the conflict. When you finish using a https://blogos.com/article/174960/ typing smartphone, it becomes a garbage and it is a problem of electronic waste, but the Hara, K. Huffpost. (2017, May 31). Retrieved July 10, 2018, from fair phone can be reused. (Fair Phone, 2018) https://www.huffingtonpost.jp/kanta-hara/540_media_b_10214318.html

ILO. Global estimates of child labour (n.d.). Retrieved July 10, 2018, from 4 Conclusion

−89− http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---

dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575499.pdf

ILO. What is child labour. (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2018, from

http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm

Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. (2016). Retrieved July 19,

2018, from http://www.soumu.go.jp/g-ict/country/congomin/detail.html

Marketing research camp. (2017, November 21). Retrieved July 19, 2018, from

https://marketing-rc.com/article/20160731.html

Olivier. Humanium. (2016, April 6). Retrieved July 11, 2018, from

https://www.humanium.org/en/child-labor-in-the-mines-of-the-democratic-republic-

of-congo/

−90− http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575499.pdf How a Third-Party Intervention Affects a Conflict Situation ILO. What is child labour. (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2018, from http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm

Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. (2016). Retrieved July 19, Rinda Kawamoto 2018, from http://www.soumu.go.jp/g-ict/country/congomin/detail.html

Marketing research camp. (2017, November 21). Retrieved July 19, 2018, from https://marketing-rc.com/article/20160731.html 1 Introduction

Olivier. Humanium. (2016, April 6). Retrieved July 11, 2018, from It is true that a number of conflicts have been resolved by mediators. Indeed, it is https://www.humanium.org/en/child-labor-in-the-mines-of-the-democratic-republic- commonly believed that a third-party intervention is needed not only for conflict of-congo/ “prevention” but also for conflict “resolution” (Tamai, 1995, p. 46). Eran Halperin and James Gross (2011), too, stated in the paper that reappraisal positively affected the

duration of a conflict situation. There is, however, a considerable number of disputes that

were exacerbated by a third-party intervention, as in the case of the Iraq War and the

Syrian Civil War.

Due to the Islamic Revolution in 1970, anti-American sentiments were rapidly

spread in Iranian society. On the other hand, the U.S. financially aided Iraq, which was in

an adversarial relationship between Iran. Simultaneously, An Anti-American terrorist

group, al-Qaeda, arose from Islamic fundamentalists in Afghanistan. After Iraq conquered

Kuwait, the military intervention of the multinational forces including the U.S. led to an

outbreak of the Gulf War. The tragic terrorism induced by the series of such military

interventions is September11, 2001 attacks. Moreover, U.S. President Bush agitated the

citizens to retaliate against Iraq as a “war on terrorism.” His approval ratings at that time

were over 90 percent. (Takeshi Iida, p.145) However, after the U.S. attacked Iraq, it was

announced in the nation that the 9.11 and Iraq were completely unrelated. Though the

−91− approval ratings gradually decrease, an American garrison in Iraq was not withdrawn until the regime changed. In the light of these historical transitions, it is no exaggeration to say that the military interventions initiated in the 1970’s rather deteriorated the disputes in the Middle East. Is a third-party intervention really an ideal means to end a long-lasting conflict?

In this report, I will elaborate more fully on the emotional transition of a person involved in a conflict to clarify the impacts of a third-party intervention on a group and to suggest a possible alternative to bring a conclusion to a dispute. First, I will review the literature on emotional and social psychology related to conflict resolution, and, more specifically, the effects of an intervention by a group that is not specialized for resolving a conflict situation, including a political party and a nation. I will follow this with an experiment reports employing dictator game methods. Finally, I discuss the results of my analysis and make suggestions for further research and future policy. Succinctly, the results suggest that although a third-party intervention (arbitrating) is often regarded as a praise-deserving behavior, a conflict situation can be aggravated by it.

2 Effects of a Group: How people act as a group In most conflict situations between groups, it is necessary to suggest a solution based on how people tend to behave as a part of their in-group. According to Kazuyo Kino

(2004), people tend to express their anger when they wish to fix the relationship between the opponent, though their hidden intentions are usually regarded as animosity.

Also, these phenomena do not only happen in personal situations, but also in conflicts between several groups such as friends, family, and races. The research by Kengo

Nawata (2013) shows that everyone belongs to some “groups,” and recognize those groups as “themselves.” In order to feel superior to others, they evaluate themselves

−92− approval ratings gradually decrease, an American garrison in Iraq was not withdrawn until better than any other groups. This is called “intergroup bias.” However, although we the regime changed. In the light of these historical transitions, it is no exaggeration to say have intergroup “favoritism,” it is not directly connected to outgroup “rejection.” The that the military interventions initiated in the 1970’s rather deteriorated the disputes in biggest factor of in-group bias to cause a conflict is “intergroup vicarious retribution.” the Middle East. Is a third-party intervention really an ideal means to end a long-lasting When an outgroup member harms an intergroup member, a member of the victim’s conflict? group sometimes takes revenge against the attacker’s group. This phenomenon can

In this report, I will elaborate more fully on the emotional transition of a person enlarge the conflict terribly. However, no injured individuals [were found] in the Initial involved in a conflict to clarify the impacts of a third-party intervention on a group and Jomon period lasting for 5000 years or more, though non-injured individuals were to suggest a possible alternative to bring a conclusion to a dispute. First, I will review the discovered for the period (Hisashi Nakao et al. 2016, p.3). Thus, it is premature to literature on emotional and social psychology related to conflict resolution, and, more define fighting as part of our instinct. specifically, the effects of an intervention by a group that is not specialized for resolving 3 Experiment report a conflict situation, including a political party and a nation. I will follow this with an 3.1 Experiment methods and hypotheses experiment reports employing dictator game methods. Finally, I discuss the results of my In the dictator game utilized by the research, 37 students from 2-8, Ritsumeikan high analysis and make suggestions for further research and future policy. Succinctly, the school participated as the subjects. The subjects were split into 2 groups and shared 11 results suggest that although a third-party intervention (arbitrating) is often regarded as a pieces of chocolate with the opponents, 3 times as the dictator. Their decision would be praise-deserving behavior, a conflict situation can be aggravated by it. accepted if they are accepted by the judge (experimenter), and all the chocolate would

be confiscated if the judge considered the decisions to be “unfair.” I defined “fair 2 Effects of a Group: How people act as a group distribution” for those who divided the chocolate 6:5 or less, and “unfair distribution” In most conflict situations between groups, it is necessary to suggest a solution based on for 7:4 or more. The criteria of the judgment were not clearly explained to the subjects. how people tend to behave as a part of their in-group. According to Kazuyo Kino In the 1st game, the judge always accepts the subjects’ decision, regardless of its (2004), people tend to express their anger when they wish to fix the relationship fairness. In the 2nd game, the judge confiscated all the chocolate from the subjects, and between the opponent, though their hidden intentions are usually regarded as animosity. the subjects’ decision was accepted in the 3rd game. Short questionnaires were given Also, these phenomena do not only happen in personal situations, but also in conflicts between each game, in order to measure subjects’ emotional transition. The subjects between several groups such as friends, family, and races. The research by Kengo chose their answers from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) and rated the Nawata (2013) shows that everyone belongs to some “groups,” and recognize those strength of emotion they felt after each game. Here are the questions provided in the groups as “themselves.” In order to feel superior to others, they evaluate themselves

−93− questionnaire:

Q1. Are you satisfied with the result?

Q2. Did the judge act fairly?

Q3. Was the situation disadvantageous?

Q4. On which side did the judge favor?

Q5. Was the decision of the judge right?

Q6. Was your decision fair?

Q7. Why do you think so?

Q8. Did you contribute to the group?

Q9. Others

In CASE1, the subjects were told that the opponents could not resist the subjects’ decisions, while they were noted that the opponent could be passing a bribe to the judge in CASE2. The subjects were classified into 4 groups, A, B, C, D, depending on the participant’s attitude:

1) Group A: those who acted fairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on the 3rd game

2) Group B: those who acted fairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on the 3rd game

3) Group C: those who acted unfairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on the 3rd game

4) Group D: those who acted unfairly on the 2nd game and fairly on the 3rd game

My hypotheses were the followings:

1. The subjects may act more fairly on CASE 1 than CASE.2.

2. The predictive result A will be the most frequent consequence.

Table 1: How the subjects split the chocolates

−94− questionnaire:

Q1. Are you satisfied with the result?

Q2. Did the judge act fairly? Table 2: 4 classifications of the subjects Q3. Was the situation disadvantageous?

Q4. On which side did the judge favor?

Q5. Was the decision of the judge right?

Q6. Was your decision fair? 3.2 Results and discussion Q7. Why do you think so? On the 1st game, 5 subjects acted fairly and 11 subjects acted unfairly in CASE 1, while Q8. Did you contribute to the group? 13 subjects acted fairly and 3 subjects acted unfairly in CASE 2. The subjects acted Q9. Others more fairly on CASE 2. The reputation for aggression thus can act as deterrents, helping In CASE1, the subjects were told that the opponents could not resist the subjects’ to solve the adaptive problem of others attempting to co-opt one’s resources (David M. decisions, while they were noted that the opponent could be passing a bribe to the judge Buss and Todd K.Shackelfold, 1997, p.610). Human perceptual and decision making in CASE2. The subjects were classified into 4 groups, A, B, C, D, depending on the systems ought to be especially sensitive to cues of the presence of others (Kevin J. participant’s attitude: HaleyT, Daniel M.T. Fessler, 2005, p.254). Considering the difference between CASE 1 1) Group A: those who acted fairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on the 3rd game and 2, it can be assumed that the more powerful opponents provoked wariness and 2) Group B: those who acted fairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on the 3rd game detered one’s aggression in CASE 2. In the 2nd game, the judge confiscated the 3) Group C: those who acted unfairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on the 3rd game chocolate and attempted to provoke the opponents’ anger. Consequently, 5 subjects 4) Group D: those who acted unfairly on the 2nd game and fairly on the 3rd game acted fairly and 11 subjects acted unfairly in CASE 1, while 13 subjects acted fairly and My hypotheses were the followings: 3 subjects acted unfairly in CASE 2. Those who behaved fairly in the 2nd game were 1. The subjects may act more fairly on CASE 1 than CASE.2. especially more likely to act aggressively in the 3rd game. The average scores of the 2. The predictive result A will be the most frequent consequence. answers to the questionnaire were the followings:

Figure 1: The results of the questionnaire Table 1: How the subjects split the chocolates

−95− CASE 1

Ａ Ｂ Ｃ Ｄ 1st Game 5

4

3

2

1

0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8

2nd Game A B C D 4 3 2 1 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8

A B C D 3rd Game 4 3 2 1 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8

CASE 2

−96− CASE 1 A B 1st Game Ａ Ｂ Ｃ Ｄ 1st Game 5 5 4 3 4 2 3 1 0 2 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 1

0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 2nd Game 2nd Game ABCD 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 A B

A B C D 3rd Game 4 ABCD 3rd Game 3 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q8

Q1 (Are you satisfied with the result?) showed that the groups A and C, which behaved CASE 2 unfairly on 3rd game, indicated a higher level of satisfaction. In Q2 (Did the judge act

fairly?), group B in CASE 2 especially criticized the judge’s fairness after 2nd game

and the perception did not change even after the 3rd game. Comparing with the results

of group A, which counterattacked on 3rd game, group B that stayed being fair on 3rd

rated the judge significantly lower. From Q3 (Did the judge act fairly?) which measured

−97− the sense of inequality towards the situation, frustration was prominently higher in group A, those who acted fairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on 3rd game. This frustration may lead the subjects to behave more aggressively on 3rd game.

Moreover, in both CASE 1 and CASE 2, groups A and B, which acted fairly in

2nd game tended to act more unfairly in the 3rd game. Interactional injustice seems to be a stronger predictor of aggression in organizational setting. (Alexandra Didry, Anne-

Sophie Henner, Pascale Salhani, 2006, p.2) The subjects’ aggression might have increased since the decision was rejected despite their intention to be fair. Furthermore, those who answered that the judge favored themselves tended to rate the judge to be more accurate, while those who perceived that the judge was not in favor of their decisions tended to rate the judge to be inaccurate. Considering that 97.2 percent of the subjects linked the answer to Q4 (On which side did the judge favor?) and Q5 (Was the decision of the judge right?). This infers that one’s perception towards rightfulness depends on how the result is acceptable for him or her. In a conflict situation, people concerned are more likely to act based on emotion rather than regulating emotional impulse with reason. (Kawamoto, 2016, p.2) Hence, it is indiscreet to rely too much on rightfulness when one selects an action in a conflict situation. In Q6 (Was your decision fair?), more subjects in group D admitted their unfair distribution than the ones in group

C did. Contrarily, group A tended to insist on their rightfulness more than any other group. Since those who in group A were aware that they acted fairly on 2nd game, while group D realized their decisions were unfair, their frustration and hostility increased, leading them to make the more unfair decisions on 3rd game.

On the other hand, the answers for Q8 (Did you contribute to the group?) in

CASE 2 showed that all the groups rated their sense of contribution after the 3rd game.

−98− the sense of inequality towards the situation, frustration was prominently higher in The scores of groups A, B, and C recovered after 3rd game, while those of group B group A, those who acted fairly on the 2nd game and unfairly on 3rd game. This remained low. It can be naturally assumed that group B, which kept distributing fair did frustration may lead the subjects to behave more aggressively on 3rd game. not have a chance to sublimate the frustration and the sense of inequality expressed in

Moreover, in both CASE 1 and CASE 2, groups A and B, which acted fairly in Q3, 4, and 5. Acts of aggression in response to instigation to hostility will tend to reduce

2nd game tended to act more unfairly in the 3rd game. Interactional injustice seems to the level of hostile tension in the aggressor. (Thibaut, J. W., & Coules, J., 1952, p.770) be a stronger predictor of aggression in organizational setting. (Alexandra Didry, Anne- Given that the other groups’ aggression was amplified by the increased frustration,

Sophie Henner, Pascale Salhani, 2006, p.2) The subjects’ aggression might have group B is also strongly likely to grow their frustration to be stronger hostility. Overall, increased since the decision was rejected despite their intention to be fair. Furthermore, it is no exaggeration to say that the judge’s intervention led every group to increase the those who answered that the judge favored themselves tended to rate the judge to be subjects’ hostility, causing the more extreme conflict situation to continue. more accurate, while those who perceived that the judge was not in favor of their 4 Conclusion decisions tended to rate the judge to be inaccurate. Considering that 97.2 percent of the In this study, I discussed the consequences of a third-party intervention, especially by a subjects linked the answer to Q4 (On which side did the judge favor?) and Q5 (Was the group that is not specialized for resolving a conflict situation including a political party decision of the judge right?). This infers that one’s perception towards rightfulness and a nation, and the possibility of a third-party intervention to result in a conflict depends on how the result is acceptable for him or her. In a conflict situation, people intensification was examined. The results of the experiments, the dictator game with a concerned are more likely to act based on emotion rather than regulating emotional judge, showed that a third-party “monitoring” can be effective to prevent aggressive impulse with reason. (Kawamoto, 2016, p.2) Hence, it is indiscreet to rely too much on behaviors, while a third-party “intervention” exacerbates a conflict situation by leading rightfulness when one selects an action in a conflict situation. In Q6 (Was your decision the groups into a vicious cycle of counterattacks. Since it was suggested in this study that fair?), more subjects in group D admitted their unfair distribution than the ones in group a third-party intervention may not be the most ideal way to resolve a conflict situation, C did. Contrarily, group A tended to insist on their rightfulness more than any other more research should be done to suggest effective alternatives. In future research, I would group. Since those who in group A were aware that they acted fairly on 2nd game, while like to focus on psycholinguistics to prevent people from being brutalized. group D realized their decisions were unfair, their frustration and hostility increased, Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Takao Sato and leading them to make the more unfair decisions on 3rd game. Associate professor Kousuke Wakabayashi from Ritsumeikan University, Professor On the other hand, the answers for Q8 (Did you contribute to the group?) in Masataka Higuchi from Sophia University, and President Miki Horie from Ritsumeikan CASE 2 showed that all the groups rated their sense of contribution after the 3rd game. Junior & Junior High School for their valuable comments. I am also grateful to the

−99− classmates from 2-8, Ritsumeikan high school who participated in my experiments.

4 Supplemental data

− 100 − classmates from 2-8, Ritsumeikan high school who participated in my experiments.

4 Supplemental data

5 References Alexandra Didry, Anne-Sophie Henner, Pascale Salhani, “Injustice and its relations

with anger and aggression inorganizational and emotional settings”, 2006,

Interdisciplinary ApproachesHumboldt University of Berlin

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− 101 − pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period”, 2016, Biology

Letters

Kaori Sato, “Perception of intention in defecting behavior and unfairness”, 1996, The

Japanese Journal of Research on Emotions Vol.3, No.2 71-79

Kazuyo Kino, “Evaluations of appropriateness and effectiveness of anger expression

strategies and the likelihood of their use”, 2004, The Japanese Journal of Research

on Emotions Vol. 10, No.2 43-55

Kengo Nawata and Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, “The Ingroup Audience Affect on Intergroup

Vicarious Retribution [in Japanese]”, 2013, Japanese Journal of Social

Psychologyp.167-177

Kevin J. Haley & Daniel M.T. Fessler, “Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect

generosity in an anonymous economic game”, 2005, Evolution and Human

Behavior 26

Nir Harvey & Eliran Halali, “Selfish third parties act as peacemakers by transforming

conflicts and promoting cooperation”, 2015, PNAS 112 (22) 6937-6942

Orly Iden, Eran Halperin et al. “A rose by any other name? A subtle linguistic cue

impacts anger and corresponding policy support in intractable conflict”, 2018,

Psychological Science, Vol. 29, Issue: 6, 972-983

Patrick M. Regan, “Third party intervention and the duration of intrastate conflicts”, 2002,

Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 46, No.1

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intergroup behavior. European journal of social psychology, 1, 149-177.

Tajfel, H., & Wilkes. A.L. (1963), Classification and quantitative judgement. Ritish

Journal of Psychology, 54, 101-114 Tajfel, H., ＆ Turner, J.C. (1979).

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Letters like? The effects of others in the dictator’s game”,2007, 30th Nisshinn Competition

Kaori Sato, “Perception of intention in defecting behavior and unfairness”, 1996, The Takeshi Iida, ”From 9.11 terrorism to Iraq War-Attempt to solution with collective

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Kazuyo Kino, “Evaluations of appropriateness and effectiveness of anger expression strategies and the likelihood of their use”, 2004, The Japanese Journal of Research on Emotions Vol. 10, No.2 43-55

Kengo Nawata and Hiroyuki Yamaguchi, “The Ingroup Audience Affect on Intergroup

Vicarious Retribution [in Japanese]”, 2013, Japanese Journal of Social

Psychologyp.167-177

Kevin J. Haley & Daniel M.T. Fessler, “Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game”, 2005, Evolution and Human

Behavior 26

Nir Harvey & Eliran Halali, “Selfish third parties act as peacemakers by transforming conflicts and promoting cooperation”, 2015, PNAS 112 (22) 6937-6942

Orly Iden, Eran Halperin et al. “A rose by any other name? A subtle linguistic cue impacts anger and corresponding policy support in intractable conflict”, 2018,

Psychological Science, Vol. 29, Issue: 6, 972-983

Patrick M. Regan, “Third party intervention and the duration of intrastate conflicts”, 2002,

Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 46, No.1

Tajfel, H., Billing, M., Bundy, R.P., ＆ Flament, C. (1971), Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European journal of social psychology, 1, 149-177.

Tajfel, H., & Wilkes. A.L. (1963), Classification and quantitative judgement. Ritish

Journal of Psychology, 54, 101-114 Tajfel, H., ＆ Turner, J.C. (1979).

− 103 − The Relationship Between Sports and Development Through the Concept of Social Cooperation

Miaki Shima

1 Introduction

"Sports is a social institution that can make a strong influence on society" (Zeigler,

2007)

In recent years, the trend of utilizing sports in the development process for poverty reduction, "sports for development and peace (SDP), is getting popular in international organizations including the United Nations. In Japan, emphasis is placed on "development of sports" - how to promote people's sports activities themselves in many cases, such as sports aid to developing countries. Therefore, the trend of SDP itself is not known so much, so sports as a tool of development has been largely overlooked.

In addition, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has attracted attention. This concept means that a company refers to conducting business activities with responsibility for the impact on society, not just for economic benefits. Sports teams, athletes and famous people are also required to practice CSR without exception.

It is effective to use the power of sports in development, and in order to utilize

− 104 − CSR activities as a means to promote development through sports in the future, it is

important for companies, sports teams, organizations like NGOs, NPOs and The Relationship Between Sports and Development Through the governments to collaborate closely. Japan is behind in this field compared with other Concept of Social Cooperation developed countries like Europe and the United States and so it should actively learn

about CSR from advanced countries.

Miaki Shima This paper describes the role of sports, gives concrete examples of how to contribute to society by using sports and, examines what is needed to develop this

activity in Japan in the future.

1 Introduction 2 Role of sports "Sports is a social institution that can make a strong influence on society" (Zeigler, 2.1 Sports and education 2007) The educational potential of sports is infinite and it has the capacity possible to grow In recent years, the trend of utilizing sports in the development process for various aspects of human beings. Fukuoka and Tanimoto summarized what sports poverty reduction, "sports for development and peace (SDP), is getting popular in activities are and what kind of ability they can cultivate in "The significance and role of international organizations including the United Nations. In Japan, emphasis is placed sports in modern times.” (2011) on "development of sports" - how to promote people's sports activities themselves in many cases, such as sports aid to developing countries. Therefore, the trend of SDP 1. Self-realization activities (experience activities): activities that involve the itself is not known so much, so sports as a tool of development has been largely whole personality in the form of living in which mechanization, division of overlooked. labor, specialization, standardization and standardization progresses. In addition, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has attracted attention. This concept means that a company refers to conducting business activities 2. Self-creative activities: are aimed at higher quality self-existence or self- with responsibility for the impact on society, not just for economic benefits. Sports creation. teams, athletes and famous people are also required to practice CSR without exception. 3. Health, physical strength creation activities: developing behaviors that aim at

It is effective to use the power of sports in development, and in order to utilize obtaining wellness from fitness and aiming for healthier self-performance.

− 105 − 4. Continuing will to live as a being an organism and sports as action to

cultivate vigor.

5. Improve self-control of spontaneous physical and mental self-esteem,

improve adaptive ability to different environments and control humans’ body

and mind as they think.

6. Mind concentration ability in extreme conditions: can lead to realization of

self-accomplishment and optimum value control in mental concentration under

extreme conditions of human's physical strength(concentration ability).

7. Self-confidence capability for self-action (including unknown territory):

entails Trusting ourselves, even if it is behavior in unknown territory, making

sure predictions and actions programmed with calm attitude (self-confidence).

In addition, Fukuoka and Tanimoto said that the spirit of fair play, team work, leadership and followership are grown by experiencing human relationships in sports activities in a team (group). In order to play in a group, each person must follow the rules stipulated and respect each other properly. Team work cannot be done without consideration and cooperation with others. In the group someone is a leader and other members are followers. The team will work smoothly as each person thinks about their own position and does one’s best to the role given. (2011)

In this way, sports through education plays a major role in the growth humans mentally and physically.

2.2 Sports and health

− 106 − 4. Continuing will to live as a being an organism and sports as action to Sports promote both the physical and mental well-being of a person. Doing sports cultivate vigor. regularly helps in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases and maintenance of muscle

strength and body function. If exercises are not practiced and the energy intake exceeds 5. Improve self-control of spontaneous physical and mental self-esteem, the consumption energy, the energy which was not used, will be stocked in the body as improve adaptive ability to different environments and control humans’ body fat. When this state is repeated many times, fat gets piled in the body, leading to obesity. and mind as they think. This risk can be reduced by exercising. If human beings do not use the body functions 6. Mind concentration ability in extreme conditions: can lead to realization of that they have, these will degrade with surprising speed. For example, if the routine self-accomplishment and optimum value control in mental concentration under "walking" action is not performed, many muscles weaken, further reducing balance and extreme conditions of human's physical strength(concentration ability). cardiopulmonary function. When this becomes serious, there is a fear that it will have a

7. Self-confidence capability for self-action (including unknown territory): great influence on daily life. In addition, the muscle mass increases during the growth entails Trusting ourselves, even if it is behavior in unknown territory, making period and then decreases with age. Therefore, it is important to maintain muscle mass sure predictions and actions programmed with calm attitude (self-confidence). by doing sports. Furthermore, maintaining and improving physical strength and muscle

strength will boost immunity and aid in disease prevention. (Tanita)

In addition, Fukuoka and Tanimoto said that the spirit of fair play, team work, When exercising, people feel a sense of exhilaration and a sense of leadership and followership are grown by experiencing human relationships in sports accomplishment, which will also have a good mental effect: reduce the possibility of activities in a team (group). In order to play in a group, each person must follow the dementia and reduce indefinite complaints, leading to refreshing and stress relief. Sheri rules stipulated and respect each other properly. Team work cannot be done without Ledbetter (2016) found that there is a strong relationship between the mental health of consideration and cooperation with others. In the group someone is a leader and other the elderly and exercise and physical activity. In the past investigation by Professor Julia members are followers. The team will work smoothly as each person thinks about their Bohm (2016) of the School of Psychology and Behavioral Health at Chapman own position and does one’s best to the role given. (2011) University, people with positive feelings such as having a sense of fulfillment in life,

In this way, sports through education plays a major role in the growth humans feeling vitality, a high degree of satisfaction are confirmed to have a low tendency to mentally and physically. developing heart disease, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer. Boehm (2016)

"Emphasizes that people who are mentally healthy are inclined to exercise actively thus

2.2 Sports and health reducing tendencies become sick and have an extended healthy life-span ”

− 107 − In other words, physical activity is important not only to reduce the risk of diseases such as cancer and heart disease but also to maintain mental health.

2.3 Sports and economy

Many studies have revealed that sports have an economic effect on various aspects. The economic effect which is stated here refers to the contribution amount of GDP.

According to "The Economic Impact of the London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic

Games" surveyed by the University of Oxford (2012), the total economic effect by holding the games was 16.5 billion pounds between 2005 and 2017. The economic effect of expenditure was 13.5 billion pounds, the economic benefits of consumption expenditure such as participants (the effect on tourism industry) was 2 billion pounds, the economic effect of operation related expenditure was 1.04 billion pounds. For large- scale international events such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the new demand for facility maintenance-related expenditure accounts for the majority of the overall economic benefit, as new competition facilities were constructed and other existing facilities were maintained before the event.

In an additional example, from baseball, the economic effect of holding of the

Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles home games in the 2016 season for Miyagi Prefecture was about 12.9 billion yen; the direct effect due to spectator entrance fees, transportation fees, food and beverage costs, and the ripple effect on each industry arising from the direct effect was estimated to be about 8.4 billion yen. There was a total economic effect of 213 billion yen. Thus, it can be said that the club rooted in the region brings economic effects to the area. In the cases of the 2014 professional baseball spring training camp held in Okinawa Prefecture and the Ishigaki-Island Marathon conducted

− 108 − In other words, physical activity is important not only to reduce the risk of in 2011, the economic effect was also significant, further showing that the attractiveness diseases such as cancer and heart disease but also to maintain mental health. of sports brings economic effect. (MEXT, 2015)

According to "Leisure White Paper 2013", the market size of sports in Japan in

2.3 Sports and economy 2012 was 3,915 billion yen. This is due to the growing popularity of sports which can be

Many studies have revealed that sports have an economic effect on various aspects. The easily do alone such as jogging, marathon, swimming as well as the expansion of the economic effect which is stated here refers to the contribution amount of GDP. sporting goods market in recent years. The sporting goods market has an economic

According to "The Economic Impact of the London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic effect of about 1, 268 billion yen in 2012.

Games" surveyed by the University of Oxford (2012), the total economic effect by In the United States, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says holding the games was 16.5 billion pounds between 2005 and 2017. The economic that in the "Nutrition and Physical Activity at a Glance 2011", medical expenses in the effect of expenditure was 13.5 billion pounds, the economic benefits of consumption US due to lack of physical activity will be estimated at US $ 75 billion annually. In expenditure such as participants (the effect on tourism industry) was 2 billion pounds, addition, in the UK, Sports England, a public institution, announced survey results of the economic effect of operation related expenditure was 1.04 billion pounds. For large- over 900 million pounds of medical costs managed by Primary Care Trust (PCT) under scale international events such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the new demand the Ministry of Health of England due to insufficient physical activity. Even in Japan, for facility maintenance-related expenditure accounts for the majority of the overall various research and analysis are being conducted on the effect of reducing spending on economic benefit, as new competition facilities were constructed and other existing health care costs by promoting sports activities, and "Ministry of Education, Culture, facilities were maintained before the event. Sports, Science and Technology" published in August 2014 a "Survey on Economic

In an additional example, from baseball, the economic effect of holding of the Effects of Sports." It was shown that excessive medical expenses are caused by

Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles home games in the 2016 season for Miyagi Prefecture insufficient exercise and that promotion of sports activities surely leads to reduction of was about 12.9 billion yen; the direct effect due to spectator entrance fees, medical expenses. In response to such a survey, measures are being taken to encourage transportation fees, food and beverage costs, and the ripple effect on each industry regular exercise in developed countries, and awareness of health is rising. Along with arising from the direct effect was estimated to be about 8.4 billion yen. There was a total that, sports-related enterprises shift their minds to "health", and different industries such economic effect of 213 billion yen. Thus, it can be said that the club rooted in the region as medical fields and IT-related companies enter the sports related market, and it is brings economic effects to the area. In the cases of the 2014 professional baseball spring expected that the market will be further activated in the future. training camp held in Okinawa Prefecture and the Ishigaki-Island Marathon conducted In these ways sports raises economic effects by improving health and attracting

− 109 − many people.

3 Examples of activities

There are various ways to say that sports contribute to society through its activities. In this chapter, concrete examples of these activities and how they affect society are going to be presented.

3.1Providing opportunity to relate with sports

Opportunities are offered for children to experience sports by opening a clinic directly taught by the athletes owned by the company or sponsoring the tournament. Since 2007,

Mizuno, a Japanese sports maker, has held "Mizuno Victory Clinic" in which the top athletes and OB / OG who were active at the front line teach practical skills in various places. Approximately 300 people, 20 events played at domestic and international competitions such as Olympic and World Championships, are registered in the clinic lecturer, and they directly communicated the skills and spirit of the top athlete and promote exchange among participants. In 2015, "Mizuno Victory Clinic" was held 287 times in Japan. (Mizuno)

By offering opportunities to experience sports, to convey the appeal of sports and promote communication between participants, it is possible to expand participants' perspectives and improve their skills by technical guidance.

3.2 Provide educational programs

In Cologne Sports College located in the Midwest of Germany, students at the college are dispatched to elementary schools to enable doing physical education activities where

− 110 − many people. the lessons are not sufficient. It is said that students at Cologne Sports College will plan

the content of the sports activities and companies provide the funds as a sponsor for the

plan, so companies can participate in social contribution activities by becoming a 3 Examples of activities sponsor. It is a different point from Japan that has won a company sponsor and is There are various ways to say that sports contribute to society through its activities. In funded, instead of doing activities using public subsidies and university funds, by this chapter, concrete examples of these activities and how they affect society are going acquiring sponsorship from companies, so that it can implement free activities that are to be presented. not bound by subsidy frameworks. (Tomiyama, K., Kawanishi, M., Kitamura, T.,

Ishizawa,N., Nakano, R., & Sugiura, K., 2011) 3.1Providing opportunity to relate with sports

Opportunities are offered for children to experience sports by opening a clinic directly 3.3 Charity taught by the athletes owned by the company or sponsoring the tournament. Since 2007, Some companies provide funds to organizations, such as NPOs and NGOs who are Mizuno, a Japanese sports maker, has held "Mizuno Victory Clinic" in which the top engaged in activities, rather than directly engaging in social contribution activities. athletes and OB / OG who were active at the front line teach practical skills in various ASICS Europe carries out a large-scale fund-raising campaign and donates 100,000 places. Approximately 300 people, 20 events played at domestic and international euros gathered from consumers and employees all over Europe to international NPOs. competitions such as Olympic and World Championships, are registered in the clinic These are groups that offer sports programs to encourage children in disadvantaged lecturer, and they directly communicated the skills and spirit of the top athlete and circumstances to live proactively. promote exchange among participants. In 2015, "Mizuno Victory Clinic" was held 287 In addition, in the United States, a partnership was concluded with "PHIT times in Japan. (Mizuno) America" and efforts were made to solve the problem of lack of exercise. PHIT America By offering opportunities to experience sports, to convey the appeal of sports is an organization promoting an active and healthy lifestyle for young people in the US; and promote communication between participants, it is possible to expand participants' ASICS calls people to run for 60 minutes through the Run-keeper app, and donates 1 perspectives and improve their skills by technical guidance. dollar each time the challenge is achieved, totaling 50 thousand dollars donated to PHIT

America. By doing so, various activities of PHIT America at school were supported. 3.2 Provide educational programs

In Cologne Sports College located in the Midwest of Germany, students at the college 3.4 Creating opportunities for providing information are dispatched to elementary schools to enable doing physical education activities where

− 111 − The Zimbabwe Baseball Federation cooperates with several schools and NGOs and, conducts HIV / AIDS awareness sessions together with baseball spreading activities.

HIV / AIDS awareness staff gathers participants in the vacant space in the ground during breaks of practice or games and at the end of those, and participants involved in various lectures about HIV / AIDS, about 30 to 40 minutes per times. Since the activities of the Zimbabwe Baseball Federation are aimed at spreading baseball, there are many new participants and relatively many girls participate because there is a little direct contact. One of the people involved in enlightenment activities says that because it is a place of sports, children can enjoy it without being bored. (Okada, 2013)

Sports have characteristics that attract people to the place where they are being held, allowing people with different positions to spend time together, also depending on the scale of the activity, HIV / AIDS awareness raising at some sports venues, the benefit of cost versus the number of people gathered is valued as an advantage.

4 Conclusion

Sports has the power to attract people. It gives impression and courage, which are shared beyond national, ethnic and gender barriers. Sports has the power to change people. By actively tackling sports, people's physical and mental health are promoted and mental growth is also promoted through communication. It also leads to getting a sense of self affirmation that it is upright about players by supporting involved in nurturing. Sports has the power to change society. If people change, society will change. Also, in the huge market called the sports market, a lot of money and people are moving.

In this way, the idea of SDP that utilizes sports can give a good influence to various aspects of people and society. It can be a tool of development for developing

− 112 − The Zimbabwe Baseball Federation cooperates with several schools and NGOs and, countries has become popular recently. In the future, to help support these efforts and to conducts HIV / AIDS awareness sessions together with baseball spreading activities. put the idea into practice, it will be necessary to spread CSR activity.

HIV / AIDS awareness staff gathers participants in the vacant space in the ground In Japan, the field of CSR is lagging behind Europe and the United States. In during breaks of practice or games and at the end of those, and participants involved in order to reach the standard of developed countries, companies, sports teams, various lectures about HIV / AIDS, about 30 to 40 minutes per times. Since the organizations and governments have to establish close collaboration systems with each activities of the Zimbabwe Baseball Federation are aimed at spreading baseball, there other. It can be said that activities which go beyond each framework are needed deeply. are many new participants and relatively many girls participate because there is a little Sport has unlimited possibilities to make people happy. direct contact. One of the people involved in enlightenment activities says that because it is a place of sports, children can enjoy it without being bored. (Okada, 2013) 5 References

Sports have characteristics that attract people to the place where they are being ASICS. (n.d.) Sustainability Report 2017, Retrieved July 18, 2018 from held, allowing people with different positions to spend time together, also depending on https://assets.asics.com/page_types/3284/files/asics_sustainability_report_2017 the scale of the activity, HIV / AIDS awareness raising at some sports venues, the _online-41-43_original.pdf benefit of cost versus the number of people gathered is valued as an advantage. Fukuoka, T. & Tanimoto, T. (2008). Gendai ni okeru supo-tu no igi to yakuwari

4 Conclusion [Significance and role of sports and percentage] Teikyo Economics Studies

Sports has the power to attract people. It gives impression and courage, which are shared 41(2), 145-154 beyond national, ethnic and gender barriers. Sports has the power to change people. By Japan Productivity Center (2013) Leisure White Paper 2013 actively tackling sports, people's physical and mental health are promoted and mental Japan sports agency (2017) Physical fitness and athletic ability research growth is also promoted through communication. It also leads to getting a sense of self Kim E., Kubzansky L., Soo J. & Boehm J. (2016) Maintaining Healthy Behavior: a affirmation that it is upright about players by supporting involved in nurturing. Sports has the power to change society. If people change, society will change. Also, in the huge Prospective Study of Psychological Well-Being and Physical Activity. Annals market called the sports market, a lot of money and people are moving. of Behavioral . 51(3). 337–347

In this way, the idea of SDP that utilizes sports can give a good influence to Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2015) Research on various aspects of people and society. It can be a tool of development for developing economic effects of sports

− 113 − MIZUNO. (n.d.) Improving access to sports activities and encouraging local sports

activities, Retrieved July 18, 2018 from

https://corp.mizuno.com/en/csr/sports_promotion/community.aspx

Okada Chiaki (2013) Supo-tsu wo motsiita HIV/AIDS keihatu : Zimbabwe no zirei kara

miru tokutyou [HIV / AIDS enlightenment using sports: Characteristics viewed

from the case of Zimbabwe], Retrieved July 13, 2018 from Retrieved July 13,

2018 from https://doi.org/10.18910/24786

Sheri Ledbetter. (2016). Psychological well-being and physical activity in older adults,

https://news.chapman.edu/2016/12/01/psychological-well-being-and-physical-

activity-in-older-adults/

Tanita. (n.d.) Unndouno zyuuyousei to sono kouka [Importance of exercises and the

effect], Retrieved July 16, 2018 from http://www.tanita.co.jp/health/detail/17

Tomiyama, K., Kawanishi, M., Kitamura, T., Ishizawa,N., Nakano, R., & Sugiura, K.,

(2011) Supo-tsu to matidukuri ni okeru daigaku no yakuwari [The role of

universities in building community spirit through sport] SSF sports policy

research 1(1), 116

− 114 − MIZUNO. (n.d.) Improving access to sports activities and encouraging local sports activities, Retrieved July 18, 2018 from The Vicious Cycle of Poverty in Ethiopia https://corp.mizuno.com/en/csr/sports_promotion/community.aspx

Okada Chiaki (2013) Supo-tsu wo motsiita HIV/AIDS keihatu : Zimbabwe no zirei kara Airi Murakami miru tokutyou [HIV / AIDS enlightenment using sports: Characteristics viewed from the case of Zimbabwe], Retrieved July 13, 2018 from Retrieved July 13,

2018 from https://doi.org/10.18910/24786 1 Introduction “Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able Sheri Ledbetter. (2016). Psychological well-being and physical activity in older adults, to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. https://news.chapman.edu/2016/12/01/psychological-well-being-and-physical- Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time.” activity-in-older-adults/ Poverty is described like this by The World Bank Organization. Poverty has a

Tanita. (n.d.) Unndouno zyuuyousei to sono kouka [Importance of exercises and the lot of causes such as lack of education, inadequate food, shelter, and more. There is

vicious cycle of poverty. effect], Retrieved July 16, 2018 from http://www.tanita.co.jp/health/detail/17

Tomiyama, K., Kawanishi, M., Kitamura, T., Ishizawa,N., Nakano, R., & Sugiura, K.,

(2011) Supo-tsu to matidukuri ni okeru daigaku no yakuwari [The role of universities in building community spirit through sport] SSF sports policy research 1(1), 116

It shows that there are many disadvantages causing the cycle, such as lack of

money, lack of education and health care, low levels of human capital, low productivity

and low income. Lack of money prevents children going school and getting adequate

− 115 − education, and people getting safe medical care. People who cannot get education or are unhealthy don’t have enough knowledge and skills such as literacy to work. As a result, they cannot produce efficiently. If they cannot do so, their income is low. Those things make it virtually impossible for poor people to break the cycle. It has been defined as a phenomenon that affects poor families for at least three generations. They don’t have adequate resources.

Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world and there are many people who cannot find a way out of the vicious cycle of poverty. About 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. About 90% of them, 35 million people are small farmers and they depend on traditional agriculture. About 25 percent of all Ethiopians make a living by producing coffee. Coffee has held a central role in

Ethiopia’s export economy for a long time. (“Ethiopia”, 2018)

The Ethiopian economy is in an unstable position, because the export economy is so heavily dependent upon the exportation of a single crop. If annual production declines, export earnings will considerably decline and make worse the country’s already negative balance of trade. The unstable economy leads people living in Ethiopia to low income and non-improved production efficiencies. As a result, they are caught up in the vicious cycle of poverty.

In the past twenty years, droughts have affected several areas of the country.

Leading to ponds, wells, streams and lakes drying up or becoming extremely shallow.

Drought of Ethiopia are leading causes of water shortage.

Why are Ethiopian people especially farmers living in poverty and how to get out of poverty? This paper describes the main causes of poverty such as historical causes, educational causes, low income and low levels of productivity and the solutions

− 116 − education, and people getting safe medical care. People who cannot get education or are to each problem focused on investment with block chain technology to provide reliable unhealthy don’t have enough knowledge and skills such as literacy to work. As a result, data. they cannot produce efficiently. If they cannot do so, their income is low. Those things make it virtually impossible for poor people to break the cycle. It has been defined as a 2 Historical causes phenomenon that affects poor families for at least three generations. They don’t have One of the biggest causes of poverty in developing countries is historical causes. adequate resources. Particularly, colonial rule that started at the end of 15th century is a main cause. At that Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world and there are many people time, Spain, Portugal and Holland expanded colonies to Africa and Latin America. After who cannot find a way out of the vicious cycle of poverty. About 85 percent of the that, at 18th century, the Industrial Revolution took place first in England. population are engaged in agricultural production. About 90% of them, 35 million Subsequently, it started in France, Germany, America, Italy, Russia and Japan. The people are small farmers and they depend on traditional agriculture. About 25 percent of countries needed many colonies to secure materials that are essential to produce goods all Ethiopians make a living by producing coffee. Coffee has held a central role in and marketplaces to sell goods that are produced on a large scale. Now, most countries Ethiopia’s export economy for a long time. (“Ethiopia”, 2018) are not colonized. However, the affects remain even now. The Ethiopian economy is in an unstable position, because the export economy is so heavily dependent upon the exportation of a single crop. If annual production 2.1 Ethiopian war and colonial rule declines, export earnings will considerably decline and make worse the country’s Ethiopia is known to be one of the oldest independent countries in Africa. However, already negative balance of trade. The unstable economy leads people living in Ethiopia there is a past time when Ethiopia was controlled by Italy. In 1935, Italy invaded to low income and non-improved production efficiencies. As a result, they are caught up Ethiopia. In those times, the movement of fascism developed in Italy. Then, in 1936, the in the vicious cycle of poverty. Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, was occupied and Ethiopia was taken over by Italy. In the past twenty years, droughts have affected several areas of the country. Ethiopian people continued to resist and tried to be independent while being occupied. Leading to ponds, wells, streams and lakes drying up or becoming extremely shallow. This resistance movement was called the “Ethiopian war”. While this war was Drought of Ethiopia are leading causes of water shortage. occurring, the number of deaths of Ethiopian people was about 730,000. The decrease

Why are Ethiopian people especially farmers living in poverty and how to get of population leads to lack of labor force and economic stagnation. The current vicious out of poverty? This paper describes the main causes of poverty such as historical cycle of poverty has some of its origins in these events. causes, educational causes, low income and low levels of productivity and the solutions

− 117 − 3 Educational causes

Lack of education is one of the big causes of the cycle of poverty. Education is defined as the activity that exploits people’s ability to acquire knowledge, skills and attitude.

Those activities lead the development of society. Education is important for all people to get out of the vicious cycle of poverty, get good jobs and make a decent living.

3.1 Importance of Education

One of the reasons that education is important is that lack of education leads to illiteracy. Literacy is essential for people to live. Illiterate people cannot read. To read is one of the materials for thinking. People can think and discuss various issues.

The table indicates the changes in the rate of poverty for literate and illiterate people. It shows that the rate of poverty of illiterate people is higher than literate people and the seriousness of poverty declines as the level of education of the household head increases. (“Development and Poverty in Ethiopia 1995/96-2010/11” / MoFED 2013)

3.2 High enrolment rate and low graduation rate

In Ethiopia, the number of elementary school students is increasing, but the graduation rate is very low. According to the United Nations Country Team, in Ethiopia the Gross

− 118 − 3 Educational causes Enrolment Rate for primary school (grades 1-8) in 2009 reached 95.9% and the Net

Lack of education is one of the big causes of the cycle of poverty. Education is defined Enrolment Rate stood at 89.3%. The number of elementary school students is increasing as the activity that exploits people’s ability to acquire knowledge, skills and attitude. thanks to innovative interventions like informal education programs for out of-school

Those activities lead the development of society. Education is important for all people to youth, mobile and community schools for pastoral areas and national programs of get out of the vicious cycle of poverty, get good jobs and make a decent living. Alternative Basic Education. However, the bad fact is revealed by the United Nations

Country Team.

3.1 Importance of Education

One of the reasons that education is important is that lack of education leads to “2.8 million children (disproportionately female) are still out of school, mostly illiteracy. Literacy is essential for people to live. Illiterate people cannot read. To read is from pastoral areas, poor and vulnerable families or are children with one of the materials for thinking. People can think and discuss various issues. disabilities (the CSA 2007:174 estimates only 28.6% of children with disability

were enrolled in primary schools). Preschool education and enrolment is still at

4.9%. “(United Nations Country Team, 2011, p20)

From this, although the total gross enrolment is relatively high, there are gaps because

of regions, wealth disparity and physical ability. Moreover, the low graduation rate is

also a problem. In rural regions, only 74% of students graduate without stopping before

they have completed their schooling. 26% of students can’t go to school until the end. The table indicates the changes in the rate of poverty for literate and illiterate people. It shows that the rate of poverty of illiterate people is higher than literate people 3.3 The cause of low graduation rates and the seriousness of poverty declines as the level of education of the household head The low graduation rate of children is related to the environmental issues around them. increases. (“Development and Poverty in Ethiopia 1995/96-2010/11” / MoFED 2013) Ethiopia experiences serious drought. Ethiopian people cannot get water easily or

safely. Therefore, many Ethiopian children, especially girls, have to work collecting 3.2 High enrolment rate and low graduation rate water each morning. They have the burden of walking miles to gather water from In Ethiopia, the number of elementary school students is increasing, but the graduation streams and ponds. Drawing water is a role of children. As a result, they cannot keep rate is very low. According to the United Nations Country Team, in Ethiopia the Gross

− 119 − going to school.

3.4 Quality of education

Low quality of education is also a serious problem in Ethiopia. There are two causes why quality of education is low. Firstly, the primary enrolment rate is increasing but the development of the educational environment cannot keep up with this. The number of students is so many in one class. In Somali region, which is the east of Ethiopia, a teacher has 92 students. The problems that students don’t have enough teachers, text- books and classrooms occur. Sufficient teachers are important for quality of education.

Teachers who teach in rural areas have more students than in urban areas.

Secondly, many teachers don’t have qualification. In Afar region in the northeast of Ethiopia, there are no qualified teachers. Lack of qualified teachers affects the government's educational guidance plan compliance and acquisition of class methods.

4 Low income

Low income leads Ethiopian people to poverty. Their GNI per capita is 740 dollars. The average of whole world is 7,995 dollars. The highest country is 66,960 dollars. This shows that Ethiopian people’s GNI per capita is very low and there is a big gap between developed countries and developing countries. There are some causes of low income.

4.1 Trade relationship

In Ethiopia, the major industry is agriculture. Most of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Ethiopia is one of the bigger coffee producing countries.

− 120 − going to school. Ethiopia exports coffee and it is 67 % of total. A major company buys coffee at 0.23

dollars per kg. Coffee is bought at about the same price in some developing countries.

3.4 Quality of education So, it is shown that Ethiopia's export price is cheap. The historical background of the

Low quality of education is also a serious problem in Ethiopia. There are two causes fact concerns the relationship of the countries in Europe. In 1700 to 1800, coffee was why quality of education is low. Firstly, the primary enrolment rate is increasing but the drank regularly as a social drink among upper circles of society in Europe and spread development of the educational environment cannot keep up with this. The number of among ordinary people. Coffee merchant made large profit on coffee production with students is so many in one class. In Somali region, which is the east of Ethiopia, a many slaves. Now, there is not slavery, but the condition of coffee producers have not teacher has 92 students. The problems that students don’t have enough teachers, text- changed. Their income of the labor is below 1 dollar. books and classrooms occur. Sufficient teachers are important for quality of education.

Teachers who teach in rural areas have more students than in urban areas. 4.2 The environmental issues

Secondly, many teachers don’t have qualification. In Afar region in the Recently, drought is one of the serious issues in Ethiopia. The major agriculture is northeast of Ethiopia, there are no qualified teachers. Lack of qualified teachers affects rainfed agriculture in Ethiopia. However, rainfall varies temporally and drought occur the government's educational guidance plan compliance and acquisition of class every 4-5 years. So, there is not enough water to grow crops. As a result, a lot of crops methods. are diseased and cannot grow enough to export to foreign countries because of this. The

problem that Ethiopian producer cannot sell some crops gives farmers a big impact such

4 Low income as low income.

Low income leads Ethiopian people to poverty. Their GNI per capita is 740 dollars. The average of whole world is 7,995 dollars. The highest country is 66,960 dollars. This 5 Low levels of productivity shows that Ethiopian people’s GNI per capita is very low and there is a big gap between The feature of Ethiopian agriculture is that most crops are produced by small-holder developed countries and developing countries. There are some causes of low income. farmers. According to FAO data, Ethiopia has a lower yield level than the Least

Developed Countries average and it is less than half of the world average. Above it was

4.1 Trade relationship mentioned why Ethiopian agricultural productivity is low. Low levels of agricultural

In Ethiopia, the major industry is agriculture. Most of the population are engaged in productivity have a direct influence on the lives of the poor people. agricultural production. Ethiopia is one of the bigger coffee producing countries.

− 121 − 5.1 Low irrigation maintenance rate

Irrigated agriculture is an agriculture that artificially pulls water in fields. People cultivate land by drawing water necessary to make crops from rivers, lake, and groundwater. It is important for some areas that have serious water shortage to do irrigated agriculture. In Ethiopia, about 290,000 ha land is irrigated, but the rate is only

3% of cultivated area of the national land.

5.2 low usage rate of improved seeds and fertilizers

(Central Statistical Agency & the World Bank, 2013, P37)

According to this table, it shows traditional and modern input use for the top five major grain crop fields such as barley, maize, sorghum, teff and wheat. Traditional seed accounts for more than 90 percent of food grain fields. Improved seeds are used in about

21 percent of fields with maize and about 9 percent of fields with wheat. Improved seeds are rarely used in barely and teff fields. Besides the rate of using and

Herbicides/ insecticides is low level. From this, farmers mainly use traditional agriculture systems. In other words, they have not changed since long ago. It means that

Ethiopian agriculture is very inefficient. So, productivity is low level.

6 How to solve poverty in Ethiopia

− 122 − 5.1 Low irrigation maintenance rate To overcome the issues of vicious cycle of poverty, a key is to improve productivity and

Irrigated agriculture is an agriculture that artificially pulls water in fields. People education in Ethiopia because most people are farmers and low quality of education cultivate land by drawing water necessary to make crops from rivers, lake, and causes low productivity. However, a lot of money is necessary. It is important for farmer groundwater. It is important for some areas that have serious water shortage to do to obtain a loan from other countries. irrigated agriculture. In Ethiopia, about 290,000 ha land is irrigated, but the rate is only

3% of cultivated area of the national land. 6. 1 Investment from other countries

Recently, investing from developed countries to developing countries is promoted as

5.2 low usage rate of improved seeds and fertilizers one of the supporting systems. Many developing countries have underdeveloped lands

and infrastructures. Therefore, if you invest in a developing country, the possibility that

you can get significant benefit is high. Not only so, but the developing country can get

funds. It means that it can accelerate economic recovery, so it can improve productivity

and education. In order to obtain loans, highly reliable information is important. To use

a block chain is one of the effective ways to improve reliability.

(Central Statistical Agency & the World Bank, 2013, P37) 6.2 What is block chain According to this table, it shows traditional and modern input use for the top five major Block chain is a dispersed type computer network. Dispersed type computer network grain crop fields such as barley, maize, sorghum, teff and wheat. Traditional seed means to preserve data in some data base existing in the world. In doing so, it is not accounts for more than 90 percent of food grain fields. Improved seeds are used in about capable of being destroyed because it is possible to copy data being destroyed from 21 percent of fields with maize and about 9 percent of fields with wheat. Improved another server. It can be easily used with computers anytime and anywhere. Therefore, seeds are rarely used in barely and teff fields. Besides the rate of using fertilizer and this shows that block chain is safe and it is a good tool that can be used in developing Herbicides/ insecticides is low level. From this, farmers mainly use traditional countries. And also, the data in the block chain is highly reliable because this network agriculture systems. In other words, they have not changed since long ago. It means that can observe each member. Therefore, it is easy to get highly reliable and possible to Ethiopian agriculture is very inefficient. So, productivity is low level. access rapidly and safely to accurate information by using block chain.

6 How to solve poverty in Ethiopia

− 123 − 7 Conclusion

The cause of poverty has various problems in Ethiopia. All of them make the vicious cycle of poverty. However, developing countries like Ethiopia will develop from now and there is room for improvement. Therefore, investment in developing countries is an effectual method to overcome the vicious cycle of poverty. To promote investment, the nation such as Ethiopia should use block chain system. The important thing is to give developing countries accurate and safe information. It is possible to improve the educational rate and the productivity with money collected by investment.

8 Reference

Blockchain EXE. (2017,November 3) Kyuuseityou no Africa. Block chain services kaihatsu kigyou sirabe [The summary of some companies developing block chain]

Retrieved October 1, 2018, from

https://blockchainexe.com/blockchain_africa/

Bura, R. (n.d) What is the meaning of 'vicious circle of poverty’? Retrieved June 30, 2018, from

http://www.preservearticles.com/2012042631242/what-is-the-meaning-of-vicio

us-circle-of-poverty.html

Information services international-dentsu, LTD. (2016, October 19) Block chain

technique wo katsuyou site tihousousei wo shiennsuru kenkyuu purojekuto wo

tatiage [Establish the research project using block chain technique]. Retrieved

October 1, 2018,from

https://www.isid.co.jp/news/release/2016/1019.html

JICA. (2014, March) hinnkonn profile [poverty profile] Retrieved July 28,2018 from

https://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/poverty/profile/ku57pq00001cu1nq-att/eth_2013_J

− 124 − 7 Conclusion JICA. (2018,July) syuyou sihyou itirann [List of major indicator] Retrieved July 28,2018 from

The cause of poverty has various problems in Ethiopia. All of them make the vicious https://libportal.jica.go.jp/library/public/data/Index/Africa/Ethiopia.pdf cycle of poverty. However, developing countries like Ethiopia will develop from now Spielman, D., Kelemwork, D., and Alemu, D . Seed, Fertilizer, and in Ethiopia. (2011, March). Retrieved July 28, 2018 from and there is room for improvement. Therefore, investment in developing countries is an http://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/124857/filena effectual method to overcome the vicious cycle of poverty. To promote investment, the me/124858.pdf nation such as Ethiopia should use block chain system. The important thing is to give United Nations Country Team. (2011, March) Ethiopia United Nations Development Assistance developing countries accurate and safe information. It is possible to improve the Framework 2012 to 2015. Retrieved July 10, 2018 from educational rate and the productivity with money collected by investment. http://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/planipolis/files/ressources/ethiopia_undaf_2012-201

5.pdf 8 Reference What is the block chain?(2016, November 29). Retrieved October 1, 2018, from Blockchain EXE. (2017,November 3) Kyuuseityou no Africa. Block chain services https://furien.jp/columns/106/ kaihatsu kigyou sirabe [The summary of some companies developing block chain]

Retrieved October 1, 2018, from

https://blockchainexe.com/blockchain_africa/

Bura, R. (n.d) What is the meaning of 'vicious circle of poverty’? Retrieved June 30, 2018, from http://www.preservearticles.com/2012042631242/what-is-the-meaning-of-vicio us-circle-of-poverty.html

Information services international-dentsu, LTD. (2016, October 19) Block chain

technique wo katsuyou site tihousousei wo shiennsuru kenkyuu purojekuto wo

tatiage [Establish the research project using block chain technique]. Retrieved

October 1, 2018,from https://www.isid.co.jp/news/release/2016/1019.html

JICA. (2014, March) hinnkonn profile [poverty profile] Retrieved July 28,2018 from

https://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/poverty/profile/ku57pq00001cu1nq-att/eth_2013_J

− 125 − Adolescent Marriage in Bangladesh: How Can it Be Resolved?

Ririka Mitsuya

1 Introduction Being a mother in your teens may be unimaginable to many young girls in the world.

Statistics show however that there are 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 years and 2.5 million girls under 16 years who give birth each year in developing regions (WHO,

2018). The big number of child mothers all over the world is a serious problem. Giving birth at a young age threatens girl’s lives and health, and it limits their chances for the future. About 70,000 girls in developing countries die every year due causes related to pregnancy and childbirth (Osotimehin, 2013). There is a high probability that pregnancy in teens can result to showing symptoms high blood pressure or anemia. In addition, there girls may be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases or infections that could affect their pregnancy. Young mothers are also at higher risks of giving birth to low birth weight babies. The conditions in child motherhood does not only affect the health, it only affects their education and prospects for the future. Young mothers lose the opportunity to be educated because they may not be able to go to school. And when one does not hat a good educational background, they will not be able to get good employment and a good salary in the future. There is also a high possibility that their children cannot get enough education, too. As a result, it causes a negative chain reaction.

− 126 − In the world, Bangladesh ranks fourth-highest rate of child marriage, after

Adolescent Marriage in Bangladesh: How Can it Be Resolved? Niger, the Central African Republic, and Chad, according to the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF, 2017). From 2005 to 2013, 29

percent of girls in Bangladesh married before the age of 15 and 65 percent married

Ririka Mitsuya before the age of 18 (Human Rights Watch, 2015). On the other hand, Bangladesh has

been said to be a successful development story, including the uplifting of the status of

women’s rights. There has been an impressive poverty reduction from 56.7 percent in 1 Introduction 1991-1992 to 31.5 percent in 2010 in Bangladesh and the country has achieved gender Being a mother in your teens may be unimaginable to many young girls in the world. parity in primary and secondary school enrollment, according to the UNDP’s report on Statistics show however that there are 16 million girls aged 15 to 19 years and 2.5 Bangladesh MDG Indicators. Maternal mortality declined by 40 percent between 2001 million girls under 16 years who give birth each year in developing regions (WHO, and 2010 (Human Rights Watch, 2015). Still, it is a big question why adolescent 2018). The big number of child mothers all over the world is a serious problem. Giving marriage rate in Bangladesh remains one of the world's worst. birth at a young age threatens girl’s lives and health, and it limits their chances for the Child marriage is a serious problem not only in Bangladesh but in many future. About 70,000 girls in developing countries die every year due causes related to developing countries. This is rooted in poverty, education and traditional cultures. There pregnancy and childbirth (Osotimehin, 2013). There is a high probability that pregnancy is a need to look closer into this problem because it is threatening the lives of a big part in teens can result to showing symptoms high blood pressure or anemia. In addition, of the female population. This paper looks into the causes of adolescent marriage in there girls may be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases or infections that could government, the government’s interventions and the sustainable actions that can be affect their pregnancy. Young mothers are also at higher risks of giving birth to low done to decrease the rate of adolescent mothers. birth weight babies. The conditions in child motherhood does not only affect the health, it only affects their education and prospects for the future. Young mothers lose the 2 Causes and Consequences of Child Marriage opportunity to be educated because they may not be able to go to school. And when one There are various causes of increasing child marriage in Bangladesh. One is poverty. does not hat a good educational background, they will not be able to get good parents who can’t support their children or can’t pay school fees look for their employment and a good salary in the future. There is also a high possibility that their daughter’s in-laws for reasons that their daughter can eat. Second, there is sexual children cannot get enough education, too. As a result, it causes a negative chain harassment for unmarried girls. Third, the habit of "dowry" that a woman gives to her reaction.

− 127 − husband's family has become a social pressure that promotes child marriage.

2.1Poverty

One of the major causes of child marriage is poverty. Poverty affects a large portion of the population in Bangladesh. Because of harsh economic hardships, they can’t eat enough food and parents arrange marriages for their daughters so that there will be less mouths to feed in the family. This situation is linked to discriminatory gender roles because daughters are expected to marry, move out of the house to live with their husband’s family, while sons remain living with and helping to support their parents.

Young girls are often thought of as burdens by their families and getting them married to an older man is their way of surviving poverty and somehow achieving financial security.

The big majority of the poor’s problems become worsened by climate change and natural disaster More than 80 percent of the population is potentially exposed to floods, earthquakes and droughts, and more than 70 percent to cyclones (The World

Bank, 2018). These natural disasters cause damage not only to infrastructure but to livelihood and lives, therefore spreading poverty. When the family goes deeper into poverty, there is a higher possibility that their daughters are pushed toward early marriage. This is a reason for parents to immediately look for a man to marry their children and ease their burden.

Being poor also leads to another unfortunate situation for the daughters of

Bangladesh families. When a family is poor, they lack access to education, because they do not have enough money to pay for tuition fees, exams fees, uniforms, school supplies and other costs related to education, even if basic education is free. There are also cases

− 128 − husband's family has become a social pressure that promotes child marriage. where even when the young girl is already in school, she drops out to get married due to

poverty. This limits her opportunities to interaction socially with girls her age, good

2.1Poverty employment and future prospects because upon marriage she is expected to serve her

One of the major causes of child marriage is poverty. Poverty affects a large portion of new family the population in Bangladesh. Because of harsh economic hardships, they can’t eat enough food and parents arrange marriages for their daughters so that there will be less 2.2 Sexual harassment for unmarried girls mouths to feed in the family. This situation is linked to discriminatory gender roles In Bangladesh, children, especially young girls are exposed to sexual abuses. Sexual because daughters are expected to marry, move out of the house to live with their harassment against an unmarried girl is one of the causes of child marriage. These husband’s family, while sons remain living with and helping to support their parents. incidents happen everywhere – home, streets, schools, workplace, prisons, public

Young girls are often thought of as burdens by their families and getting them married places. to an older man is their way of surviving poverty and somehow achieving financial Girls are not safe. Families fear these threats and they are powerless to stop it security. because they cannot get help and protection from police or other local government

The big majority of the poor’s problems become worsened by climate change officials, even when the behavior clearly constituted a crime. In other cases, families and natural disaster More than 80 percent of the population is potentially exposed to live in geographically remote places from law enforcement agencies and local floods, earthquakes and droughts, and more than 70 percent to cyclones (The World governments, so they cannot ask for any help. In these environments, everyone is

Bank, 2018). These natural disasters cause damage not only to infrastructure but to vulnerable, and unmarried girls who are young are particular targets of harassment and livelihood and lives, therefore spreading poverty. When the family goes deeper into seen by their parents as being at great risk. Therefore, parents are pressured to marry off poverty, there is a higher possibility that their daughters are pushed toward early their daughters, seeing it as a way of protecting their children and maintaining the marriage. This is a reason for parents to immediately look for a man to marry their family’s honor. children and ease their burden.

Being poor also leads to another unfortunate situation for the daughters of 2.3Dowry

Bangladesh families. When a family is poor, they lack access to education, because they The giving of dowry is another reason for early marriages. Dowry is the habit of a do not have enough money to pay for tuition fees, exams fees, uniforms, school supplies bride's family of paying cash, jewelry, or goods to the bridegroom's family. Dowry and other costs related to education, even if basic education is free. There are also cases prices often increase the older a girl gets. The practice was illegal 30 years ago, but it

− 129 − remains widespread, in rural areas. This is causing the early marriage of poor families’ young daughters because the younger they are, the cheaper the dowry. Failure to pay dowry, or to pay enough has it consequence, oftentimes violence and the deaths of hundreds of women every year. In a report by Begum (2014), dowry related violence claimed the lives of 325 women in one year and contributed to 66.7 per cent of the violent incidents against women. Demanding for a dowry often continues after marriage, and the wife may be forced to suffer physical and mental abuse because her parents can’t pay enough dowries. This may cause the marriage to end in divorce or the husband may marry again in order to get more dowries. A news item on 20 March 1989 in the

Ananda Bazar Patrika reported that, according to the National Association of Marriage

Registrars, dowry was responsible for the break-up of 200,000 marriages in Bangladesh each year. Although the government of Bangladesh has put up a law of prohibiting dowry in Bangladesh, which is The Dowry Prohibition Act 1980 (the Act), the giving of dowry is still being highly practiced. The Act states that practicing the giving of dowry has a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment (Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh 1972, art 35(5); Penal Code 1860 s 324– 331). Many people do not seem to care about this act as there are still evidences of dowry giving.

2.4 Consequences of early marriage

Child marriage damages the lives of many young girls in Bangladesh. The problem is linked with huge risks and consequences to the physical, social and mental well-being of the child such as the following:

• Lack of or discontinuation of education;

• Health problems which may also lead to death due to early pregnancy, and

− 130 − remains widespread, in rural areas. This is causing the early marriage of poor families’ problems associated with is such as multiple pregnancies, miscarriages and young daughters because the younger they are, the cheaper the dowry. Failure to pay complications during delivery; dowry, or to pay enough has it consequence, oftentimes violence and the deaths of • Domestic violence from husband and in-laws; hundreds of women every year. In a report by Begum (2014), dowry related violence • Inability to find decent employment and source of income; claimed the lives of 325 women in one year and contributed to 66.7 per cent of the • Restrictions to personal and psychological development; violent incidents against women. Demanding for a dowry often continues after marriage, • Inferiority complex and lack of confidence and the wife may be forced to suffer physical and mental abuse because her parents can’t pay enough dowries. This may cause the marriage to end in divorce or the husband 3 Bangladesh Government Interventions may marry again in order to get more dowries. A news item on 20 March 1989 in the One of the critical factors in decreasing child mother is setting up laws that set a

Ananda Bazar Patrika reported that, according to the National Association of Marriage minimum age of marriage. It is important that children are recognized in the law as

Registrars, dowry was responsible for the break-up of 200,000 marriages in Bangladesh being children and that they have to be protected with the law. Government needs to each year. Although the government of Bangladesh has put up a law of prohibiting have clear legislation that establishes 18 as the minimum age of marriage. Most dowry in Bangladesh, which is The Dowry Prohibition Act 1980 (the Act), the giving of countries around the world decide that minimum marriage age is at age 18. In dowry is still being highly practiced. The Act states that practicing the giving of dowry Bangladesh, the minimum legal age for marriage is 18 for women and 21 for men. has a maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment (Constitution of the People’s Republic However, the Child Marriage Restraint Act 2017 states that a court can allow child of Bangladesh 1972, art 35(5); Penal Code 1860 s 324– 331). Many people do not seem marriage in “special cases”. This is a loophole in the aforementioned minimum age of to care about this act as there are still evidences of dowry giving. marriage, especially since the act does not explicitly define what those “special cases”

might be (Girls Not Brides, n.d.). Rights groups have criticized the law, saying it would

2.4 Consequences of early marriage negatively affect the gains Bangladesh has made in cutting the levels of child marriage

Child marriage damages the lives of many young girls in Bangladesh. The problem is and improving the health of women and children. “The biggest concern is the law has linked with huge risks and consequences to the physical, social and mental well-being not set any minimum marriage age for special circumstances, meaning children can be of the child such as the following: married off at the age of 14-15,” said Nur Khan Liton, who represents the Child Rights • Lack of or discontinuation of education; Advocacy Coalition in Bangladesh. • Health problems which may also lead to death due to early pregnancy, and

− 131 − On a positive note, during the Girl Summit in July 2014, the government of

Bangladesh promised to end child marriage. The government also promised to end all child marriages by 2041. From this point onward, the government plays a critical role in eliminating child marriage in Bangladesh.

4 Fighting Against Adolescent Motherhood/Marriage in Bangladesh

Girls who remain in school longer are less likely to become pregnant. Education provides girls knowledge about themselves and their bodies. It also prepares them for jobs and livelihoods, raises their self-esteem and their status in their households and communities, and gives them the voice to decide for the things that affect their lives.

When they are in school it reduces the likelihood of child marriage and delays childbearing. When children do not go to school, they are deprived of many things – knowledge, socialization, confidence, etc. They cannot receive adequate sex education that they need to understand the changes in them and help them to decide about their future.

In the 1990s, the government started a policy for increasing access to education by abolishing primary school fees, making education through class five free for all children. The government has also made primary education compulsory (Human Rights

Watch, 2015). Because of this strategy the number of girls receiving primary education has dramatically increased in the past twenty years and currently exceeds 95%.

Furthermore, there are more girls than boys in the number of children completing primary education. However, especially at the secondary education level, there are quite a lot of children who cannot actually attend school, due to various expenses related to school attendance, and in particular for girls it is often directly connected to child

− 132 − On a positive note, during the Girl Summit in July 2014, the government of marriage. Access to information on reproductive health and contraceptive devices has

Bangladesh promised to end child marriage. The government also promised to end all not been reached by many girls who most need them. Therefore, to decrease child child marriages by 2041. From this point onward, the government plays a critical role in marriage government of Bangladesh has to promote secondary education level. eliminating child marriage in Bangladesh. The UNICEF plays a big role in decreasing the rates of adolescent marriages in

Bangladesh. The organization has been continuously implementing projects that are

4 Fighting Against Adolescent Motherhood/Marriage in Bangladesh aimed to prevent child marriage, discontinue the giving of dowry and provide solutions

Girls who remain in school longer are less likely to become pregnant. Education to other forms against young girls. There are still a lot of things to be done before this provides girls knowledge about themselves and their bodies. It also prepares them for problem can see big improvements. Government as well as non-government agencies jobs and livelihoods, raises their self-esteem and their status in their households and should cooperate to promote awareness on this issue. They should make sure that communities, and gives them the voice to decide for the things that affect their lives. information and empowerment projects should reach the poorest and most rural areas of

When they are in school it reduces the likelihood of child marriage and delays the country. “The government—and its donors—should do more to keep girls in school, childbearing. When children do not go to school, they are deprived of many things – assist girls at risk of child marriage, fight sexual harassment, and provide access to knowledge, socialization, confidence, etc. They cannot receive adequate sex education reproductive health information and contraceptive supplies. Most importantly, the that they need to understand the changes in them and help them to decide about their government should enforce its own law against child marriage” (Human Rights Watch, future. 2015). The most necessary thing to solve this problem is to give the girls appropriate

In the 1990s, the government started a policy for increasing access to education education. Child marriage will slow down the development of the whole of Bangladesh by abolishing primary school fees, making education through class five free for all even though it has been reported that it has been doing impressive economic children. The government has also made primary education compulsory (Human Rights development. Child marriage takes away the future of many girls. In developing

Watch, 2015). Because of this strategy the number of girls receiving primary education countries, there are many girls married young at a young age and there are only future has dramatically increased in the past twenty years and currently exceeds 95%. choices for becoming mothers. In order to give girls a dream, there is a need to reduce

Furthermore, there are more girls than boys in the number of children completing child marriage. primary education. However, especially at the secondary education level, there are quite a lot of children who cannot actually attend school, due to various expenses related to 5 Conclusion school attendance, and in particular for girls it is often directly connected to child Child marriage is a serious problem in Bangladesh. This problem limits the future

− 133 − prospects of young girls and endangers their lives. Despite the fact that poverty has declined particularly in Bangladesh, the problem of child marriage still remains. The causes of adolescent marriage are poverty, sexual harassment, and the practice of giving dowry. Education can play a big part in solving the problem. There should also be stricter implementation of the laws that protect the rights of children. Comprehensive efforts of the government and non-government agencies should be strengthened to totally solve the problem of adolescent marriages in Bangladesh.

6 References

AFP. (2017). Bangladesh child marriage law sparks criticism. Mail Online. Retrieved

June 25, 2018,

from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-4268154/Bangladesh-child

-marriage-law-sparks-criticism.html

Begum, Afroza. (2014). Dowry in Bangladesh: A Search from an International

Perspective for an

Effective Legal Approach to Mitigate Women’s Experiences. University of

Wollongong Retrieved July 12, 2018, from

https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2532&context=lhapap

ers

Girls not Brides. Child marriage around the world. Retrieved January 15,2019, from:

https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/bangladesh/

Girls not Brides. Bangladesh-Child Marriage Around The World. Retrieved July 20,

2018 from

− 134 − prospects of young girls and endangers their lives. Despite the fact that poverty has https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/bangladesh/ declined particularly in Bangladesh, the problem of child marriage still remains. The Human Rights Watch.(2015). Marry Before Your House is Swept Away Child Marriage causes of adolescent marriage are poverty, sexual harassment, and the practice of giving in dowry. Education can play a big part in solving the problem. There should also be Bangladesh. Retrieved July 18, 2018 from stricter implementation of the laws that protect the rights of children. Comprehensive https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/bangladesh efforts of the government and non-government agencies should be strengthened to Osotimehin, Babatunde. (2013). The High Price of Childhood Pregnancy. United totally solve the problem of adolescent marriages in Bangladesh. Nations Population

Fund (UNFPA). Retrieved July 10, 2018, from

6 References https://www.unfpa.org/press/high-price-childhood-pregnancy

AFP. (2017). Bangladesh child marriage law sparks criticism. Mail Online. Retrieved UNDP. (n.d.) Bangladesh. Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty. Retrieved January 8,

June 25, 2018, 2019 from from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-4268154/Bangladesh-child http://www.bd.undp.org/content/bangladesh/en/home/post-2015/millennium-de

-marriage-law-sparks-criticism.html velopment-g

Begum, Afroza. (2014). Dowry in Bangladesh: A Search from an International oals/mdg1.html

Perspective for an UNICEF. (2017). State of the World’s Children. Retrieved July 18, 2018 fom

Effective Legal Approach to Mitigate Women’s Experiences. University of https://www.unicef.org/sowc2017/

Wollongong Retrieved July 12, 2018, from Williamson, Nancy.(2013). Motherhood in Childhood Facing the challenge of https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? adolescent pregnancy, referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2532&context=lhapap Retrieved July 10, 2018, from UNFPA website: ers https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/EN-SWOP2013-final.pdf

Girls not Brides. Child marriage around the world. Retrieved January 15,2019, from: World Bank. (2018). Bangladesh Disaster Risk and Climate Resilience Program . https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/child-marriage/bangladesh/ Retrieved

Girls not Brides. Bangladesh-Child Marriage Around The World. Retrieved July 20, January 15, 2019, from

2018 from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/brief/bangladesh-disaster-ri

− 135 − sk-climate-change-program

World Health Organization. Adolescent pregnancy. (2018). Retrieved July 18, 2018, from

http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy

− 136 − sk-climate-change-program

World Health Organization. Adolescent pregnancy. (2018). Retrieved July 18, 2018, Two Kinds of Disparities – Economic and Human Made – From the from Relationship Between Happiness and Poverty http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy

Katsuki Maegaki

1 Introduction

For over 75 years, Harvard's Grant and Glueck study has tracked the physical and

emotional well-being of two populations: 456 poor men growing up in Boston from

1939 to 2014 (the Grant Study), and 268 male graduates from Harvard's classes of

1939-1944 (the Glueck study). Due to the length of the research period, this has

required multiple generations of researchers. Since before WWII, they've diligently

analyzed blood samples, conducted brain scans (once they became available), and pored

over self-reported surveys, as well as actual interactions with these men, to compile the

findings. The conclusion? According to Robert Waldinger, director of the Harvard Study

of Adult Development, one thing surpasses all the rest in terms of importance: "The

clearest message that we get from this 75-year study is this: good relationships keep us

happier and healthier. Period."

First of all, who defines poverty? Is the country which doesn’t have enough

money poor? Poverty is basically defined by GDP, income, and living expenses. But

may it be defined only by such things? What is “poverty”? In Africa, poverty can be

− 137 − identified in people whose cost of living per day is less than one dollar. On the other hand, in North America, poverty is identified in families whose income per year is less than 27,010 dollars. Today, economic disparity is spreading. The total assets of the top richest 62 people and the total asset of bottom 3,600,000,000 people are the same. This fact is beyond imagination. One of the causes is “Tax Haven”. Why do most of human want to gain a lot of money? People belonging to wealthy class say that they earn more money to satisfy themselves and be happy. According to much research, it is said that if one country’s economies develop rapidly, the level of happiness doesn’t rise but declines. On the other hand, there are many people who say that they are happy with little money.

There are two kinds of disparities, one is, as described, economic disparity the other is man-made disparity. What is the difference between the former and the latter?

Economic disparity is that most developed countries that have a capitalist economy, like

Japan or the US, have big economic disparities between people in each country. What I call ‘human-made disparity’ is made by human hearts. This is the disparity between developed countries and developing countries. The country of higher position in terms of economic strength, industry, and so on can exploit money from less well off countries with ease. Human-made disparity must be solved immediately. All over the world, there is poverty and wealth. Today people who have huge assets are able to earn more and more money, so people in poverty can gain little money. This situation is very serious and should be changed.

On the other hand, it may not be enough to measure “poverty” of other countries.

Therefore, it is significant for developed countries which support developing countries to survey the background of poverty.

In this way, there are no countries with low GDP and high happiness, and

− 138 − identified in people whose cost of living per day is less than one dollar. On the other countries with high GDP and low happiness. Japan belongs to the latter. Since the hand, in North America, poverty is identified in families whose income per year is less period of high economic growth in Japan, GDP has increased, but GNH has declined. than 27,010 dollars. Today, economic disparity is spreading. The total assets of the top Meanwhile, like Bhutan, they have put emphasis on various projects in order not to richest 62 people and the total asset of bottom 3,600,000,000 people are the same. This place any emphasis on economic growth and to develop the country (to raise GNH). fact is beyond imagination. One of the causes is “Tax Haven”. Why do most of human The situation in which “poverty” is defined by developed countries as low GDP, want to gain a lot of money? People belonging to wealthy class say that they earn more income, cost of living, etc., must be changed. We should not only focus on helping money to satisfy themselves and be happy. According to much research, it is said that if developing countries, but also cooperate with developing countries. In other words, one country’s economies develop rapidly, the level of happiness doesn’t rise but rather than emphasizing the strictly economic development of developing countries, we declines. On the other hand, there are many people who say that they are happy with should emphasize the more complete development of the world, including a sense of little money. happiness. This paper shows the wrong definition of poverty and that there is no

There are two kinds of disparities, one is, as described, economic disparity the correlation between money and happiness, and suggests the way of developing all other is man-made disparity. What is the difference between the former and the latter? countries by establishing relationships between each country.

Economic disparity is that most developed countries that have a capitalist economy, like

Japan or the US, have big economic disparities between people in each country. What I 2 Two kinds of disparities call ‘human-made disparity’ is made by human hearts. This is the disparity between There are two kinds of disparity, one is economic disparity, and the other is developed countries and developing countries. The country of higher position in terms human-made disparity. Natural disparity is deeply related to money. On the other hand, of economic strength, industry, and so on can exploit money from less well off countries man-made disparity is caused by human heart. The latter is really serious. with ease. Human-made disparity must be solved immediately. All over the world, there is poverty and wealth. Today people who have huge assets are able to earn more and 2.1 Evidence that the definition of poverty is not correct more money, so people in poverty can gain little money. This situation is very serious Here is one example of natural disparity, which mention importance of community. and should be changed. Bamayao ethnic group, whose income per day is less than 0.13 dollars, live in the

On the other hand, it may not be enough to measure “poverty” of other countries. southern part of China. They live in poverty by definition, but most of them are fine and

Therefore, it is significant for developed countries which support developing countries 100 years of age or older. They say “One of the biggest causes of living longer is that to survey the background of poverty. there is no trouble.” It can’t be said that to live longer is happiness, but to live for more

In this way, there are no countries with low GDP and high happiness, and than 100 years without any troubles is probably good life.

− 139 − Various native groups in America lived with a little money and are satisfied with their lives like Bamayao ethnic groups. However, one day the community was dismantled, in other words, they were derived of land where they lived, and they come to become being not able to have their own happy. In fact, their income was increased because they were forced to work. As described, poverty is not to have little money, but to have little money in a society in which we need money.

In Dominica, South America, there were the largest sugar mills and sugar cane plantations made by developed countries. Before the plantations, the Dominican people grew their own food. However, due to people in developed countries, farmers were obliged to plant sugarcane in the whole of the land. As a result, there are no more lands to grow food for themselves. Farmers who have become unable to grow 'what they eat' cannot live in addition to buying what they can eat in the market, so they cannot afford to get money by growing crops for some mass consumption markets. Their income is forced to increase. From this market, we could only get poorer food than before.

However, they statistically improved their income. It falls within the statistics of the

"saved" population from "poverty" less than a dollar a day.

2.2 The situation of the world

Today, the World Bank or other organizations which aim to eliminate economic disparities are trying to find the areas which are defined as poor and give them funds.

Certainly, the World Bank are funding to make the world peaceful and eliminate poverty.

However, if the World Bank adopts policies that make their income more than a dollar for the Bamayao groups, the possibility of increasing their misfortune is much greater.

The happiness which can be measured is money, but this happiness will exchange the happiness which can’t be measured. Therefore, the possibility that they will lose their

− 140 − Various native groups in America lived with a little money and are satisfied with happiness which can’t be measured is far greater. their lives like Bamayao ethnic groups. However, one day the community was dismantled, in other words, they were derived of land where they lived, and they come 3.1 Human-made disparity to become being not able to have their own happy. In fact, their income was increased Here is one example of human-made disparity. UNIQLO, one of the biggest companies because they were forced to work. As described, poverty is not to have little money, but in Japan, established a factory in Bangladesh to provide the poor with clothes and to to have little money in a society in which we need money. give jobs to them. In the beginning, the lives in the area were made wealthier, but by

In Dominica, South America, there were the largest sugar mills and sugar cane producing cheaper clothes, child labor or low-wage labor was caused. In the background plantations made by developed countries. Before the plantations, the Dominican people of this issue, the presence of UNIQLO, which aims for low-price strategies, is deeply grew their own food. However, due to people in developed countries, farmers were related. People in developed countries try to purchase cheaper products, so the company obliged to plant sugarcane in the whole of the land. As a result, there are no more lands purchases cheaper materials or products from many countries. People in poor countries to grow food for themselves. Farmers who have become unable to grow 'what they eat' can’t live without jobs and they have to work even for cheap wages. This situation cannot live in addition to buying what they can eat in the market, so they cannot afford means that the company forces the poor to work for low wages with using its position. to get money by growing crops for some mass consumption markets. Their income is This issue can be related to immigration problems, which is policy to solve labor forced to increase. From this market, we could only get poorer food than before. shortages by accepting immigrants. In order to alleviate these problems as much as

However, they statistically improved their income. It falls within the statistics of the possible, it will be necessary to understand not only the sense of justice but also the

"saved" population from "poverty" less than a dollar a day. political situation of the world, and to develop international laws and treaties.

2.2 The situation of the world 3.2 The effect on other problems

Today, the World Bank or other organizations which aim to eliminate economic Will Japan guarantee immigrant human rights just like Japanese people when Japan disparities are trying to find the areas which are defined as poor and give them funds. adopts a policy to accept immigration as a labor force? Will the Japanese alienate

Certainly, the World Bank are funding to make the world peaceful and eliminate poverty. immigration by using status and financial strength? I wonder if immigrants can live in

However, if the World Bank adopts policies that make their income more than a dollar an equal position in the Japanese society. This human-made disparity exists throughout for the Bamayao groups, the possibility of increasing their misfortune is much greater. the world.

The happiness which can be measured is money, but this happiness will exchange the happiness which can’t be measured. Therefore, the possibility that they will lose their 3.3 The example of Bhutan

− 141 − Here is one example of such a country. Have you ever heard the country, Bhutan?

Japan is an economically power nation which is top level of the world. Today, the GDP of Japan is the third highest in the world. On the other hand, Bhutan is one of the developing countries, and the GDP of Bhutan is much lower than Japan’s. However, the

GNH (Gross National Happiness: the scale which shows the entire happiness of nations) of Bhutan is higher than any country, and 97 ％ of people in Bhutan say that they are

“happy”. In Japan, the economy has developed since the high economic growth in 1955.

Japanese could gain the “Happiness” through the economic development. Figure 1 shows the GDP per person is rising while happiness and life satisfaction is declining. In fact, the top of the causes of death in Japan is “suicide”. Therefore, if a country raises the GDP, it can’t be said they can get happiness.

As described, Bhutan’s GNH is higher than might be expected. The government in Bhutan focuses on four policies. First is “to think about health, education, environment of employment, and urban planning. Second is “to guarantee that forests occupy 65 % of the land of Bhutan. Third is “to protect their own cultures based on

Tibetan Buddhism. Last is that “the government have to work for the happiness of the nation. The common point to these policies is that they can’t be consisted without

“community”. This means that happiness and money is not necessarily connected. The

− 142 − Here is one example of such a country. Have you ever heard the country, Bhutan? most important thing is that “poverty” is not to have little money but to have little

Japan is an economically power nation which is top level of the world. Today, the GDP money in a society which we need money. Should the poverty be defined by living cost of Japan is the third highest in the world. On the other hand, Bhutan is one of the or income? developing countries, and the GDP of Bhutan is much lower than Japan’s. However, the

GNH (Gross National Happiness: the scale which shows the entire happiness of nations) 4 Conclusion of Bhutan is higher than any country, and 97 ％ of people in Bhutan say that they are A lot of people all over the world argue that for the sake of world peace, the disparity

“happy”. In Japan, the economy has developed since the high economic growth in 1955. between developing countries and developed countries must be eliminated, and in fact,

Japanese could gain the “Happiness” through the economic development. Figure 1 many organizations are taking action to realize that. But we must not forget that the shows the GDP per person is rising while happiness and life satisfaction is declining. In activity of development, with all its benefits, may deprive them of their happiness. fact, the top of the causes of death in Japan is “suicide”. Therefore, if a country raises Currently, there are thousands of people who are suffering from hunger and not able to the GDP, it can’t be said they can get happiness. have even minimal living without even receiving education. However, by developed

counties defining them as poor and acting to eliminate the disparity, it is highly possible

to deprive them of their happiness and make them unhappy. So, we shouldn’t define

“poverty” by only living cost or income. Today, lots of organizations, like NGOs,

donate money to make poor countries develop. However, the most important thing is to

survey and understand well the country which organizations will support. If not, happy

people in poor countries may be deprived of their happiness.

On the other hand, economic advantages and disadvantages are decided for As described, Bhutan’s GNH is higher than might be expected. The position and financial strength, and business in developing countries should not be used government in Bhutan focuses on four policies. First is “to think about health, education, for their own profit. The problem we should solve is not an economic disparity but a environment of employment, and urban planning. Second is “to guarantee that forests man-made disparity. occupy 65 % of the land of Bhutan. Third is “to protect their own cultures based on As developed countries only define low-GDP countries as "poor", we should not Tibetan Buddhism. Last is that “the government have to work for the happiness of the only focus on helping developing countries, but also cooperate with developing nation. The common point to these policies is that they can’t be consisted without countries. In other words, rather than emphasizing the development of developing “community”. This means that happiness and money is not necessarily connected. The countries, we should emphasize the development of the world. Also, developing

− 143 − countries need to figure out what really is necessary for their own country to develop.

5 References

Curtin, M.(n.d). 700-nin wo 75-nenkan tsuiseki shita kenkyū kara wakatta

`shiawasena jinsei wo okuru hiketsu' [I learned from a study that tracked 700

people for 75 years, "a secret to deliver a happy life"] Lifehacker. Retrieved

December 6, 2017 from

https://www.lifehacker.jp/2017/03/170309_science_of_good_life.html

Yamauchi, N.(2011,December 5). Kouhukunikannsurukennkyuukaihoukoku.

[Study Group Report on Happiness] Retrieved September 22, 2018, from

https://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai2/koufukudo/pdf/koufukudosian_sono1.pdf

− 144 − countries need to figure out what really is necessary for their own country to develop.

5 References

Curtin, M.(n.d). 700-nin wo 75-nenkan tsuiseki shita kenkyū kara wakatta

`shiawasena jinsei wo okuru hiketsu' [I learned from a study that tracked 700 people for 75 years, "a secret to deliver a happy life"] Lifehacker. Retrieved

December 6, 2017 from https://www.lifehacker.jp/2017/03/170309_science_of_good_life.html

Yamauchi, N.(2011,December 5). Kouhukunikannsurukennkyuukaihoukoku.

[Study Group Report on Happiness] Retrieved September 22, 2018, from https://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai2/koufukudo/pdf/koufukudosian_sono1.pdf

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