Newcastle University ePrints Russell AJ, Gregory AG, Large ARG, Fleisher PJ, Harris T. Tunnel channel formation during the November 1996 jökulhlaup, Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland. Annals of Glaciology 2007, 45(1), 95-103. Copyright: © 2014 Publishing Technology The definitive version of this article, published by International Glaciological Society, 2007, is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782282552 Always use the definitive version when citing. Further information on publisher website: www.ingentaconnect.com Date deposited: 18-07-2014 Version of file: Author Accepted Manuscript This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License ePrints – Newcastle University ePrints http://eprint.ncl.ac.uk Russell and others, Tunnel channel Tunnel channel formation during the November 1996 jökulhlaup, Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland Andrew J. RUSSELL,1 Andrew R. GREGORY,1 Andrew R.G. LARGE,1 P. Jay FLEISHER,2 Timothy D. HARRIS,3 1School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Daysh Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK. E-mail:
[email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, SUNY College at Oneonta, USA. 3Department of Geography, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 2DE, UK. ABSTRACT. Despite the ubiquity of tunnel channels and valleys within formerly glaciated areas, their origin remains enigmatic. Few modern analogues exist for event-related subglacial erosion. This paper presents evidence of subglacial meltwater erosion and tunnel channel formation during the November 1996 jökulhlaup, Skeiðarárjökull, Iceland. The jökulhlaup reached a peak discharge of 45,000 to 50,000 m3s-1, with flood outbursts emanating from multiple outlets across the entire 23 km wide glacier snout.