Abadan Island, 370 Abbas Hilmi II, Khedive of Egypt, 133, 134

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Index

Abadan Island, 370 Agamemnon, British battleship, 424 Abbas Hilmi II, khedive of Egypt, 133, 134 Agrarian Party, Bulgarian, 465 Abdullah, emir of Transjordan, 380, 383, 384, aircraft, 34, 116, 140, 208, 211, 214, 342, 358, 467, 493 375, 387, 388, 407, 413, 426, 427, 428, Abdülmecid II, Sunni Muslim caliph, 492 432, 436, 438. See also aerial bombing; abortion, and abortion rights, 2, 194, 354 aerial reconnaissance; air power under Aboukir, British cruiser, 276 individual countries Abruzzi, Luigi of Savoy, duke of the, Italian aircraft carrier, development of, 295, 496 admiral, 288, 289 Aisne River, 75, 77, 199, 252, 255 Abyssinia, 361, 375, 377, 378, 493 Aisne, First Battle of the (1914), 75, 77 Addams, Jane, US social activist, 324 Aisne, Second Battle of the (1917), 253, 255, Addis Ababa, 361, 378 269, 351 Adenauer, Konrad, German politician, 454 Aisne, Third Battle of the (1918), 411, 412 Adler, Friedrich, Austrian politician, 341, 449, Aitken, Arthur, British general, 114 450 Ajaimi al-Sadun, Muntafiq chief, 373 Adler, Viktor, Austrian politician, 341, al-Askary, Suleiman, Turkish general, 370 359, 449 Albania, 19, 22, 153, 159, 160, 199, 231, 289, Adrianople, 32 290, 293, 416 Adriatic Sea, 14, 22, 91, 128, 134, 137, 151, 152, Albatros D2, German airplane, 214 153, 156, 159, 190, 216, 244, 274, 278, Albatros D3, German airplane, 253 286, 288–90, 291, 295, 308, 418, 464 Albert I, king of the Belgians, 22, 77, 79, 428, AEF (American Expeditionary Force), 259, 412, 430, 460 413, 432 Albert II, king of the Belgians, 500 and “amalgamation” controversy, 320, 329 Alekseev, Mikhail, Russian general, 143, 146, formation of, 315 150, 222, 228, 231, 235, 245, 247, 248, in France, 320, 329, 330, 351, 406, 414, 428, 264, 482 430, 432, 439 Aleksei, Grand Duke, heir to Russian influenza in, 323, 360, 432 throne, 245 Pershing as commander of, 318 Alexander I, king of Serbia, 20 racial minorities in, 326, 327 Alexander Karageorgevic´, Serbian crown training of, 318, 321, 322, 323 prince, Serbian general, 81 transatlantic crossing of, 323 Alexander, Harold, British officer, 402 uses British and French equipment, 321 Alexander, king of Greece, 232 Aegean Sea, 19, 91, 135, 159, 232, 416, 465, Alexandra, Russian empress, 186, 235 466, 492 Alexandria, 137, 375 aerial bombing, 4, 130, 161, 288, 357, 358, 376, Algeria, 27 388, 460 Ali Dinar, sultan of Darfur, 376, 377, 378 aerial reconnaissance, 130, 140, 234, 253 Allenby, Sir Edmund, British general, 210, 211, Africa, sub-Saharan, 120, 259. See under 253, 372, 384, 386, 387, 388 individual countries al-Masri, Aziz, Arab officer, 383 wartime casualties in, 120 Alps, 14, 128, 151, 152, 153, 156, 199, 216, 217, African Americans, 308. See United States, 218, 220, 222, 260, 262 African Americans in al-Qaddafi, Muammar, Libyan leader, 493 African Light Infantry, French, 27 Alsace, 8, 16, 57, 77

510 Index

Alsace-Lorraine, 8, 9, 16, 68, 70, 319, 345, 436, Arnauld de la Perière, Lothar, German naval 454, 457, 469, 478 officer, 288 American Expeditionary Force, 259. See AEF Arnim, Sixt von, German general, 256, 411 American Protective League, 328, 329 Arras, 128, 244, 253, 407 Amiens, 71, 410 Battle of (1917), 253, 255 Battle of (1918), 424, 426, 428, 430, 432, 438 Arsiero, 218 Amman, 387, 388, 467 artillery Andenne, German atrocities at, 66 Allied weakness in, 161 Andersen, Hans Neils, Danish diplomat, 144 Allies gain advantage in, 407 Anglican Church, 400 and shell shortages, 79, 130, 140, 150, 219 Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), 14, 23, 27, 31, casualties caused by, 79 32, 35, 130, 172, 373 creeping barrage, as tactic, 32, 209, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 370 212, 234, 252, 253, 255, 256, 268, Angola, 23, 259 413, 426 Ankara, 466, 467, 492 German superiority in, 93, 143, 208, 234 Anthoine, François, French general, 256, 257 in support of infantry, 86, 89, 101, 218, 223, anti-colonial movement, 2, 123, 368, 489 252, 255, 262 Antwerp, 72, 75, 77, 430 preliminary bombardment tactics, 130, ANZAC (Australia–New Zealand Army Corps), 133, 139, 140, 154, 155, 158, 161, 135, 163, 164, 166, 167, 257, 386, 387, 388 201, 211, 213, 217, 219, 220, 252, Anzac Cove, 135, 137, 138, 164, 166, 167, 501 255, 256, 257, 262, 410, 411, 413, ANZAC Day, 498 416, 426 AOK (Armeeoberkommando), Austro- prewar view of, 32 Hungarian High Command, 83, 86, 89, unforeseen significance of, 64 142, 143, 151, 158, 159, 160, 171, 206, use of aircraft for spotting, 34, 208, 211, 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 230, 340, 341, 419 234, 253, 269 apartheid, 123 Artois, 128, 130, 213 Aqaba, 383, 384 First Battle of (1914), 77 Arab–Israeli conflict, 2, 493, 502 Second Battle of (1915), 131, 133 Arabs and Arab nationalism, 2, 18, 19, 27, 133, Third Battle of (1915), 139, 140 134, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 376, 377, Arz von Straussenberg, Arthur, Austro- 378, 380, 381, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, Hungarian general, 226, 228, 230, 235 389, 395, 465, 466, 467, 492, 493, 502 Asiago, 218 Archangel, 245, 424 Asquith, Herbert, British prime minister, 14, 16, Ardennes 55, 57, 130, 137, 185, 234, 334, 336, 337, Battle of the (1914), 70, 71 339, 356, 370, 476 Argentina, 107, 274 Atatürk, 375. See Kemal (Atatürk), Mustafa Argonne Forest, 128, 199, 430, 432 atrocities, 4, 64, 66, 81, 377, 389, 392, 394 Argus, British aircraft carrier, 295 Germany, denied by leading German pictured, 296 intellectuals, 183 Ark Royal, British seaplane tender, 34, 295 Attlee, Clement, British prime minister, 402 Armenian Legion, 387 Aubers Ridge, 130, 132 Armenians, 4, 19, 92, 389–94, 466, 492 Auffenberg, Moritz, Austro-Hungarian general, and Armenian SSR (1922), 491 85, 86 and Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918– Auja River, 386 20), 394, 466, 491 Australia Wilson’s sympathy for, 465 and annual Dawn Service at Anzac Cove, Armentières, 411 500, 501 Armistice Day, 175, 361, 498 and British Navy, 34 arms race, prewar, 33–35, 176, 297 and Paris Peace Conference, 453

Index 511

awarded former German colonies, 457 dismemberment of, as Allied war aim, influenza deaths in, 361 436, 468 rejects conscription, 181, 336 food shortages and rationing in, 190, 274, Australia, Australian battle cruiser, 109 343, 350, 352 Australian armed forces front propaganda efforts of, 249, 262 prewar strength of, 26 in Triple Alliance, 8 1st Light Horse Brigade of, 387 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319 4th Light Horse Brigade of, 386 influenza pandemic spreads to, 360 other Light Horse units of, 137, 381, 386, internal collapse of, 420 387, 388 militarization of wartime economy in, 340, and conquest of German Pacific colonies, 341, 342 109, 122 nationality problem in, 220 at Gallipoli, 135, 138, 164, 166 public mood in, at outbreak of war, 171, 175 in Egypt, 134, 381 receives subsidies from Germany, 230 in Jordan, 388 strained relations of, with Germany, 40, 47, in Palestine, 387 55, 56, 151, 160, 206, 231, 233, 406, 418 insubordination in, 428 strikes in, 345, 363, 421 on Western front, 213, 214, 256, 257, supports Stockholm conference (1917), 359 426, 430 undermining of, by Allied propaganda, 358 Australian Navy, 108, 109 war aims of, 206 Austria, 475 wartime politics in, 182, 223 statehood of, proclaimed (1918), 420 wartime social inequalities in, 343 republic established in (1918), 420, 447, 449 wartime trade of, with Germany, 190 and Paris Peace Conference, 461, 463 concludes armistice with Allies, 420 desires Anschluss with Germany, 421, 449, postwar economic problems, for successor 463, 482, 483 states of, 475, 479 enfranchises women (1919), 2 Austro-Hungarian Army postwar border dispute of, with Hungary, 463 prewar service in, 34 postwar borders of, 447 mobilization of, 54, 58, 80 postwar financial crisis in, 475 1st (Vienna) Reserve Regiment of, 220 signs Treaty of St. Germain (1919), 463 35th (Bohemian) Infantry Regiment of, 251 civil war in (1934), 483 4th Cavalry Division of, 83 Austria-Hungary, 1, 2, 4, 20, 35 75th (Bohemian) Infantry Regiment of, 251 constitution of, under Compromise of 8th (Moravian) Infantry Regiment of, 220 1867, 11 air power of, 34 prewar economy of, 11 Eleventh Army of, 217, 218, 260, 418 during July Crisis (1914), 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, Fifth Army of, 80, 81, 152, 154, 216, 226, 49, 50, 53 262, 418, 420 harvest leave delays mobilization in, 48, First Army of, 1, 84, 85, 86, 88, 146, 151, 220, 54, 60 226, 228, 230 declares war, 55, 58 Fourth Army of, 84, 85, 86, 88, 142, 146, 151, responsibility of, for starting war, 42, 60 220, 222 invades Serbia, 81 Second Army of, 80, 83, 84, 86, 144, 151, and occupation of Serbia (1915), 158, 220, 249 159, 416 Seventh Army of, 216, 220, 222 and Romania’s entry into war, 226, 230 Sixth Army of, 80, 264, 418, 420 and wartime atrocities, 82 Slavic deserters from, in Russian army, Italian minority in, 156, 345 226, 251 anti-Italian sentiment in, 153, 156, 260 South Army (Südarmee) of (mixed German– Balkan interests of, 19, 56, 158 Austrian), 89, 220, 249

512 Index

Austria-Hungary Army (cont.) bayonet, use of, in theory and practice, 31, Tenth Army of, 260, 262, 418 32, 92 Third Army of, 84, 86, 88, 89, 142, 152, 158, Bean, C. E. W., Australian war correspondent, 217, 218, 222, 249 165, 166 troops from, on Western front, 419, 428 Beatty, David, British admiral, 274, 275, 279, Twelfth Army of (mixed German–Austrian), 282, 283, 287 222 Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord, British XX Corps of, 217, 218 politician and publishing magnate, 358 casualties of, on Eastern front, 89, 142, 150, Beersheba, 386 151, 220, 223 BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 70, 71, 72, casualties of, on Italian front, 218, 260, 419 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 95, 105, 130, 131, 132, casualties of, on all fronts, 446 210, 214, 410, 426, 430 Austro-Hungarian Navy, 13, 21, 91, 153, 158, Belarus, 421, 423, 482 230, 244, 288–90, 297, 298, 424 Belgian Army, 66, 72, 77, 418, 428 mutinies in, 291, 292, 293 Belgium, 22, 70, 370, 428, 430, 500 strength of, in 1914, 274 prewar relations of, with Germany, 22, 23 use of submarines by, 137, 277, 288 mobilizes army, 55 Austro-Prussian War (1866), 8, 11, 13, 29 rejects German ultimatum, 56 Averescu, Alexandru, Romanian general, 226, invaded by Germany, 57, 64, 234 230, 249 in German war aims, 92 Aymerich, Joseph, French general, 113 and German African colonies, 116 Azores, 23 under German occupation, 233 workers deported to Germany from, 342 Baghdad, 370, 371, 372, 467 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319, 469 Baker, Newton D., US secretary of war partial liberation of (1918), 438 pictured, 316 tries German war criminals in absentia, 497 Baku, 245, 424 and Paris Peace Conference, 453 Balfour, Arthur, British prime minister and and Treaty of Versailles, 454, 457 foreign secretary, 358, 384, 453, 454, 493 awarded German colonies, 457 Balkan League, 19 war dead honored in, 499 Balkan wars (1912–13), 31, 32, 158 Wilson’s postwar tour of, 460 Balkans, 19 postwar alliance of, with France, 497 Austro-Hungarian interests in, 19 Belgrade, 21, 44, 48, 51, 54, 55, 81, 84, 158, Russian interests in, 17, 19. See also under 159, 418 individual countries Bell, Gertrude, British archaeologist and Baltic Sea, 55, 146, 148, 171, 199, 238, 239, 245, intelligence officer, 385 264, 265, 274, 292, 293, 458, 469, 482 Bell, Johannes, German politician, 461 Banaras Hindu University, 373, 374 Belleau Wood, Battle of (1918), 412, 428 Banat, 224 Below, Fritz von, German general, 146, 211, Bapaume, 211, 214 213, 253, 260, 262, 411 Battle of (1918), 426 Below, Otto von, German general, 90, 146, Bark, Pyotr, Russian finance minister, 53 260, 407 Bar-le-Duc, 208 Ben Gurion, David, Zionist leader, 387 Basra, 370, 371 Benedetto Brin, Italian dreadnought, 289 Bassano, 218 Benedict XV, pope, 187, 355, 452 Bauer, Gustav, German chancellor, 461 Bengal, 27 Bauer, Max, German officer, 340 Berbers, 27 Bauer, Otto, Austrian foreign minister, 421, Berchtold, Leopold, Austro-Hungarian foreign 450, 463 minister, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 206 Bavaria, 70, 144, 213, 226, 350, 447 Bergmann, Gyorgy, Russian general, 91

Index 513

Berlin, 19, 47, 49, 434 Boroevic´, Svetozar, Austro-Hungarian general, Congress of (1878), 19 86, 88, 89, 152, 154, 216, 217, 226, 260, patriotic demonstrations in (1914), 170, 171 262, 418, 419, 420 rail connection of, to Turkey, 91, 370 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 19, 20, 21, 40, 47, 51, 80, soup kitchens in, 343 81, 82, 483 University of, 182, 184 Bosnian crisis (1908–9), 48, 53, 59 wartime food riots in, 190 Bosnians, 142, 151 November 1918 revolution in, 436, 437, 447 Boston, 315, 360 Berthelout, Henri, French general, 413 Boston Red Sox, 315 Beseler, Hans von, German general, 148 Botha, Louis, South African prime minister, Bessarabia (Moldova), 224 113, 114, 116 Bethlehem, 386 Boulogne, 71 Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, German Boxer Rebellion (1900), 119 chancellor, 10, 46, 55, 92, 144, 182, 206, Boyazhdiev, Kliment, Bulgarian general, 159 244, 278, 279, 284, 285, 340, 342, 345, Boy-Ed, Karl, German naval officer, 311 347, 348, 350, 358 Bratianu, Ion, Romanian prime minister, Bialystok, 146, 148 224, 230 Bilinski, Leon von, Austro-Hungarian finance Brazil, 274, 315 minister, 46, 47 Breguet, French airplane, 358 Birdwood, Sir William, British general, 164 Bremen, 302, 434 Bismarck Archipelago, 109, 457 Brenner Pass, 463 Bismarck, Otto von, German chancellor, 8, 10, Brenta River, 218 11, 16, 206, 453, 454, 457, 480 Breslau, German light cruiser, 91. See also Bitsenko, Anastasia, Russian SR leader Midilli pictured, 242 Brest-Litovsk, 146, 148 Black Hand, Serbian terrorist organization, 20, peace talks at, 268, 421, 444 21, 40, 44, 51, 418 pictured, 242 Black Sea, 18, 21, 32, 90, 91, 224, 226, 231, 274, Treaty of (1918), 406, 423, 444, 468, 481 290, 292, 295, 424, 466, 481 Briand, Aristide, French premier, 187, 252 Black Tom Island incident (1916), 311 Brindisi, 288, 289 Bloch, Marc, French officer and historian, 71, Bristol, British light cruiser, 106, 107 172 Britain, 2, 27, 117, 120, 177, 318, 410, 439 blockade, naval, against Central Powers, 4, 93, during Victorian “Pax Britannica,” 14 116, 159, 170, 190, 274, 276, 286, 288, prewar army in, 179 289, 302, 308, 310, 345, 436, 450, 459 prewar economy of, 14 Blücher, German armored cruiser, 275 prewar military service in, 34 Boehn, Max von, German general, 253, 411, in prewar Entente with France, 8, 14, 16 412, 413 in prewar Entente with Russia, 8, 14, 17, 100 Bohemia, 350, 461 in prewar German strategy, 64 Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard von, Austro-Hungarian during July Crisis (1914), 49, 51, 55, 60 general, 80, 83, 86, 144, 151 declares war, 57, 58, 91 Bolivia, 315 mobilizes army, 179 Bolsheviks, 176, 179, 186, 238, 240, 247, 248, adopts conscription, 210 249, 250, 251, 264, 265, 267, 292, 421, aids Italy, 262, 289, 407 423, 424, 464, 482 aids Serbia, 158 Bombay, 360 air power of, 34, 130, 211, 253, 257, 432 Bonar Law, Andrew, British Conservative alliance of, with Japan, 14, 25, 100 leader, 57 and Egypt, 133 Bordeaux, 72, 187 and German African colonies, 116 Boris III, king of Bulgaria, 416, 465 and Italy’s territorial claims, 464

514 Index

Britain (cont.) Britannia, British battleship, 295 and Persian Gulf oil, 370 British Army and Russian Provisional Government, 247 13th Division of, 371 anti-German sentiment in, 460 16th (Irish) Division of, 500 buys arms from US, 311 36th (Ulster) Division of, 500 conscription in, 210, 334–35 at Gallipoli, 135, 138 constitutional relationship of, with at Salonika, 138, 228, 416 Dominions, 26, 336 death sentences in, 434 election of 1918 in, 447, 451 East Lancashire Regiment of, 180 enfranchises women (1918), 2 Fifth Army of, 213, 253, 257, 407, 415 fears growing role of US, 439 First Army of, 77, 130, 132, 139, 210, 253, food shortages and rationing in, 259, 360, 411, 426, 428, 430 352, 356 Fourth Army of, 210, 211, 214, 424, 426, 428, impact of U-boats on food supply in, 286 430 Imperial War Cabinet in, 336 on Italian front, 262, 419 influenza pandemic spreads to, 360 Second Army of, 77, 131, 210, 256, 257, 411, influenza deaths in, 361 424, 428, 430 interests of, in Middle East, 381, 383, 395, sexually-transmitted diseases in, 400 465, 467 Territorial Force as component of, 32, 179, public mood in, at outbreak of war, 175 210 recognizes Republic of Turkey, 491 Third Army of, 210, 211, 253, 257, 407, 426, relations of, with United States, 311 428, 430 strikes in, 185, 356, 362 wartime expansion of, 179 subsidizes Arab revolt, 381 casualties of, on Western front, 80, 234, 413, supplies Italy, 154 430, 438 supports Arab revolt, 372 casualties of, on all fronts, 446 supports Czech ambitions, 450 demobilizes to level of Weimar German supports Zionists, 384, 493 army, 468 suppresses Easter Rising in Ireland (1916), British Expeditionary Force, 70. See BEF 309, 337 British Navy war debts of, 475 prewar expansion of, 16, 34 wartime finances of, 356 mobilizes for war, 55 wartime inflation in, 190 air power of, 295 wartime politics in, 234 antisubmarine efforts of, 278, 286 wartime promises of, to Italy, 152 at Coronel and the Falklands (1914), 105–07 wartime restrictions in, 185 at Jutland (1916), 279–83 wartime role of women in, 191 at mouth of Adriatic, 289, 290 wartime tax increases in, 475 at the Dardanelles, 135, 137, 138 Wilson’s postwar tour of, 452 blockades Greek ports, 232 and League of Nations, 456, 495 concentration of, in North Sea, 100, 105 and Paris Peace Conference, 452 contribution to siege of Tsingtao, 101 awarded German colonies, 457 Grand Fleet pictured, 272 and Treaty of Versailles, 476, 501 in Red Sea, 383 postwar economy of, 475 strength of, in 1914, 274, 275 postwar support of, for Greeks against supports army in Flanders, 79 Ottoman Empire, 466 supports conquest of German African colonies, Remembrance Day in, 498 113, 114, 116 tomb of unknown warrior in, 499 supports Palestine offensive, 388 appeasement policy of (1930s), 458, use of submarines by, 137, 283 476, 477 wartime losses of, 297, 298

Index 515

Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and, 496 Burgenland, 463 Brockdorff-Rantzau, Count Ulrich von, German Buriān, Istvān, Austro-Hungarian foreign foreign minister, 458, 459, 460, 461 minister, 206, 223 Brown, John, US abolitionist, 121 Burundi, 111, 114, 116, 457 Brudermann, Rudolf von, Austro-Hungarian Bussche, Erich von der, German officer, general, 85, 86 433, 438 Bruges, 430 Byng, Sir Julian, British general, 257, 259, Brusati, Roberto, Italian general, 217 407, 426 Brusilov, Aleksei, Russian general commands Eighth Army, 86, 146, 151 cable, undersea telegraph, 103, 108 and offensive of 1916, 209, 219, 220, 222, Cadorna, Luigi, Italian general, 152, 153, 154, 223, 224, 228, 233, 234, 340, 351 155, 216, 217, 226, 260, 262, 419 as army group commander, 219, 220, 222, Caillaux, Joseph, French politician, 351, 352 223 Calais, 77, 286 as overall commander, under Provisional caliphate Government, 248, 249 under Ottoman sultans, 18, 492 and Bolsheviks, 249 claimed by Hussein, 492 dismissed by Kerensky, 264 abolished by Atatürk (1924), 492, 502 joins Red Army, 423 bin Laden seeks restoration of, 493 Brussels, 64, 66, 67, 68, 359, 430, 460 Cambrai, Battle of (1917), 257, 265, 268, 269 Bryan, William Jennings, US politician and Cambrai, Second Battle of (1918), 430 statesman, 309, 310, 317, 451 Cameroon, 111, 113, 114, 116, 457 Bryant, F. C., British officer, 111 camouflage uniforms, introduction of, 32 Bucharest, 228 Canada falls to Germans, 230 conscription in, 336 Treaty of (1916), 224 influenza deaths in, 361 Budapest, 11, 182, 464, 483 Remembrance Day in, 498 Bug River, 424 Canadian armed forces Bukharin, Nikolai, Bolshevik leader, 421 prewar strength of, 26 Bukovina, 148, 224, 233, 249 casualties of, 430 Bulgaria, 17, 18, 19, 228 on Western front, 130, 131, 214, 253, 257, and Balkan wars (1912–13), 19, 21, 32, 35, 426, 430 158, 228 US volunteers in, 180 joins Central Powers, 128, 138, 150, 156, 160 Canal du Nord, Battle of the (1918), 430 and occupation of Serbia, 159 Canopus, British battleship, 105, 106, 107 and Romania’s entry into war, 230 Cantigny, Battle of (1918), 412, 428, 446 in Ottoman wartime strategy, 91 Cape Hellas, 135, 138 invades Serbia, 158 Cape Horn, 105, 106, 108 concludes armistice with Allies, 416, 424 Capelle, Eduard von, German admiral, 291, 348 and Paris Peace Conference, 461, 465 Capello, Luigi, Italian general, 260, 262 signs Treaty of Neuilly (1919), 465 Caporetto (Kobarid), 153, 260, 419 Bulgarian Army Battle of (1917), 262, 265, 268, 355, 406 First Army of, 159, 228, 231 Caribbean Sea, 108 on Macedonian front, 407, 416 Carinthia, 153 Second Army of, 159, 228, 231 postwar Austro-Yugoslav border dispute in, Third Army of, 228 463 Bullard, Robert, US general, 432 Carnarvon, British armored cruiser, 106 Bullitt, William, US diplomat, 458 Carniola, 153 Bülow, Bernhard von, German chancellor, 10 Carol I, king of Romania, 21, 224 Bülow, Karl von, German general, 70, 74, 75 Caroline Islands, 101, 103, 109, 110

516 Index

Carpathians, 83, 142, 144, 220, 222, 228 Chamberlain, Neville, British prime minister, winter war in (1914–15), 89, 428 356, 476, 477 Carranza Garza, Venustiano, Mexican Champagne, 128, 139, 199, 406, 413 president, 313 First Battle of (1914), 142 Carson, Sir Edward, Ulster Unionist leader, 339 First Battle of (1914–15), 128, 130 Casement, Sir Roger, Irish nationalist leader, Second Battle of (1915), 139, 140, 220 337, 339 Chantilly, French headquarters at, 206, 210 Caspian Sea, 424 Charleroi, Battle of (1914), 70, 71, 72 Castelnau, Noel de, French general, 70, 77, Charles, emperor of Austria, king of Hungary 139, 208 becomes heir to throne, 44 Catholicism, and Roman Catholic Church, 4, 10, commands corps on Italian front, 217, 218 11, 14, 16, 66, 185, 187, 191, 308, 309, 337, commands Twelfth Army on Eastern front, 339, 340, 348, 350, 400, 401, 483 222 Cattaro (Kotor), Bay of, 21, 161, 289, 290, 292, given sector command on Eastern front, 224 293, 295, 420 inherits throne, 341 Caucasus, 18, 90, 91, 133, 143, 148, 150, 390, peace overtures of, 362, 418 423, 424, 447, 482, 491 policies of, as monarch, 235, 291, 347, 350 cavalry, wartime use of, 31, 77, 80, 83, 85, 131, promises postwar constitutional reforms, 420 152, 179, 211, 214, 219, 220, 221, 249, relations of, with German allies, 260 250, 257, 259, 372, 387, 388, 389, 407, gives navy to Yugoslavs, 293, 420 410, 411, 426, 427 attempts Hungarian restoration (1921), 483 Caviglia, Enrico, Italian general, 420 exile and death of, 483 Cavour, Camilo Benso di, Italian prime beatification of, 483 minister, 13 pictured, 6 Center Party, German, 11, 340, 348, 350, 394, Chateau-Thierry, 73, 411, 412, 413, 426 433, 436, 449, 460, 461 Battle of (1918), 428. See Marne, Second Central Powers. See also Germany; Austria- Battle of Hungary; Ottoman Empire; Bulgaria Chelmsford, Frederic Thesiger, Lord, viceroy of Bulgaria joins, 128, 156, 160, 465 India, 491 Ottoman Empire joins, 90–91 Chemin des Dames, 255, 411 combined strength of, on Eastern front, 83, Chemnitz, 190 150, 222 Chesapeake Bay, 297 Danube Army of, 228, 230 Chicago, 326 establish kingdom of Poland (1916), 251 Chile, 100, 103, 106, 180 establish unified command (1916), 226, 230, Chilembwe, John, Malawian pastor and rebel, 340 120, 121 strategic dilemmas of, 86, 206 China, 10, 100, 110, 122, 308, 361, 447, 453, strategic situation of (1916), 233 489, 502 strategic situation of (1917), 268, 342 Christian Democratic Union, German, 11 failure of, to cooperate, 151, 206 Christian Social Party, Austrian, 449, naval blockade against, 4, 159, 274, 310 450, 483 negotiations of, with Romania, 224 Christian X, king of Denmark, 144 prompt Allied focus on peripheral theaters, Christmas truce (1914), 94, 95, 200 119, 394 Churchill, Winston, British politician and defeat Russia (1917), 267 statesman sign separate peace with Ukraine as First Lord of the Admiralty, 55, 90, 133, (1918), 421 137, 185, 276 weapons surplus of, 342 and attack at Dardanelles, 133, 134, 135 Cer, Battle of (1914), 81 and development of tanks, 214 Chaldean Christians, 391 as army officer in France, 358, 402

Index 517

as minister of munitions, 358 and Italian front, 152, 206, 216, 217, 218, as opponent of interwar appeasement, 458 222, 223 strategy of, in World War II, 384 and Romania’s entry into war, 226, 230 Cincinnati, 328 authors Caporetto plan, 262 Clausewitz, Karl von, Prussian military writer, distrusts Czech troops, 80, 143 29, 31, 206 doubts victory is possible, 86 Clemenceau, Georges, French premier, 187, fears subversion on home front, 182 268, 457 on Eastern front, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, as journalist, 351 142, 143, 144, 151, 160, 220, 223 and “Sixtus Affair,” 418 promoted to ﬁeld marshal, 235 policies of, as premier, 334, 352, 353 relations of, with German allies, 48, 49, 86, popularity of, 354 89, 142, 151, 152, 160, 206, 217, 218, 220, and Foch, 410 222, 223, 224, 226, 233, 340 and Poincaré, 352 relations of, with political leaders, 46, 206, and German armistice, 444 223, 341 and League of Nations, 456 responsibility of, for the war, 46 at Paris Peace Conference, 453, 467, 468 rivalry of, with Potiorek, 80 and Treaty of Versailles, 459, 460, 462 supports separate peace with Russia, 144 and elections of 1919, 478 demoted from AOK, 235 seeks postwar alliance with Britain and US, as Tyrol army group commander, 259, 260, 456, 468, 485, 497 418, 419 survives assassination attempt, 456 retirement of, 419 failed presidential bid of (1920), 478 funeral of (1925), 500 pictured, 442 pictured, 43 Cobbe, Alexander, British general, 372 Conservative Party, British, 16, 334, 358, 451 Coblenz, 436 Constantine I, king of Greece, 21, 159, 231, 232 Cocos Islands, 108 Constantinople, 9, 18, 20, 32, 89, 91, 133, 368, Cold War, 33, 317, 482, 495, 496 370, 371, 375, 416, 466, 491 Cologne, 436, 454 Constanza, 230 Colombia, 23 Constitutional Democratic (Kadet) Party, colonies Russian, 186, 245 prewar economy of, 28 convoy system, 286. See under individual Communist International (Comintern), 179, 489 navies’ antisubmarine efforts Communist Party (KPD), German, 177, 449, 479 Corfu, 159, 231, 288, 289, 418 Communist Party, Austrian, 450 Corfu Declaration (1917), 418 Communist Party, Chinese, 489 Cormoran (ex-Riasan), German auxiliary Communist Party, French, 478 cruiser, 101, 103 Compiègne, 252, 412, 436 Cormoran, German light cruiser, 101 Congo, Belgian, 23, 28, 57, 93, 113, 114, 116, Cornwall, British light cruiser, 107 120, 457 Coronel, Battle of (1914), 105, 106, 107, 180 Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, Austro- Costa Rica, 315, 453 Hungarian general Courageous, British aircraft carrier, 297 and cult of the offensive, 31, 93 Courtai, Battle of (1918), 430 and July Crisis (1914), 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50 Cox, James, US politician, 488 assumes de facto command of armed forces, Cracow, 88, 142 44, 45 Cradock, Sir Christopher, British admiral, 105 mobilization plans of, 45, 46, 51, 54, 56, 58, Cressy, British cruiser, 276 171 Crete, 19 and defeat of Serbia (1915), 158, 159 Crimean War (1853–56), 20

518 Index

Croatia, and Croatians, 13, 21, 40, 81, 82, Degoutte, Jean, French general, 411, 412, 413, 86, 142, 152, 153, 158, 295, 418, 463, 428 464, 483 De Havilland DH2, British airplane, 211 Crowder, Enoch, US general, 315 Deir Yassin, 386 Ctesiphon, Battle of (1915), 370, 371 De Klerk, F. W., South African president, 489 Cuba, 23, 315, 326 Democratic Party (DDP), German, 449, 461 cult of the offensive, 29, 31, 32, 35, 70, 72, 206, Democratic Party, US, 24, 309, 317, 485, 488 428, 438 Denmark, 8, 144, 190, 343, 454, 457, 479 Cummings, E. E., US writer, 181 Deraa (Dar’a), 387 Cunliffe, F. H. G., British general, 113 Der-el-Zor, 390 Currie, Sir Arthur, Canadian general, 426 Detroit, 328 Cuxhaven, 295 Diaz, Armando, Italian general, 262, 419 Czechoslovak legion, 251, 419 Dimitriev, Radko Ruskov, Bulgarian and Czechoslovakia, 420, 447, 450, 461, 463, 464, Russian general, 32, 88, 89, 143 475, 477, 482, 497 Dimitrijevic´, Dragutin (Apis), Serbian ofﬁcer, and Paris Peace Conference, 453 20, 21, 44, 418 Czechs, 47, 80, 142, 144, 151, 156, 182, 251 Dinant, German atrocities at, 66 Czernin, Count Ottokar, Austro-Hungarian town pictured, 62 foreign minister, 345, 359, 360 disease Czernowitz (Chernovtsy), 148, 220, 221, 249 at Gallipoli, 166 decimates troops in Africa, 117, 118 d’Annunzio, Gabriele, Italian nationalist leader, higher rate of, on Eastern front, 148 188, 464, 480 on Macedonian front, 415 d’Urbal, Victor, French general, 132, 133, 139 spawned by trench warfare, 399, 400 Dahomey (Benin), 111 Dnieper River, 424 Dairen, 111 Dniester River, 221, 424 Daladier, Edouard, French premier, 402 Dobell, Sir Charles, British general, 113, 384 Dallolio, Alfredo, Italian general, 355, 356 Dobro Pole, Battle of (1918), 416 Dalmatia, 21, 152, 463 Dobruja, 19, 224, 226, 228, 230, 251, 465 Damascus, 372, 380, 381, 383, 388, 467 Dogger Bank, Battle of (1915), 275, 276, 279 Dankl, Viktor, Austro-Hungarian general, 1, 2, Dorten, Hans, German politician, 454 85, 86, 152, 216, 217, 218 Douala, 113 Danube River, 54, 55, 81, 158, 224, 226, 228, Douaumont Ossuary, 499 230, 350, 424 Douaumont, Fort, 208, 209 Danzig, 454, 457, 464, 469 Doullens conference (1918), 410, 412 Dardanelles, 90, 128, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, Dover Barrage, 287, 289 159, 274, 319, 368, 466, 492 Dreadnought (1906), British battleship, 14, 33 Dar-es-Salaam, 114, 116 pictured, 15 Darfur, 368, 375, 376, 377, 378, 394 Dresden, German light cruiser, 103, 107, 108 secured by Darfur Field Force (DFF), 377 Dreyfus, Captain Alfred, and Dreyfus Affair Dartige du Fournet, Louis, French admiral, (1894–1906), 16 289 Drina River, 82 Darwinism, 28, 35 Drohobycz oil ﬁelds, 249 David, Eduard, German politician, 348, 359 Dubail, Auguste, French general, 70, 138 Dawes Plan (1924), 488 Dublin, 337, 339, 451 Debeny, Marie-Eugène, French general, 426 DuBois, W. E. B., US sociologist, 326, 452 Debs, Eugene, US politician, 329 Duchêne, Denis Auguste, French general, 410, Defence of the Realm Act (1914), British, 185 411 Defence, British armored cruiser, 283 Dukhonin, Nikolai, Russian general, 264, De Gaulle, Charles, French president, 402, 478 265, 267

Index 519

Dunajec River, 88 Faisal, king of Iraq, 380, 381, 383, 384, 387, Dunkirk, 55, 77 388, 389, 466, 467, 493 Durazzo, 159, 290 pictured, 494 Falkenhausen, Ludwig von, German East Indies, 103, 108 general, 253 East Prussia, 48, 53, 72, 84, 86, 88, 89, 144, 146, Falkenhayn, Erich von, German general 457, 479, 482 as war minister, 46, 75 Easter Island, 103 as chief of general staff (OHL), 75, 77, 79, Eben, Johannes von, 413 89, 128, 130, 139, 143, 144, 146, 148, Ebert, Friedrich, German chancellor and 150, 151, 156, 158, 159, 160, 220, 222, president, 348, 434, 437, 447, 449 223, 226 pictured, 448 and the Somme, 213 Ecuador, 315 and unrestricted submarine warfare, 278 Eden, Anthony, British prime minister, 402 and war of attrition at Verdun, 160, 207, 209, EEF (Egyptian Expeditionary Force), 372, 381, 210, 211, 214, 223, 226, 233 384, 386, 387, 388 relations of, with Austro-Hungarian allies, Egypt, 133, 134, 135, 368, 372, 375, 377, 378, 89, 142, 151, 152, 160, 206, 217, 220, 222, 381, 383, 384, 465 223, 233 Eichhorn, Hermann von, German general, 90, replaced by Hindenburg, 226, 234, 340 146, 219 commands Ninth Army in Romania, 228, 230 Einem, Karl von, German general, 128, 411, 413 commands Ottoman forces in Palestine, 386 Einstein, Albert, German physicist, 182, 184 on Eastern front (1918), 387 Eisner, Kurt, Bavarian USPD leader, 434, 447 opposes general war of attrition, 206 El Fasher, 377 pictured, 76 El Mughar, Battle of (1917), 386 Falklands, 100, 105, 106 Elbe River, 293 Battle of the (1914), 106, 107, 113, 180, 274 Elizabeth II, queen of Great Britain and Fanning Island (Tabuaeran), 103 Northern Ireland, 500 Fao, 368 Emden, German light cruiser, 101, 103, 108 farmers and farming, 189, 193, 244, 341, 343, English Channel, 70, 77, 105, 276, 279, 286 345, 352, 480 Eniwetok Atoll, 110 Fascism and Fascist movement Enver Pasha, Ismail Enver Beyefendi, Turkish wartime roots of, 188 general and politician, 20, 90, 91, 92, 135, Fascist Party, Italian, 451, 480, 481 370, 375 Fatherland Party, German, 350 Epehy, Battle of (1918), 426 Fayolle, Marie Émile, French general, 211, 213, Epinal, 70 214, 407, 410 Epirus, 19 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), US, 311 Eritrea, 378 female labor Erzberger, Matthias, German politician, 348, German, 342 394, 436, 437, 460, 461 in Britain, 191, 357 Erzerum, 92, 390 in Britain, pictured, 332 Espionage Act (1917), US, 311, 317, 329 in France, 189 Estonia, 423 Feodosia, 91 Ethiopia, 375. See Abyssinia Ferdinand I, king of Bulgaria, 21, 31, 34, 72, Eugen, Archduke, Austro-Hungarian general, 156, 416 83, 152, 217, 218 Ferdinand I, king of Romania, 224, 230 Euphrates River, 370 Fevsi Pasha, Turkish general, 386 European Union, 502 Finland, 239, 264, 265, 423, 424, 447, 475, 482 Evert, Aleksei, Russian general, 150, 219, 222, Finland, Gulf of, 265 248, 482 Fiume (Rijeka), 463, 464, 465, 480, 481

520 Index

flamethrower, development and use of, 208, in German war aims, 93 209, 259 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319, 469 Flanders, 77, 95, 138, 199, 256, 399, 402, 406, influenza pandemic spreads to, 360 411, 430 influenza deaths in, 361 flappers, 357 interests of, in Middle East, 381, 384, Foch, Ferdinand, French general 388, 467 and cult of the offensive, 31, 428, 438 low birth rate of, 17 as prewar War School commandant, 31, 77 occupied territories of, 354, 400, 433, commands Ninth Army, 72, 74 438, 460 as army group commander, 77, 131, 133, 138 public mood in, at outbreak of war, 172, 175 as army chief of staff, 255, 262 recognizes Republic of Turkey, 491 as supreme Allied commander, 410, 411, 412, relations of, with US, 311 413, 426, 460 social and political divisions within, 58, 68 relations of, with American allies, 412 strikes in, 187, 353, 363 relations of, with British allies, 410 supplies Italy, 154 and German armistice, 436, 437 supports Czech ambitions, 450 pictured, 429 tries German war criminals in absentia, 497 Fokker D7, German airplane, 432, 436 unique strength of home front in, 188, 195 Fokker E1, German airplane, 140 war aims of, 345 Force publique, Belgian colonial force, 28, 113, war debts of, 475, 478 116, 120 wartime censorship in, 172 Foreign Legion, French, 27 wartime economy in, 189, 342 France, 1, 2, 3, 4, 16, 22, 26, 66, 68, 72, 113, wartime manpower shortage of, 207 254, 498 wartime promises of, to Italy, 152 prewar economy of, 478 wartime refugees in, 187, 353, 354 colonial empire of, 27 wartime role of women in, 193 role of, in Italian unification, 13 wartime union sacrée in, 58, 187, 209, 334, constitution of Third Republic in, 16 351, 352, 355 in prewar Entente with Britain, 8, 14, 16 and Paris Peace Conference, 452 prewar alliance of, with Russia, 8, 17 and Treaty of Versailles, 454, 457 during July Crisis (1914), 40, 50, 51, 55, awarded former German colonies, 457 57, 60 and League of Nations, 456, 495, 497 invaded by Germany, 64, 68, 70 Wilson’s postwar tour of, 452 declares war, 91 opposes German–Austrian Anschluss, 450 aids Italy, 262, 289 prewar economy of, 17 aids Serbia, 81, 158 postwar support of, for Greeks against and German African colonies, 116 Ottoman Empire, 466 and Italy’s territorial claims, 464 Remembrance Day (le jour du Souvenir)in,498 and Russian Provisional Government, tomb of unknown soldier in, 499 247, 351 France, French dreadnought, 50 antiwar socialism in, 450 Franchet d’Espérey, Louis, French general, 73, borrows money from US, 310 74, 252, 415, 416 boycotts Stockholm conference (1917), 359 Francis Ferdinand, Archduke, heir to Austro- buys arms from US, 311 Hungarian throne, 1, 13, 21, 40, 44, 45, 46, censorship in, 360 48, 49, 51, 64, 461 fears growing role of US, 439 pictured, 6 food shortages and rationing in, 352 Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, king of importance of postwar reparations to, Hungary, 11, 13, 45, 47, 54, 56, 83, 89, 182, 478, 498 223, 235, 334, 341 importance of Russia to morale in, 187, 351 pictured, 6

Index 521

Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), 8, 16, 29, 66 Galapagos Islands, 105 Franke, Victor, German general, 114 Galatz, 231 Frankfurt, 238, 434 Galicia, 83, 85, 88, 144, 190, 223, 233, 249, 252, fraternization, 95, 200, 238, 248, 249, 350 255, 421 Gallieni, Joseph, French general, 72, 74 Frederick, Archduke, Austro-Hungarian Gallipoli, 128, 130, 135, 137, 138, 161, 163–67, general, 45, 83, 223 214, 295, 368, 370, 371, 378, 389, 390, Freetown, 360 402, 500 Freikorps, right-wing paramilitary, in postwar impact of, on British recruiting, 180, 185 Germany, 447, 449, 450, 457 importance of, to Australia, 498 French Army New Zealand memorial at, 500 prewar service in, 34 Turkish memorial at, 500 mobilization of, 56 Gallwitz, Max von, German general, 144, 150, air power of, 34, 208, 211, 257 158, 159, 213, 256, 432 at Gallipoli, 135, 138 Gambia, 27, 113 at Salonika, 138, 228, 416 Gandhi, Mohandas K. “Mahatma,” Indian death sentences in, 434 leader, 368, 373, 374, 395, 491 discipline in, 399 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, Italian patriot, 13 Eighth Army of, 77, 95, 131 Gaza, 381, 386 Fifth Army of, 70, 72, 73, 253, 413 First Battle of (1917), 384 First Army of, 70, 138, 256, 426, 428, 430 Second Battle of (1917), 384 Fourth Army of, 70, 72, 74, 253, 430, 432 Third Battle of (1917), 386 mutinies in, 255, 268, 406, 407 Geneva Convention, 497. See prisoners of war Ninth Army of, 72, 74, 75, 413 Geneva Protocol (1925), outlaws chemical and on Italian front, 262, 419 biological weapons, 496 role of reserves in, 68 Genoa, 452 Second Army of, 70, 77, 208, 415 George V, king of Great Britain and Ireland, sexually-transmitted diseases in, 400 179, 358, 410, 452, 498 Sixth Army of, 72, 74, 75, 77, 211, 213, 214, George Washington, US troopship, 452, 467 253, 410, 411, 412, 413, 428 pictured, 472 teenaged soldiers in, 180 George, crown prince of Greece, 232 Tenth Army of, 77, 132, 139, 214, 253, Georgia, 424, 447 412, 413 German Army Third Army of, 70, 74, 209 prewar service in, 34 casualties of, on all fronts, 446 mobilization of, 56, 58, 93 casualties of, on Western front, 80, 140, 187, 6th Bavarian Reserve Division of, 402 233, 413, 438 air power of, 140, 214, 234, 253, 255, French Navy, 232, 288, 290, 295, 297, 298 407, 432 strength of, in 1914, 274 Eighteenth Army of, 407, 412, 426 at the Dardanelles, 135, 138 Eighth Army of, 84, 85, 90, 146, 265 Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and, 496 Eleventh Army of, 142, 143, 146, 158, French, Sir John, British general, 31, 71, 72, 159, 228 130, 131, 137, 207, 339 enduring cohesion of, 433 Freud, Sigmund, Austrian physician and Fifth Army of, 57, 66, 70, 74, 75, 207, 208, psychologist, 171 256, 399, 428, 432 Fromelles, Battle of (1916), 213, 214 First Army of, 57, 64, 66, 71, 72, 73, 74, 77, Frontiers, Battles of the (1914), 70, 72 213, 253, 399, 411, 413 Fukien, 111 Fourteenth Army of Furious, British aircraft carrier, 295 (mixed German–Austrian), 260

522 Index

German Army (cont.) internment of, at Scapa Flow, 446 Fourth Army of, 56, 66, 70, 74, 77, 95, 131, scuttles own warships at Scapa Flow, 461 256, 411, 430 limits placed on, by Treaty of Versailles, 454, impact of food shortage on, 407, 413, 415 458, 496 in Ottoman Empire, 395 German Southwest Africa (Namibia), 27, 111, in Palestine, 387 113, 114, 375, 457, 489 Niemen Army of, 146 Germany, 3, 4, 50, 79, 116, 122, 318, 329, 438, Ninth Army of, 88, 144, 146, 228, 230, 413 450, 478 role of reserves in, 68 unification of, under Bismarck, 8, 206 Second Army of, 57, 64, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, constitution of, under Second Reich, 10 211, 213, 257, 407 in Triple Alliance, 8 Seventeenth Army of, 407, 430 prewar economy of, 11 Seventh Army of, 57, 70, 77, 253, 411, prewar relations of, with Belgium, 22, 23 412, 413 prewar relations of, with Europe’s smaller Sixth Army of, 57, 70, 77, 79, 95, 130, 139, states, 22 213, 253, 411, 430 prewar trade of, with Russia, 190 Tenth Army of, 90, 146, 219 during July Crisis (1914), 45, 46, 49, 53 Third Army of, 57, 66, 70, 74, 128, 411, 413 invades Belgium, 64 Twelfth Army of, 144, 150, 158 invades France, 68 and Allied “Hundred Days Offensive” attempts to keep Britain neutral (1914), 49 (1918), 437 attempts to undermine British in India, 373 and influenza pandemic (1918), 360, 413 adopts unrestricted submarine warfare, 244 casualties of, on Eastern front, 150 and Armenian genocide, 392, 394 casualties of, on Western front, 80, 140, 413 and Balkan front, 158 casualties of, on all fronts, 446 and Herero genocide (1904), 114, 119 limits placed on, by Treaty of Versailles, and Romania’s entry into war, 226, 230 454, 457 decline of industrial productivity in, 342 German colonies, 2, 123, 259, 457, 489 food queue in, pictured, 344 in Africa, 111–19 food shortages and rationing in, 190, 274, in the Pacific, 109–10 343, 346, 350, 352 German East Africa, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, imperial ambitions of, in eastern Europe, 119, 120, 121, 457 148, 421 German Nationalist Party, Austrian, 449, 450 influenza pandemic spreads to, 360 German Navy influenza deaths in, 361 prewar expansion of, 11, 33, 49 militarization of wartime economy in, 340, shells British coastal towns (1914), 275 342, 345 strength of, in 1914, 274 Peace Resolution by Reichstag in (1917), 268, at Coronel and the Falklands 291, 348, 349, 350, 359, 433, 436, 461 (1914), 105–07 pro-war sentiment in (1914), 171, 173, 175 at Jutland (1916), 279–83 responsibility of, for starting war, 8, 41, 60 Baltic operations of, 146, 265, 284 role of, in establishing Bolsheviks in Russia, commerce raiding cruisers of, 100, 237, 238, 241, 244, 247, 264, 267 108–09, 276 sabotage campaign of, in US, 311 concentration of, in North Sea, 100, 105 seeks separate peace with Russia, 128, 144, East Asian squadron of, 101–07 147, 206 fails to stop transport of AEF, 438 “stab in the back” legend in, 437, 479 mutinies in, 291, 293, 294, 434 strained relations of, with Austria-Hungary, use of submarines by, 137, 275–79, 283–88, 40, 47, 55, 151, 152, 160, 206, 233, 289, 295, 302, 433 291, 418 wartime losses of, 297, 298 strikes in, 345, 356, 363, 421

Index 523

subsidizes war effort of Austria-Hungary, Grand Fleet, British, 275. See British Navy 230 Greece, 17, 19, 21, 81, 138, 159, 232, 234, 465, supports Irish nationalists, 337 466, 492 supports Stockholm conference (1917), 359 Greek Army, 232, 416 war aims of, 92, 144, 347, 348 Greek Navy, 232 wartime Burgfrieden in, 171, 177, 182, 334, Grey, Sir Edward, British foreign secretary, 42, 347, 350 49, 55, 57, 110, 454, 476 wartime inflation in, 190 Grignard, Victor, French chemist, 131 wartime martial law in, 181, 189 Grigorescu, Eremia, Romanian general, 250 wartime social inequalities in, 343 Grigorovich, Ivan, Russian admiral, 53 becomes constitutional monarchy, 433 Grodno, 146, 148 becomes republic, 437, 447 Groener, Wilhelm, German general, 341, 433, Fourteen Points (1918) and, 433, 436 434, 436, 437, 447, 461 and Paris Peace Conference, 460 Guam, 23, 110 and Treaty of Versailles, 453, 454, 457, 458, Guantanamo Bay, 23 459, 460, 502 Guatemala, 315 ratifies Treaty of Versailles, 467 Guesde, Jules, French politician, 187 enfranchises women (1919), 2 Guillaumat, Adolphe, French general, 415 Weimar Republic in, 458, 463, 479 Guinea, Spanish (Equatorial), 113 postwar financial crisis in, 475 Gumbinnen, Battle of (1914), 84, 85 joins League of Nations (1926), 495 Gurkhas, 27 seeks revision of treaty terms, 478, 479 pictured, 201 under Nazi regime, 3, 22, 148, 173, 181, 342, 389, 391 Haase, Hugo, German politician, 347, 447 Ghana (Gold Coast), 27, 111, 457 Haber, Fritz, German chemist, 131 Giesl, Vladimir von, Austro-Hungarian Habsburg dynasty, 1, 6, 45, 341, 420, 475, 483 diplomat, 51, 53, 54 Habte Giyorgis, Fitawrari, Abyssinian Glasgow, British light cruiser, 105, 106, general, 378 107, 108 Haeckel, Ernst, German biologist and Glorious, British aircraft carrier, 297 philosopher, 3 Gneisenau, German armored cruiser, 101, 103, Hafiz Hakki Pasha, Turkish general, 91 104, 105, 106, 107 Haifa, 386, 388 Gnila Lipa, Battle of (1914), 85 Haig, Sir Douglas, British general Goeben, German battle cruiser, 91. See also cavalry background of, 31 Yavuz Sultan Selim as First Army commander, 77, 130, 132, 139 Golan Heights, 388 as BEF commander, 210, 211, 213, 214, 216, Gold Coast, 113. See Ghana 234, 252, 253, 256, 257, 269, 410, 411, Goltz, Colmar von der, German general, 31, 426, 428 370, 371, 372 advocates compromise peace, 407 Gomes da Costa, Manuel, Portuguese general and Lloyd George, 410 and president, 411 and Pétain, 410 Good Hope, British armored cruiser, 105 pictured, 429 Goremykin, Ivan, Russian prime minister, 186 Haile Selassie (Tafari Makonnen), emperor of Gorizia, 154, 226, 233, 262 Abyssinia, 378, 493 Gorodok, 86 Haiti, 315 Gotha, German bomber, 353, 358 Hakki Bey, Ismail, Turkish general, 372 Gough, Sir Richard, British general, 213, 214, Halil Pasha, Turkish general, 370, 371, 372 253, 256, 257, 407, 410 Hamburg, 434 Gourand, Henri, French general, 430, 432 Hamilton, Sir Ian, British general, 135, 137, Gourko, Vasili, Russian general, 235, 248 138, 166

524 Index

Hanover, 434 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese nationalist leader, Hara, Takashi, Japanese prime minister, 453 489, 490, 502 Harding, Warren, US president, 485, 488 Hoffmann, Adolf, German politician, 177 Hardinge, Lord Charles, viceroy of India, 370 Hoffmann, Max, German general, 141, 226, 421 Hartwig, Nikolai, Russian diplomat, 51 Hogue, British cruiser, 276 Hashemite dynasty, 378, 491, 493 Hohenzollern, German imperial yacht, 55, 171 Haus, Anton, Austro-Hungarian admiral, Holtzendorff, Henning von, German admiral, 288, 291 278, 284 Hausen, Max von, German general, 70 Honduras, 315 Havrincourt, Battle of (1918), 426 Horne, Sir Henry, British general, 95, 253, Hawaii, 23, 110, 308 411, 426 Hebron, 386 Horthy, Miklós, Austro-Hungarian admiral, Heeringen, Josias von, German general, Hungarian regent, 289, 290, 295, 464, 483 70, 77 Hortstein, Lothar von, Austro-Hungarian Heimwehr, right-wing paramilitary, in postwar general, 82 Austria, 450, 463, 483 House, Edward, US presidential advisor, 311, Hejaz, 247, 372, 378, 381, 383, 387, 388, 389, 434, 436, 454, 468 453, 467, 491, 493 Houston, 326 Helgoland Bight, First Battle of (1914), 274 Hoyos, Alexander, Austro-Hungarian diplomat, Helgoland Bight, Second Battle of (1917), 287 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 56 Helsinki, 292 Hughes, Charles Evans, US politician and Hermannstadt (Sibiu), Battle of (1916), 228 statesman, 309, 310 Hertling, Count Georg von, German chancellor, Hull, 357 350, 413, 433 Hundred Days Offensive (1918), Allied, High Sea Fleet, German, 275. See German Navy 426, 430 Hindenburg Line, 244, 252, 410, 426, 428, Hungary, 475 430, 432 autonomous institutions of, within Dual Hindenburg Program, 230, 334, 340, 341, 342, Monarchy (1867), 11 343, 354, 356, 406 reduces wartime food shipments to Austria, Hindenburg, Paul von, German general 191, 343 called out of retirement (1914), 84, 85 Charles attempts to save throne in (1918), 420 on Eastern front, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 146, 224 National Council in, 420 as chief of general staff (OHL), 209, 214, 226, republic proclaimed in (1918), 450 228, 234, 249, 260, 265, 267, 340, 348, Allied blockade of (1918–19), 450 350, 358, 406, 421, 424 and Paris Peace Conference, 461, 463 relations of, with Austro-Hungarian Soviet republic in (1919), 464 allies, 233 “White Terror” in (1919–20), 464 advocates unrestricted submarine warfare, Charles attempts to restore Habsburgs in 244, 284, 285 (1921), 483 and Reichstag’s Peace Resolution (1917), 348 postwar border dispute of, with Austria, 463 and Battle of Amiens (1918), 427 postwar borders of, 447 and William II, 434, 437 Hussein, sharif of Mecca, king of the Hejaz, 372, elected president (1925), 479 378, 379, 380, 381, 383, 389, 491, 492, 493 foments “stab in the back” legend, 433 Hutier, Oskar von, German general, 265, 407, pictured, 227 412, 426 Hipper, Franz, German admiral, 275, 279, 282, 284, 293, 434 ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz, emir of the Nejd, 383, Hitler, Adolf, German chancellor, 173, 174, 311, 384, 385 394, 402, 458, 479, 480, 483 ibn Tayi, Auda, Bedouin sheik, 383 pictured, 401 Iceland, 495

Index 525

Imperial War Cabinet, 117, 358, 407, 410, 454 Irish Parliamentary Party, 57, 185, 337, 339 Indefatigable, British battle cruiser, 279, 282 Irish Republic Brotherhood, 185, 337 Independence Party, Hungarian, 420 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 451, 476 India Irish Volunteers, 185, 337, 338, 451 and German African colonies, 116 Islam. See Sunni Muslims; Shiite Muslims; anti-colonial movement in, 123, 491 caliphate Lucknow Pact (1916) in, 373, 491 Isonzo River, 152, 153, 154, 161, 199, 216, 217, wartime role of, in Middle East, 395 226, 260, 402 importance of, to Allied war effort, 368 First Battle of the (1915), 154 influenza pandemic spreads to, 360 Second Battle of the (1915), 154, 155 influenza deaths in, 361 Third Battle of the (1915), 154 and Paris Peace Conference, 453 Fourth Battle of the (1915), 154 and League of Nations, 456 Fifth Battle of the (1916), 217 partition of (1947), 491 Sixth Battle of the (1916), 226 Indian Army Seventh Battle of the (1916), 233 prewar strength of, 27 Eighth Battle of the (1916), 233 wartime manpower of, 27 Ninth Battle of the (1916), 233 6th Division of, 370, 371 Tenth Battle of the (1917), 260 in Africa, 114, 117, 122 Eleventh Battle of the (1917), 260 in Egypt, 134 Twelfth Battle of the, 262. See Caporetto, in Mesopotamia, 368 Battle of in Palestine, 386, 387, 388 Istria, 152, 153, 463, 464, 481 in Syria and Lebanon, 388, 389 Italian Army Jodhpore and Mysore Lancers of, pictured, 366 prewar service in, 34 on Western front, 77, 130, 131, 214 mobilization of, 152 Indian Independence Committee (1914), 373 11th Bersaglieri Regiment of, 402 Indian National Congress, 368, 373, 491, 502 air power of, 34 Indian Ocean, 103, 108 at Salonika, 228 Indianapolis, 328 Eighth Army of, 420 Indochina, 27, 490 First Army of, 217 infanticide, 354 food supply in, 407 inflation, wartime, and global economy, Fourth Army of, 262 189, 355 occupies Albania (1918), 416 Inflexible, British battle cruiser, 106, 107, 108, on Western front, 413, 419 109, 134, 135, 137 Second Army of, 152, 153, 154, 217, 260, 262 influenza, global pandemic of (1918–19), 117, Third Army of, 152, 154, 217, 262 120, 323, 360, 361, 400, 432, 446, 449 after Caporetto, 406, 407, 419 Ingenohl, Friedrich von, German admiral, casualties of, on Alpine front, 218 275, 279 casualties of, on Isonzo front, 154, 260, 262 International Justice, Permanent Court of casualties of, on all fronts, 446 (at the Hague), 496 Italian Navy, 153, 288–90, 297, 298 International Labor Organization (ILO), 496 strength of, in 1914, 274 international law, 57, 276, 280, 310, 497, 502 Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and, 496 Invincible, British battle cruiser, 106, 107, 108, Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), 14, 19, 34, 375 109, 282 Italy, 2, 3, 13, 22, 463, 498 Iraq, 368, 372, 391, 395, 467, 493. See also wars of unification in, 153, 154 Mesopotamia in Triple Alliance, 8, 14 Ireland, 16, 185, 276, 286, 337, 339, 451 defeated by Abyssinia (1896), 377 Easter Rising in (1916), 309, 334, 337–39 during July Crisis (1914), 46, 49, 51 Irish Free State established in (1922), 476 declares neutrality, 58

526 Index

Italy (cont.) seizes Tsingtao, 101, 110 drifts toward Triple Entente (1914–15), 152 and conquest of German Paciﬁc colonies, enters war, 128, 137, 144, 151, 278, 288 109, 110 withstands invasion from Tyrol (1916), 216– in Zimmermann telegram, 312 18, 219, 220, 222, 234 and Paris Peace Conference, 452, 453, 456, Allied disappointment over, 234, 289 457, 488 and Russian Provisional Government, 247 awarded former German colonies, 457, 488 antiwar socialism in, 450 emergence of, as great power, 23–24 boycotts Stockholm conference (1917), 359 exploitation of China by, 110, 111, 122 crisis in, after Caporetto, 268 inﬂuenza deaths in, 361 divided home front in, 187 postwar rise of, 475, 488 economic importance of emigrants to, 355 strained relations of, with US, 25, 100, 110, food shortages and rationing in, 355 308, 488 prewar economy of, 14 Japanese Navy, 100, 101, 122, 297 receives aid from Britain and France, Mediterranean squadron of, 286 154, 262 strength of, in 1914, 274 recognizes Republic of Turkey, 491 Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and, regional divisions within, 155, 480 488, 496 revival of, after Caporetto, 354–56 Jaroslavice-Wolczkowce, Battle of (1914), 83 strikes in, 355, 363 Jassy (Iasi), 230 territorial claims of, against Ottoman Jaurès, Jean, French socialist leader, 58, 177 Empire, 466 Jean Bart, French dreadnought, 288 war debts of, 475 Jellicoe, Sir John, British admiral, 279, 282, wartime industrialization in, 355 283, 286, 287 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319 Jemal Pasha, Turkish general, 134 celebrates armistice, 446 Jericho, 387 Wilson’s postwar tour of, 452 Jerusalem, 372, 384, 386, 387 and Paris Peace Conference, 452, 480 Battle of (1917), 386 tomb of unknown soldier in, 499 Jewish Legion, 387 postwar border dispute of, with Yugoslavia, Jewish Welfare Board, US, 323 464, 465, 481 Jews, 148, 190, 308, 323, 389, 391, 394, 433, postwar borders of, 447, 463, 468 479, 493 postwar disillusionment in, 480 Jidda, 381 postwar economy, 480 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, Indian Muslim leader, Ivangorod (Deblin) 88. See Warsaw, First 373, 375, 491 Battle for Joffe, Adolf, Bolshevik leader Ivanov, Nikolai, Russian general, 89, 90, 143, pictured, 242 146, 219, 482 Joffre, Joseph, French general Iyasu V, emperor of Abyssinia, 377, 378 and cult of the offensive, 70, 93 during opening campaign, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77 Jaffa, 386, 387, 388, 493 and trench warfare, 128, 131, 133, 138, 139, Jagow, Gottlieb von, German foreign secretary, 140, 220, 234 49, 276 and Verdun, 208, 209 Jaluit, 110 and the Somme, 214, 216 Japan, 2, 3, 122 interactions of, with Allied leaders, 154, 207 isolated, under Tokugawa shogunate, 25 named Marshal of France, 235 Meiji Restoration in, 25 political security of, 72, 209, 352 prewar economy of, 25 and Clemenceau, 187 alliance of, with Britain, 14, 25, 100 sacked by Poincaré, 234 declares war on Central Powers, 100 war plans of, 70

Index 527

Jordan River, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 467 Kluck, Alexander von, German general, 66, 71, Jordan, kingdom of, 493 72, 73, 74, 75, 77 Joseph Ferdinand, Archduke, Austro- Knights of Columbus, US Catholic Hungarian general, 88, 151, 220 organization, 323 Jovanovic´, Ljuba, Serbian politician, 44 Kolchak, Alexander, Russian admiral, 292, 423 Juan Fernandez Islands, 108 Komarów, Battle of (1914), 85, 86 Jutland, Battle of (1916), 279–83 Königsberg, 85, 482 Königsberg, German light cruiser, 108, 116 Kailer, Karl, Austro-Hungarian admiral, 46, 51 Koo, Wellington, Chinese diplomat, 489 Kaimo, Mitsuomi, Japanese general, 101 Korea, 23, 122 Kaiserin Elisabeth, Austro-Hungarian protected Kornilov, Lavr, Russian general, 249, 264, 265, cruiser, 101 267, 482 Kaiserslautern, 70 Kosovo, 19 Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, 109 Battle of (1915), 159 Kamenev, Lev, Bolshevik leader, 265 Kovel, 223 pictured, 242 Kövess, Hermann, Austro-Hungarian general, KAR. See King’s African Rifles 158, 160, 216, 217, 218, 222 Karageorgevic´ dynasty, 20, 51, 418 Kovno (Kaunas), 146, 148 Karlsruhe, 70 Krasnik, Battle of (1914), 85 Karlsruhe, German light cruiser, 108 Krauss, Alfred, Austro-Hungarian general, Kārolyi, Mihāly, Hungarian prime minister and 217, 218 president, 420, 450, 463 Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich, German Kato, Takaaki, Japanese foreign minister, 110 general, 134, 381, 384, 386 Kavalla, 232 Krobatin, Alexander, Austro-Hungarian Keating, Paul, Australian prime minister, 501 general, 46, 48, 260, 262 Kelly, P. V., British officer, 377 Kronprinz Rudolf, Austro-Hungarian Kemal (Atatürk), Mustafa, Turkish general, 135, battleship, 293 138, 167, 375, 388, 466, 467, 491, 492 Kronprinz Wilhelm, German auxiliary Kemp, Jan, South African officer, 114 cruiser, 108 Kent, British armored cruiser, 106, 107, 108 Kronstadt (Brasov), Battle of (1916), 228 Kenya, 27, 114, 117, 120, 377 Kronstadt, base of Russian Baltic fleet, 264 Kerensky offensive (1917), 249, 250, 251, Krupp, German armaments manufacturer, 260, 264 25, 209 Kerensky, Alexander, Russian war minister and Krupskaya, Nadezhda, wife of Lenin, 238, prime minister, 248, 249, 250, 260, 264, 239, 240 265, 267 Krylenko, Nikolai, Soviet Russian army Keynes, John Maynard, British economist, commander, 267 485, 486 Kuhn Loeb, financial services firm, 310 Kharkov, 245 Kun, Béla, Hungarian communist leader, Khartoum, 376 421, 464 Kiaochow (Jiaozhou) Bay, German colony, 10, Kurama, Japanese battle cruiser, 110 101, 111, 457 Kurds, 391, 466, 492 Kiel Canal, 284, 293, 457, 460 Kuropatkin, Aleksei, Russian general, 219, 222 Kiel, 284, 293, 434 Kut, 370, 371, 372 Kiev, 151 Siege of (1915–16), 371, 373, 378 Kilimanjaro, Mount, 116 Kuwait, 384, 465 King’s African Rifles (KAR), 27, 117 Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 1st Earl, British Labour Party, Australian, 501 general and war secretary, 72, 138, 179, Labour Party, British, 16, 29, 176, 177, 334, 358, 185, 210, 234, 318, 370, 371, 380 359, 451, 476

528 Index

Lafayette Flying Corps, and Lafayette question of German membership in, 460, 479 Escadrille, 180 Secretariat of, 496 Lafayette, Marquis de, French general and Lebanon, 388, 467 statesman, 320 Ledebour, Georg, German politician, 177 Lake Doiran, Battle of (1918), 416 Leipzig war crimes trials (1921), 497 Lake Naroch, Battle of (1916), 219, 222 Leipzig, German light cruiser, 50, 57, 101, 103, Lake, Percival, British general, 371 105, 107 Lamprecht, Karl, German academician, 57 Lemberg (L’viv), 83, 86, 144, 146, 224, 249 Langle de Cary, Fernand, French general, 70, Lemberg-Rawa Ruska, Battle of (1914), 86 128, 208 Lemnos, 159 Lanrezac, Charles, French general, 70, 71, Lenin, Vladimir, Soviet premier 72, 73 in exile in prewar Austria, 18, 237 Lansing, Robert, US secretary of state, in exile in wartime Switzerland, 237 451, 452, 453, 468, 489, 490 at Zimmerwald conference, 179 Lapeyrère, Augustin Boue de, French admiral, surprised by demise of tsarist regime, 237 288, 289 wartime interactions of, with German Lateran Treaty (1929), 13 authorities, 238, 482 Latvia, 146, 148, 199, 423 returns to Russia, 238, 239, 240, 244, Lauenstein, Otto von, German general, 146 247, 248 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 491 condemns Stockholm conference (1917), 359 Laval, Pierre, French politician, 351 April Theses of (1917), 241 Lawrence, T. E., British ofﬁcer, 119, 368, 371, and July Days (1917), 264 381, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 466 and Kerensky, 264 pictured, 382 antiwar position of, 248, 360 Le Cateau, 71 and Bolshevik Revolution, 265 Battle of (1914), 72 and Brest-Litovsk peace talks, 421, 423 Le Havre, 71 consolidates power, 267, 482 League of Nations, 495, 497 “White” opponents of, 423, 447 wartime plans for, 454, 456 and Armenians, 394 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 320 and Comintern, 179, 489 creation of, included in Treaty of moves capital to Moscow, 423 Versailles, 458 orders murder of Romanovs, 423 and Monroe Doctrine (1823), 456 pragmatism of, 444 Arab lands of Ottoman Empire as mandates supporters of, in navy, 292 of, 395, 465, 493 utopian vision of, 444 Assembly of, 495 pictured, 237 Committee for the Study of the Legal Status Léon Gambetta, French armored cruiser, 288 of Women, 496 Leonardo da Vinci, Italian dreadnought, 289 Council of, 495 Leopold, prince of Bavaria, German Covenant of, 2, 454, 456, 457, 458, 461, 484 general, 45, 144, 226 creates Nansen Passport for stateless pictured, 242 persons, 496 Lesser Antilles, 108 Dardanelles and Bosporus demilitarized Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von, German ofﬁcer, under, 492 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121 former German colonies as mandates of, 123, pictured, 118 454, 457, 489 Liaotung Peninsula, 122 Health Organization of, 496 Liberal Party, British, 14, 42, 57, 130, 334, International Commission on Intellectual 451, 476 Cooperation (forerunner of UNESCO), 496 Liberal Party, Italian, 13 Permanent Central Opium Board of, 496 Liberia, 315, 453

Index 529

Libya, 19, 375, 376, 394, 493 Lodge, Henry Cabot, Republican politician, Lichnowsky, Prince Karl Max von, German 485, 487 diplomat, 49, 55 Lodz, Battle of, 88. See Warsaw, Second Liddell Hart, Basil H., British officer and Battle for military writer, 357, 402 Lombardy, 156 Liebknecht, Karl, German politician, 177, 182, London, 452 347, 394, 433, 434, 435, 437, 449 public demonstrations in (1914), 172 Liège, 64 aerial bombing of, 4, 357, 358 Battle of (1914), 64, 66, 84 food rationing in, 356 Liggett, Hunter, US general, 432 strikes in, 357 Lille, 77, 244, 354 wartime population boom in, 357 Liman von Sanders, Otto, German general, 20, celebrates armistice, 175, 444 92, 135, 387, 388 loses status as center of world economy, 488 Limanowa-Lapanów, Battle of (1914), 88, 89, London Naval Treaty (1930), 496 142, 143 London, Treaty of (1915), 152, 464 Linsingen, Alexander von, German general, Long Island, 287, 303 89, 219, 222 Loos, Battle of (1915), 139, 140 Linz, 153 Lorraine, 17, 57, 66, 77, 138, 259, 321, 329 Lion, British battle cruiser, 275 Battle of (1914), 70, 71 Lithuania, 146, 148, 233, 423 Louvain, German atrocities at, 66, 183, 460 Little Entente (Czechoslovakia, Romania, Loznica, 82 Yugoslavia), 498 Lublin, 146 Lloyd George, David, British politician and Luckner, Felix von, German naval officer, 109 statesman, 16, 191, 410, 457 Ludendorff, Erich, German general supports declaration of war, 57, 172 with Hindenburg on Eastern front, 84, 85, 86, as minister of munitions, 130, 185 89, 90, 146, 148, 433 as war secretary, 234 with Hindenburg at OHL, 209, 214, 226, 228, as prime minister, 234, 268, 334, 358 234, 249, 251, 260, 267, 340, 341, 342, and antiwar socialism, 359 348, 350, 406, 407, 411, 412, 413, 415, and British navy, 287 421, 424, 426 and Clemenceau, 456, 497 advocates unrestricted submarine warfare, and Danzig, 457 244, 284 and Irish question, 339, 476 and Lenin, 238 and war in Middle East, 372, 384, and Reichstag’s Peace Resolution (1917), 348 386, 416 develops defense in depth, 244, 253, 256, and Wilson, 452 257, 269 authorizes anti-German propaganda, 358 envisages German-dominated eastern introduces rationing, 286, 356 Europe, 148, 423 opposes militarization of wartime relations of, with Austro-Hungarian economy, 356 allies, 233 relations of, with American allies, 286 strategy of, in 1918 offensive, 406, 415 relations of, with French allies, 252, 410 concludes war is lost, 432, 433 strategy of, for 1918, 407, 412 flees to Sweden, 433 and “khaki election” (1918), 451 foments “stab in the back” legend, 433 at Paris Peace Conference, 451, 453 postwar involvement of, with Nazi Party, 479 and League of Nations, 454 pictured, 227 and Treaty of Versailles, 458, 460, 476 Lüderitz Bay, 113 and decline of Liberal Party, 476 Lukin, Henry, British general, 375 in election of 1922, 476 Lusitania, British Cunard liner, 276, 277, pictured, 442 309, 310

530 Index

Lutheran Church, and Lutherans, 148, 328 Maritz, S. G. “Manie,” South African officer, Lutsk, 220 113, 114, 122, 489 Lützow, German battle cruiser, 282 Marmara, Sea of, 32, 164 Luxemburg, 56, 57, 66, 70, 92 Marne River, 72, 73, 74, 75, 410, 411, 428 Luxemburg, Rosa, German politician, 449 Marne, First Battle of the (1914), 65, 73, 74–75, Lvov, Georgi, Prince, Russian prime minister, 86, 92, 93, 133 248, 264 Marne, Second Battle of the (1918), 412–15, Lys, Battle of the 411. See Ypres, Fourth 419, 424, 426, 428, 434 Battle of marriage patterns and rates, influenced by war, Maass, Leberecht, German admiral, 274 194, 325, 474 Marshall Islands, 101, 103, 109, 110 MacDonald, Ramsay, British politician, 359 Marshall, William, British general, 372 Macedonia, British armed merchant cruiser, Marwitz, Georg von der, German general, 257, 106, 107 259, 407, 424, 426, 428, 432 Macedonia, 19, 158, 159, 223, 228, 231 Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 29, 175, 176, 265 Macedonian front, 199, 231, 407, 415, 416 MAS 15, Italian motor torpedo boat, 290 machine gun, development and use of, 31, 32, MAS 9, Italian motor torpedo boat, 289 130, 131, 132, 139, 155, 209, 212, 213, Mās a Tierra (Isla Robinson Crusoe), 108 386, 430 Masaryk, Tomāš, Czech nationalist leader, 47, Mackensen, August von, German general, 88, 251, 420 142, 143, 146, 150, 151, 158, 160, 222, Masurian Lakes, 85 228, 230, 249 Battle of (1914), 86 Mackov Kamen, Battle of (1914), 81 Second Battle of (1915), 90 Macmillan, Harold, British prime minister, 402 Matsumura, Tatsuo, Japanese admiral, 110 Madagascar, 27 Maubeuge, 72, 75 Madang, 109 Maud’huy, Louis, French general, 77 Madden, Sir Charles, British admiral, 297 Maude, F. N., British officer, 29 Madeira, 23, 483 Maude, Frederick Stanley, British general, 371, Madras, 108 372, 373 Maginot Line, 4, 202, 498 Maunoury, Michel, French general, 72, 74, 77 Maginot, André, French soldier and future war Max, Adolphe, mayor of Brussels, 67 minister, 209 Max, prince of Baden, German chancellor, 433, Magyars, 11, 13, 47, 221, 450, 463, 464 434, 437 Mahiwa, Battle of (1917), 117 Maxwell, Sir John, British general, 134 Mainz, 436 May Fourth Movement (1919), Chinese, Makino, Nobuaki, Japanese foreign minister, 489, 502 453, 456 McAleese, Mary, Irish president, 500 Malawi, 27, 117, 120, 121 Mecca, 372, 378, 381, 383, 384, 395, 491, malnutrition, 4, 343 492, 502 Malvy, Jean-Louis, French politician, 351, 352 Medina, 381, 383 Manchester, 180, 452 Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF), Manchuria, 23, 32, 35, 111, 122 British, 135 Mandela, Nelson, South African president, 489 Mediterranean Sea, 90, 91, 109, 134, 137, 161, Mangin, Charles, French general, 209, 412, 413 244, 277, 278, 286, 368, 375, 381, 387, Mao Zedong, Chinese communist leader, 502 390, 424 Maori, 361 Megiddo (Armageddon), Battle of (1918), 388 Ma˘ra˘şeşti, Battle of (1917), 250, 251 Mehmed V, Ottoman sultan, Sunni Muslim Marburg (Maribor), 152, 217 caliph Marconi, Guglielmo, 103 proclaims Jihad against Triple Entente, 91, Mariana Islands, 101, 103, 109, 110 134, 373, 375, 376, 377, 389, 394

Index 531

Mehmed VI, Ottoman sultan, Sunni Muslim Moltke, Helmuth von, the Younger, German caliph, 393, 394, 466, 491, 492 general Menelik II, emperor of Abyssinia, 377 and July Crisis (1914), 49, 50, 56 Mensheviks, 176, 248, 423 as prewar chief of general staff, 22, 48, 49, Merrheim, Alphonse, French labor leader, 187 64, 86 Merville, 411 during opening campaign, 56, 57, 64, 66, 72, Mesopotamia, 247, 368, 370, 371, 372, 373, 74, 75, 77, 84, 93 381, 389, 395, 407, 466, 467. See also Iraq retirement of, 75 Messines, Battle of (1917), 256, 268, 500 Monash, Sir John, Australian general, 426, 428 Metaxas, Ioannis, Greek general, 159, 232 Monastir (Bitola), 231, 232 Metzger, Josef, Austro-Hungarian general, 428 Monfalcone, 154 Meuse River, 64, 66, 68, 70, 208, 209, 430 Mongolia, 111 Meuse–Argonne Offensive (1918), Monmouth, British armored cruiser, 105 Allied, 432 Monro, Sir Charles, British general, 138 Mexico, 101, 103, 309, 312, 313, 318, 326 Mons, 179 Meyer-Waldeck, Alfred, German naval Battle of (1914), 70, 71 officer, 101 Mont St. Quentin, Battle of (1918), 426 Michael, Grand Duke, 245 Montdidier, 410, 412 Michaelis, Georg, German chancellor, 348, 350 Monte Ortigara, Battle of (1917), 260 Micheler, Joseph, French general, 214, Montenegro, 17, 19, 21, 53, 58, 80, 160, 216, 253, 255 217, 233, 319, 418, 469 Micronesia. See Caroline Islands; Mariana in Balkan wars (1912–13), 19, 21 Islands; Marshall Islands incorporated into Yugoslavia, 453, 475 Middle East, 2, 18, 100, 123, 134, 214, 368, 371, Moravia, 345, 350 375, 376, 378, 381, 394, 415, 447, 465, Morgan, J. P., financial services firm, 310 492, 493, 502 Morhange-Sarrebourg, Battle of. See Lorraine, Midilli, Turkish light cruiser, 91 Battle of migrant labor Morocco, 17, 27 in France, 189, 353 Moscow, 179, 245, 265, 423, 489 Mikael, Ras, Abyssinian general, 378 Mosul, 372, 466, 467 Milan, 451, 452 Mourier Law (1917), French, 353 Military Service Act (1916), British, Möwe, German auxiliary cruiser, 108 210, 334 Mozambique, 23, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 259 Miliukov, Pavel, Russian politician, 245 Mudra, Bruno von, German general, 413 Milne, George, British general, 416 Mudros, Armistice of (1918), 389, 424, 466 Milner, Lord Alfred, British statesman, 410 Mueller, Hermann, German foreign Milwaukee, 328, 329 minister, 461 minesweeping, 134, 287 Muhammad Ali, pasha of Egypt, 133 mining operations, antisubmarine, 286 Mukden, Battle of (1905), 31 mining operations, under enemy lines, 211, Mulhouse, 72 212, 234, 256, 268 Muntafiq, Iraqi tribal confederation, 373 Minneapolis, 328 Murmansk, 424 Minsk, 150, 219, 421 Murray, Sir Archibald, British general, Mitchell, William “Billy,” US army aviator, 297 381, 384 Mitry, Antoine de, French general, 413 Muslim League, Indian, 373, 374, Mogilev, Russian headquarters at, 150, 245, 491, 502 248, 264, 267 Mussolini, Benito, Italian prime minister, 13, Moldavia, 226, 228, 230 188, 402, 451, 480, 481, 493 Moltke, Helmuth von, the Elder, Prussian- Myers, Charles S., British physician, 399 German general, 29, 31, 66, 206 Myshlayevsky, Alexander, Russian general, 91

532 Index

Nablus, 388 New Zealand Nancy, 70, 259, 321 and British Navy, 34 Nansen, Fridtjof, Norwegian explorer and conscription in, 336 humanitarian, 496 inﬂuenza deaths in, 361 Napier, T. W. D., British admiral, 287 and Paris Peace Conference, 453 Naples, 13 Armistice Day in, 498 Napoleon I, French emperor, 16, 31, 206, 320 awarded former German colonies, 457 Napoleon III, French emperor, 13, 16, 66 New Zealand armed forces Narodna Odbrana, 20, 51, 52 prewar strength of, 26 Nasiriya, 370 and conquest of German Paciﬁc colonies, National American Woman Suffrage 109, 122 Association (NAWSA), US suffrage at Gallipoli, 135, 138, 164, 166 organization, 324 in Egypt, 134, 381 National Defense Act (1916), US, 318 in Palestine, 387, 388 National Industrial Service, British, 356 on Western front, 214, 256, 257, National Liberal Party, German, 340, 348 426, 430 National Party, South African, 123 New Zealand, British battle cruiser, 283 National People’s Party (DNVP), German, 449 Newfoundland, 214, 323 national self-determination, Wilson’s principle Newport News, 108 of, 123, 179, 394, 421, 461, 489, 490 Nicaragua, 315 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies Nicholas II, Russian tsar, 17, 50, 51, 53, 55, 84, (NUWSS), British suffrage organization, 92, 144, 146, 150, 176, 177, 186, 219, 235, 191, 324 244, 245, 246, 292, 312, 347 National Woman’s Party (NWP), United States, abdication of, 245, 247 324 murdered by Bolsheviks, 423 nationalism, 4, 8, 28, 35, 123, 176, 177, 182, Nicholas, Grand Duke, Russian general, 84, 143, 188, 194, 293, 318, 321, 334, 368, 380, 148, 150 451, 483, 487, 502 Nicolai, Georg, German physiologist, 184 Nationalist Party, Russian, 186 Nicolson, Harold, British diplomat and nationality problem politician, 458, 463 in Austria-Hungary, 9, 11, 13, 47, 88, 142, Nieuport 11, French airplane, 208, 211 348, 350 Nieuwpoort, 77 in Belgium, 22 Nigeria Marine, 113 in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 47 Nigeria, 27, 113, 377, 457 in Ottoman Empire, 19 Nile River, 375 in Russia, 92 Niš, 54, 159 Nazareth, 388 Nivelle offensive. See Aisne, Second Battle of Nemits, Russian admiral, 292 the Nepal, 27, 201, 495 Nivelle, Robert, French general, 209, 235, 252, Nepenin, A. J., Russian admiral, 245, 292 253, 255, 267, 269, 351, 352 Netherlands, 22, 64, 92, 190, 315, 343, Nixon, John, British general, 370, 371 359, 437 Njegovan, Maksimilian, Austro-Hungarian Neuilly, Treaty of (1919), 465 admiral, 291 Neu-Sandec (Nowy Sacz), 86 Nobel, Alfred, and Nobel prize winners, 29, 30, Neuve Chapelle, Battle of (1915), 130, 161 131, 183 New Caledonia, 361 Non-Combatant Corps, British, 335 New Guinea, 109, 457 Norfolk, 109 New York, 310, 311, 325, 361 Norris, George W., US politician, 312, 317 as center of postwar world economy, 488 North Sea, 34, 91, 93, 105, 109, 134, 137, 274, celebrates armistice, 446 275, 282, 283, 289, 308, 458

Index 533

Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth, Lord, British casualties of, at Gallipoli, 138 publishing magnate, 358, 419 casualties of, on Caucasus front, 92 Northern Barrage, 287 casualties of, on all fronts, 446 Norway, 287 Ottoman Empire Novorossiysk, 91 prewar problems of, 19 Noyon, 75, 77, 410, 412 in Balkan wars (1912–13), 19, 228 Nuri Bey, Turkish officer, 375, 376 prewar relations of, with Germany, 20 Nürnberg, German light cruiser, 101, 103, 105, prewar British naval mission in, 20, 91 106, 107 joins Central Powers, 90–91 nursing, and nurses, 67, 191, 254, 325 nationality problem in, 389 Nur-ud-Din, Turkish general, 370 Allied plans to partition, 372, 381, 384, 388, Nyasaland. See Malawi 436, 466, 468, 491 and Egypt, 133 Obrenovic´ dynasty, 20 and Greece, 22 Octobrist Party, Russian, 186 and Romania’s entry into war, 230 Odessa, 91 and Russia, 17 Ogaden, 377 and Serbia, 20 OHL (Oberste Heeresleitung), German High Arab revolt against, 378, 384 Command Armenian genocide in, 4, 368, 389–94 under Moltke, 66, 73, 74 German military advisors in, 370, 384 under Falkenhayn, 75, 89, 142, 160, 206, 207, Germany lacks confidence in, 206, 406 217, 278 in Allied strategy, 368, 407 under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 209, 226, in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319 230, 231, 238, 260, 262, 268, 284, 288, concludes armistice with Allies, 372, 389 340, 341, 342, 348, 406, 421, 423, 426 collapse of, 2 Oise River, 407, 410 Ottoman Navy, 20, 91, 137, 138, 274, 297 Orange Free State, 27, 114 Ourcq River, 72 Orient, Army of the, Allied force at Salonika, 159, 224 Pacific Ocean, 1, 2, 4, 24, 26, 100, 101, Orkney Islands, 287 103, 108, 109, 110, 122, 123, 308, 447, Orlando, Vittorio, Italian prime minister, 268, 457, 488 334, 354, 355, 419, 446, 450, 452, 453, Painlevé, Paul, French war minister and 457, 464 premier, 255, 352 Osama bin Laden, al Qaeda leader, 493 Pakistan, 502 Ostend, 287, 430 Palau, 110 Ostfriesland, German dreadnought, 297 Palestine, 2, 381, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 395, Otavi, Battle of (1915), 114 407, 467, 493, 502 Otranto Barrage, 289, 290 Pals battalions, 179 Otranto Straits, Battle of the (1917), 289 Panama, and Panama Canal, 23, 105, 108, Otranto, British armed merchant cruiser, 105 315, 451 Ottoman Army Pankhurst, Emmeline, British suffragist, and Gallipoli campaign, 133–38 185, 324 Eighth Army of, 386, 388 Panslav movement, and Panslavism, 11, 17, Fifth Army of, 135, 137 21, 51 Fourth Army of, 388 Papen, Franz von, German officer and on Eastern front, 223 diplomat, 311, 384 Seventh Army of, 386, 388 Paris, 31, 47, 50, 55, 60, 70, 72, 73, 74, 84, Sixth Army of, 372 360, 394 Third Army of, 91 government relocates from (1914), 187 casualties of, against Arab revolt, 389 aerial bombing of, 353

534 Index

Paris (cont.) soviet in, 240, 247, 248, 264, 265, 267 fashion industry, in wartime, 193, 351 strikes in, 186, 237, 244, 245 labor unrest in, 352 July Days in (1917), 264 shelled by German railway guns, 353 garrison of, supports Bolsheviks, 264, 265 threatened by German spring offensive Bolshevik revolution in, 265, 266, 447 (1918), 410, 411, 413, 415 capital moved to Moscow from, 423 wartime social life in, 351 Red Guards, pictured, 240 celebrates armistice, 444, 445 Pflanzer-Baltin, Karl, Austro-Hungarian Paris Peace Conference (1919), 389, 394, 395, general, 216, 220, 222 436, 447, 451, 452, 458, 461, 464, 466, Philadelphia, 325, 361 467, 497. See also Versailles, Treaty of; St. Philippines, 23, 110, 308 Germain, Treaty of; Trianon, Treaty of; Piave River, 262, 264, 418 Sèvres, Treaty of Battle of the (1918), 419 Council of Four dominates, 457 Pichon, Stéphan, French foreign minister, 453 Council of Ten at, 452, 453, 454, 457 Picot, François Georges, French diplomat, 384, plenary sessions of, 453, 456, 457 388, 466 Parliament Act of 1911, 16 Pilsudski, Józef, Polish general and statesman, Pašic´, Nikola, Serbian prime minister, 21, 44, 18, 88, 251, 252 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 159, 231, 418 Pius IX, pope, 13 Passchendaele, Battle of (1917), 253, 256–57, Plan XVII, French war plan, 68, 70, 72 268, 269 Planck, Max, German physicist, 183 Patriotic Auxiliary Service Law (1916), German, Platten, Fritz, Swiss communist, 238, 239 340, 341, 345, 348 Plehve, Pavel, Russian general, 85, 90 Paul, Alice, US suffragist, 324 Pless, German headquarters at, 142, 146 Pearse, Patrick, Irish nationalist leader, 337, Plumer, Herbert, British general, 131, 256, 257, 338, 339 411, 428, 430 Pegasus, British protected cruiser, 108 Plunkett, Joseph, Irish nationalist leader, 337, Penang, 108 338, 339 People’s Party (DVP), German, 449, 479 Pochhammer, Hans, German naval officer, 106 Perry, Matthew, US naval officer, 25 Pohl, Hugo von, German admiral, 275, 279 Pershing, John J. “Black Jack,” US general, 318, Poincaré, Raymond, French president, 17, 50, 320, 321, 326, 329, 330, 412, 428, 430, 432 55, 57, 58, 177, 187, 235, 252, 352, 410, pictured, 429 453, 456, 478 Persia, 17, 370, 394 poison gas, 4, 130, 131, 132, 139, 140, 161, 209, Persian Gulf, 247, 368, 372, 384 234, 253, 256, 268, 415, 430, 457, 496 Peru, 315 Pola (Pula), 34, 153, 278, 288, 289, 290, 291, Pétain, Philippe, French general 292, 293, 295, 420 as corps commander, 133 Poland, 83, 84, 89, 92, 128, 146, 148, 150, 233, commands Second Army, 139, 208 475, 482 as army group commander, 209, 253, 255 Central Powers establish kingdom of as overall French army commander, 255, (1916), 251 352, 410, 411 workers deported to Germany from, 342 relations of, with Nivelle, 235, 252 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 320 and Haig, 410 republic established in (1918), 252 loses power to Foch, 411, 412 and Paris Peace Conference, 453 pictured, 429 determination of borders of, 447, 454, Peter Karageorgevic´, king of Serbia, 20, 51 457, 468 Petrograd (St. Petersburg), 150 postwar alliance of, with France, 497 March Revolution in (1917), 245 Polish legion, in service of Central Powers, 18, Lenin’s arrival in, 239, 248 88, 251

Index 535

Polish–Soviet War (1920–21), 482 Rabaul, 109 Ponape (Pohnpei), 110 Rabigh, 381, 383 Port Arthur, 23, 111 racial equality, 2, 456, 488 Port Stanley, 105, 106 racial nationalism, 28 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 24 Radek, Karl, Bolshevik leader, 238, 239 Portugal, 2, 22, 23, 116, 259 Radical Party, French, 187, 351 troops from, on Western front, 259, 411 Radical Party, Serbian, 21, 44 Posen, 457 Rafah, 384, 386 Potiorek, Oskar, Austro-Hungarian general, 40, Rajputs, 27 80, 81, 82, 83, 152 Ramadi, 372, 373 Prager, Robert, German American socialist, 328 Randolph, A. Philip, US journalist, 326 Princess Royal, British battle cruiser, 275 Rankin, Jeanette, US politician, 312, 317 Princip, Gavrilo, assassin of Archduke Francis Rapallo, Treaty of (1920), 465 Ferdinand, 40, 44, 59 Rashidi, pro-Ottoman Arab tribe, 384 pictured, 38 Rasputin, Grigori, advisor to Romanovs, 186, Prinz Eitel Friedrich, German auxiliary cruiser, 235, 245 101, 103, 108 Ras-ul-Ain, 390 Prinzregent Luitpold, German dreadnought, 291 Rathenau, Walther, German industrialist, 190, Pripet Marshes, 151, 199, 222, 223, 249 340, 341 prisoners of war Rawlinson, Sir Henry, British general, 210, 211, and Geneva Convention (1929), 497 213, 214, 252, 424, 426, 430 in Austria-Hungary, 423 Reata, Battle of (1916), 116 in Britain, 436 Red Army, Hungarian, 464 in France, 436 Red Army, Soviet Russian, 421, 423, 424, in Germany, 337, 342, 423, 436 482, 491 in Italy, 420 Red Cross, 67, 181, 191, 497 in Japan, 101 Red Sea, 134, 381, 383 in Ottoman Empire, 371 Redl, Alfred, Austro-Hungarian ofﬁcer, 53, in Russia, 421 85, 93 Prittwitz, Maximilian von, German general, 84 Redlich, Josef, Austrian jurist and Progressive Party, United States, 24 politician, 224 prostitution, 345 Redmond, John, Irish political leader, 57, 185, Provence, French dreadnought, 232 337, 339 Przemysl, 83, 86, 88, 89, 143 Reed, John, US journalist and communist, 266 Puerto Rico, 23 Regina Margherita, Italian battleship, 289 Puhallo von Brlog, Paul, Austro-Hungarian Remarque, Erich Maria, German soldier and general, 151 writer, 402 Punjab, 27 remembrance and commemoration, of World Putnik, Radomir, Serbian general, 81, 82, War I, 498–501 158, 159 Remembrance Day, 498. See also Armistice Day Rennenkampf, Pavel, Russian general, 84, 85, Q-ships. See British Navy, antisubmarine 86, 482 efforts of Renner, Karl, Austrian chancellor, 420, 449, Quakers, 334 450, 463, 483 Quast, Ferdinand von, German general, 411 reparations Quebec, and Québécois, 336 Austrian, in Treaty of St. Germain Queen Elizabeth, British dreadnought, 134, (1919), 461 135, 137 Bulgarian, in Treaty of Neuilly (1919), 461 Queen Mary, British battle cruiser, 279, 282 German payments of, rescheduled, 488 Queenstown, 286 German, as Allied war aim, 436, 454

536 Index

reparations (cont.) Romanov dynasty, 1, 144, 186, 267, 475 German, in Treaty of Versailles (1919), 458, Rome, 13, 50, 247, 350, 446, 452, 480, 499 459, 460, 478, 479, 485, 486 Rommel, Erwin, German officer, 262, 402 Hungarian, in Treaty of Trianon (1920), 461 Roosevelt, Franklin, US president, 312, 315, Russian, in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 329, 330, 458 (1918), 423 Roosevelt, Theodore, US president, 24, 30, 309, Repington, Charles à Court, British officer, 3 315, 317, 318, 451, 485 Representation of the People Act (1918), Rosyth, 275, 279, 287 British, 357 Rothschild, Baron Walter, Zionist leader, 384 Republican Party, US, 24, 309, 317, 447, 451, Rotterdam, 64 456, 485 Rovereto, 218 Reserve Army, British, 213. See British army, Royal Air Force (RAF), 376, 387, 388 Fifth Army of Royal Flying Corps, British, 130, 180, 253 Rheims, 128, 199, 252, 253, 413 Royal Irish Constabulary, 451 Rhineland, 70, 454, 456, 457, 458, 460, 488 Royal Naval Air Service, 295 Rhodesia, Northern, 116. See Zambia Royal Naval Division, British, 135 Ribot, Alexandre, French premier, 252, 351 Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF), 27, Richtofen, Manfred von, German pilot, 214, 253 111, 117 Riga, 146, 148 Roye, 77 Battle of (1915), 146 Rudd, Kevin, Australian prime minister, 501 Battle of (1917), 265, 268, 284, 292 Ruffey, Pierre, French general, 70, 72 Rijeka, 463. See Fiume Rufiji River, 108, 116 Ritter, Gerhard, German officer and Rupel, Fort, 232 historian, 402 Rupprecht, crown prince of Bavaria, German Robeck, Sir John de, British admiral, 134 general, 70, 75, 77, 130, 131, 139, 213, 214 Robertson, Sir William, British general, 262, Russia, 1, 4, 20, 23, 25, 53, 148 407, 410 prewar alliance of, with France, 8, 17 Romagna, 188 prewar economy of, 17 Romani, Battle of (1916), 381, 384 Balkan interests of, 17, 19, 21 Romania, 17, 19, 199, 250, 482 Revolution of 1905 in, 17, 176, 244, 267 in Second Balkan War (1913), 19, 21, 228 prewar trade of, with Germany, 190 as wartime neutral, 148, 224 in prewar Entente with Britain, 8, 14, 17, 100 enters war, 224, 226 during July Crisis (1914), 40, 44, 46, 47, 49, in Ottoman wartime strategy, 91 50, 53, 55 Allied disappointment over, 234 declares war, 91 territory of, under enemy occupation, 156, Allied fears over stability of, 234, 247 231, 233 and Armenians, 92, 390, 394 as food source for Central Powers, 230, 350 and Gallipoli campaign, 133 concludes armistice with Central Powers, 251 and Panslavism, 13, 17 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319, 469 anti-Austrian propaganda of, 249 and Paris Peace Conference, 453 in German war aims, 92 postwar alliance of, with France, 498 industrial weakness of, 150, 219 postwar borders of, 447, 450, 463, 464, 465 receives wartime aid from Allies, 219, 245, 424 Romanian Army rejects separate peace (1915), 144, 148, 206 mobilization of, 226 responsibility of, for starting war, 60 First Army of, 226, 230, 250 significance of, to wartime France, 187 Fourth Army of, 226, 228, 230 strategy of, in 1914, 84 Second Army of, 226, 230, 249 strikes in, 186, 363 Third Army of, 226, 230 territory of, under enemy occupation, casualties suffered by, 230, 250 148, 156

Index 537

wartime politics in, 186, 235, 245, 267 casualties of, on Caucasus front, 92 March revolution in (1917), 312 casualties of, on Eastern front, 150, 223, under Provisional Government (1917), 238, 245, 249 241, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 264, 265, casualties of, on all fronts, 446 292, 347, 359 Russian Civil War (1918–21), 251, 267, 424, Bolshevik revolution in, 267 447, 464, 482 concludes armistice with Central Russian Navy, 146, 245, 295, 297, 298, 424 Powers, 267 mutinies in, 291, 292 concludes separate peace (1918), 406 strength of, in 1914, 274 territorial losses of, at Brest-Litovsk (1918), Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 16, 17, 18, 23, 423, 444 25, 31, 32, 35, 53, 79, 85, 101, 122, 147 in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319, 481 Ruthenians, 151. See Ukrainians and Paris Peace Conference, 453, 468, 481 Ruzsky, Nikolai, Russian general, 86, 88, 143, under Soviet regime, 2, 3, 421 150, 482 Soviet government reneges on debts of, 478 RWAFF, 117. See Royal West African Soviet regime in, as model for Chinese, 489 Frontier Force Russian Army. 421, See also Red Army, Soviet Rwanda, 111, 114, 116, 457 Russian mobilization of, 54, 55, 56, 60, 171, 177 Saar Basin, 457, 458, 478, 479 10th Cavalry Division of, 83 Saarbrücken, 70 air power of, 34 Sabac, 82 at Salonika, 228, 415 Sahili, 375, 376, 377, 378 Austro-Hungarian deserters in, 226, 251 Saionji, Kinmochi, Japanese prime Caucasus Army of, 91, 92, 390 minister, 453 demobilization of, 421 Saipan, 110 Eighth Army of, 84, 89, 144, 146, 151, 219, Sakhalin, 23 220, 249 Salaito Hill (Oldorobo), Battle of (1916), 116 Eleventh Army of, 219, 249 Salandra, Antonio, Italian prime minister, 155, Fifth Army of, 84, 85, 88, 247 188, 234, 354, 450 First Army of, 84, 85, 86, 88, 146 Salonika (Thessaloniki), 81, 138, 159, 160, Fourth Army of, 84, 85, 146, 150 199, 224, 228, 231, 232, 415, 416, in Romania, 226, 231 418, 466 Ninth Army of, 88, 89, 144, 219, 220 Salza, Anton von, Russian general, 85, 150 Northern army group (Northern Front) Salzburg, 153, 482 of, 150 Sambre River, 428, 430 Northwest army group (Northwest Front) of, Battle of the (1914), 70 88, 143, 146, 150, 219 Second Battle of the (1918), 430 Second Army of, 84, 85, 88, 146 Samoa, 109, 361, 457 Seventh Army of, 89, 144, 219, 249 Samsonov, Alexander, Russian general, 85 Southwest army group (Southwest Front) of, Samsun, 466 89, 90, 143, 144, 146, 219, 249 San Diego, US armored cruiser, 287, 303 Tenth Army of, 90, 247 San Francisco, 104, 361 Third Army of, 84, 86, 88, 143, 146, 222 San Giuliano, Antonio di, Italian foreign Twelfth Army of, 90, 247 minister, 50 Western army group (Western Front) of, 150, San River, 143 219, 248 Sanusi, Suﬁ Muslim order, 375, 376, 377, mutinies in, 231 378, 493 and Order Number One, 247, 248, 249 Sarajevo, 40, 44, 51, 59, 81 after Bolshevik Revolution, 267 Sari Bair, Battle of (1915), 137 women as soldiers in, 191, 248 Sarkamish, Battle of (1914–15), 91, 92

538 Index

Sarrail, Maurice, French general, 159, 224, 228, and wartime atrocities, 82 231, 232, 415 defeat and occupation of (1915), 158, 159, Satsuma, Japanese battleship, 110 161, 233, 289 Saudi Arabia, 495, 502. See also ibn Saud refuses to surrender (1915), 206 Sava River, 55, 81, 158 government-in-exile of, at Corfu, 159 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, House of, 22, 359. See in Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918), 319, 469 Windsor, House of liberation of (1918), 416 Sayyid Ahmad, Grand Sanusi, 375, 376, as catalyst for postwar Yugoslavia, 418, 447, 377, 378 475, 483 Sayyid Idris, Grand Sanusi (later Idris, king of responsibility of, for starting war, 59 Libya), 376, 493 Serbian Army Sayyid Muhammad Abdille Hassan, Sahili casualties suffered, in opening campaign, 82 leader, 376, 378 disease in, 400 Sazonov, Sergei, Russian foreign minister, 44, at Salonika, 228, 416 50, 53, 186 overall casualties of, 336 Scapa Flow, 275, 279, 287, 446, 458, 461 Seton-Watson, R. W., British historian, 358 Scharnhorst, German armored cruiser, 101, Sevastopol, 91, 292 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 466, 467, 491 pictured, 98 sexually-transmitted diseases, 400 Scheer, Reinhard, German admiral, 279, 282, Shaiba, Battle of (1915), 370 283, 284, 291, 293 Shakespear, William, British ofﬁcer, 383 Scheidemann, Philipp, German chancellor, 238, Shantung, 111, 457, 488, 489 348, 437, 449, 460, 461 Sharqat, Battle of (1918), 372 Schleswig, 8, 295, 479 shellshock, 398, 399 Schleswig-Holstein, 8, 295 treatment pictured, 398 Schlieffen, Alfred von, German general, and Shiite Muslims, 372, 373 “Schlieffen Plan,” 48, 49, 53, 56, 57, 64, 65 Siam, 453 Schutzbund, Austrian socialist paramilitary, 483 Sicily, 13 Sedan, 66, 70, 430, 432 Sierra Leone, 27, 113, 360 Battle of (1870), 16, 66, 72 Sievers, Thadeus von, Russian general, 90 Sedition Act (1917), US, 317, 329 Sikhs, 27, 373 Seeadler, German raider, 109 Silesia, 142, 350, 460, 479 Seeckt, Hans von, German general, 130, 142, Silistria, 228 151, 222, 224 Sims, William S., US admiral, 284, 286 Segale, Battle of (1916), 378 Sinai peninsula, 381, 384 Seidel, Emil, US politician, 329 Sinn Féin, 185, 337, 339, 451 Seine River, 74, 210 Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), 23, 122 Seitz, Karl, Austrian president, 450 Sistovo, 230 Selective Service Act (1917), US, 315 Sixtus, prince of Bourbon-Parma, Belgian Selle, Battle of the (1918), 430 ofﬁcer, 418 Semlin, 81, 82 Skoda, Austrian armaments manufacturer, 208 Senegal, 27 Skopje, 159 Serbia, 1, 17, 18, 19 Skra-di-Legen, Battle of (1918), 416 prewar politics in, 20–21, 59 Slovaks, 251, 463 in Balkan wars (1912–13), 19, 44, 228 Slovenes, 152, 153, 295, 418, 464 during July Crisis (1914), 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, Smith, Stephen, Australian foreign 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54 minister, 501 invaded by Austria-Hungary, 81, 82 Smith-Dorrien, Sir Horace, British general, 77, 131 and Bulgaria’s entry into the war, 138, Smuts, Jan, South African general and statesman, 150, 156 114, 116, 117, 358, 454, 456, 485

Index 539

Smyrna (Izmir), 466, 491 South African armed forces Social Democratic Labor Party, Russian, 176. prewar Union Defense Force of, 26, 113 See Bolsheviks; Mensheviks 1st Brigade of, 375 Social Democratic Party (SPD), German, 11, 29, in Egypt, 375 49, 57, 171, 173, 176, 177, 182, 187, 238, on Western front, 214 340, 347, 348, 350, 359, 394, 433, 434, Soviets, First All-Russian Congress of 435, 437, 449, 450, 460, 461, 463, 479 (1917), 248 Social Democratic Party, Austrian, 171, 176, Soviets, Second All-Russian Congress of 182, 341, 359, 360, 449, 450, 463 (1917), 265 Social Democratic Party, Independent (USPD), Spa, German headquarters at, 418, 434, German, 238, 291, 347, 348, 350, 434, 435, 436, 437 447, 449, 479 SPAD S13, French airplane, 257 Socialist International, First (1864), 175 Spain, 23, 274, 353, 360 Socialist International, Second (1889), 29, 175, Spanish–American War (1898), 23, 315, 326 176, 177, 359 Spartacus League, 177, 449 Socialist Party, French (SFIO), 175, 176, 177, Spee, Maximilian von, German admiral, 101, 187, 351, 352, 451, 478 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, Socialist Party, Italian, 176, 188, 451 122, 180, 274 Socialist Party, US, 328, 329 St. Germain, Treaty of (1919), 463 Socialist Revolutionary (SR) Party, Russian, St. Julien, 131, 132 248, 265, 423 St. Louis, 325, 328, 329 Society Islands, 109 St. Mihiel, Battle of (1918), 428 Soﬁa, 228 St. Quentin Canal, Battle of the (1918), 430 Soissons, 130, 161, 252, 411, 412, 413 St. Quentin, Battle of (1914), 72 Somalia. See Somaliland Staaken R6, German airplane, 358 Somaliland, 375, 376, 377, 378 Stalin, Joseph, Soviet premier, 5, 18, 482 secured by Somaliland Field Force (SFF), 376 Stallupönen, Battle of (1914), 84 Somme River, 428 Stamboliyski, Alexander, Bulgarian prime Somme, Battle of the (1916), 141, 160, 180, 199, minister, 465 202, 209, 210–16, 222, 223, 233, 234, 244, Stanton, Charles E., US ofﬁcer, 320 252, 253, 255, 256, 257, 268, 399, 402, Steed, Henry Wickham, British journalist, 358 410, 500 Štefánik, Milan, Slovak nationalist leader and Somme, Second Battle of the (1918), 407 French army aviator, 251 Sonnino, Sidney, Italian foreign minister, Stockholm, 238, 239 453, 464 socialist peace conference in (1917–18), 348, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, wife of 351, 359–60 Archduke Francis Ferdinand, 40, 45 Stolypin, Peter, Russian prime minister, 17 Sopwith Camel, British airplane, 257, 295 storm troop tactics, infantry, 209, 234, 259, Sopwith triplane, British airplane, 253 262, 265, 268, 387 Souchon, Wilhelm, German and Turkish Stresemann, Gustav, German foreign admiral, 91, 292 minister, 479 South Africa Sturdee, Sir Doveton, British admiral, 106, 107, loyalties of Afrikaners in, 27, 113, 122, 336, 109, 274 373, 489 Stürgkh, Karl, Austrian prime minister, 46, 47, election of 1915 in, 116 182, 341, 449 and German African colonies, 116, 117 Stürmer, Boris, Russian prime minister, 186, 245 and Paris Peace Conference, 453 Styria, 153 awarded German Southwest Africa, submarines, 4, 93, 109, 137, 138, 161, 191, 238, 457, 489 244, 259, 268, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, republic established in (1961), 489 279, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,

540 Index

290, 291, 293, 295, 297, 298, 301, 302, Teschen (Tešin), Austro-Hungarian 303, 304, 305, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, headquarters at, 86, 142, 158, 159, 217, 347, 348, 356, 436, 438, 454, 458, 460. See 220, 224 also U-boats, unrestricted submarine Thailand.See Siam warfare Thiepval Memorial, 453, 500 Sudetenland, 450, 461 Thomas, Albert, French politician, 187, 189, 351 Suez Canal, 133, 134, 375, 381, 384 Thomas, Lowell, US journalist, 383 suffrage, women’s, 16. See women: roles and Thrace, 19, 20, 416, 465, 466, 492 rights of Tigris River, 370 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, Russian general, 53 Tikrit, 372 Sun Yat-sen, founder of Republic of China, 111 Tirailleurs indochinois, 27 Sunni Muslims, 18, 19, 372, 373, 492 pictured, 229 Suttner, Bertha von, Austrian pacifist, 29, 30 Tirailleurs malagaches, 27 Suvla Bay, 135, 137, 138 Tirailleurs sénégalais, 27, 77 Swakopmund, 113 pictured, 77 Sweden, 50, 239, 359–60, 433, 454 Tirpitz, Alfred von, German admiral, 33, 49, Switzerland, 134, 171, 177, 232, 237, 343, 373, 276, 278, 279, 284, 291, 348 420, 482 Tisza, Istvaˉn, Hungarian prime minister, 46, 47, Sydney, Australian cruiser, 108 182, 347, 359, 420 Sykes, Sir Mark, British diplomat, 384, 388, Tito, Josip Broz, Yugoslav communist leader, 466, 467 421, 481 Syria, 378, 388, 390, 391, 467 Todorov, Georgi, Bulgarian general, 159 Szeged, 464 Togo, 111, 116, 457 Szent Istvaˉ n, Austro-Hungarian Tolkein, J. R. R., British soldier and writer, 402 dreadnought, 290 Toul, 56 Szögyény-Marich, Ladislaus de, Austro- Townshend, Charles, British general, 370, 371 Hungarian diplomat, 45, 46 Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 282 Trans-Siberian Railway, 219 Taft, William H., US president, 24, 452 Transvaal, 27, 114 Tahiti, 100, 103, 104 Transylvania, 21, 224, 226, 228, 230, 231, Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), 447 450, 463 Taiwan, 23, 111, 122 Trapp, Georg von, Austro-Hungarian naval Talaat Pasha, Ottoman interior minister and officer, 288 grand vizier, 390, 391, 423 Trebizond (Trabzon), 390 Tamines, German atrocities at, 66 Trenchard, Hugh, British air marshal, 297 Tanga, Battle of (1914), 114, 117 trenches and trench warfare Tanganyika, Lake, 119 general characteristics of, 198, 199, 202, 398 tanks, development and use of, 4, 214, 252, on Western front, 77, 130, 133, 140, 199, 206, 253, 255, 256, 257, 259, 268, 269, 254, 255, 406, 411, 431 386, 407, 413, 426, 427, 428, 430, 432, at Gallipoli, 135, 138, 165 438, 457 at Gallipoli, pictured, 163, 165 Tannenberg, Battle of (1914), 83, 85, 86, 92, 143 diseases unique to, 399, 400 Taranto, 288, 289 in Mesopotamia, 371 Tarnów-Gorlice, Battle of (1915), 143, 144, 146, in Palestine, 386 151, 152 in Palestine, pictured, 201 Taurus Mountains, 371 in Russo-Japanese War, 31 Taveta, Battle of (1914), 114 measures against fraternization in, 200 Teodoroiu, Ecaterina, Romanian officer, 250 on Eastern front, 199 Terztyanszky, Karl von, Austro-Hungarian on Italian front, 155, 199 general, 222 on Macedonian front, 199

Index 541

on Macedonian front, pictured, 198 Ukraine, 220, 231, 290, 350, 421, 423 on Romanian front, 228 Central Powers sign separate peace with and trench newspapers, 200, 201 (1918), 421 Trentino (South Tyrol), 14, 50, 152, incorporated into Soviet Union, 482 156, 498 Ukrainians, 151 Treves, Claudio, Italian politician, 355 Ulster, 185, 339, 476 Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 463–64, 483 Ulster Volunteers, 185 Trieste, 152, 207, 233, 260, 262, 289, 293, Unionist Party, Turkish, 19, 90 420, 498 United States, 1, 3, 329, 373, 478, 498 Triple Alliance, 8, 14, 22, 49, 153 prewar economy of, 24 renewal of, in 1912, 14 intervention of, in Mexico (1914–17), Triple Entente, 8, 14, 22, 56, 60, 91, 312 309, 318 Trotsky, Leon, Soviet war and foreign African Americans in, 308, 325, 326, 330, minister, 18, 171, 178, 179, 421, 423, 432, 452 444, 482 anti-German sentiment in, 327–29 Truk, 110 antiwar socialism in, 329 Tschirschky, Heinrich von, German as “Associated Power,” 312 diplomat, 45 Asian Americans in, 327 Tsingtao (Qingdao), 100, 101, 103, 107, 108, boycotts Stockholm conference (1917), 359 110, 111, 457, 488 emergence of, as great power, 23, 308, 330 Tunisia, 27 federal government power increases in, Turin, 355, 452 308, 317 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire German acts of sabotage in, 311 Turkey, Republic of illiteracy in, 321 denies Armenian genocide, 492 immigrants in, 308, 309, 317, 321 determination of borders of, 492 in German strategy, 438 War of Independence of (1919–23), loans money to Entente, 308, 310 467, 491 Mexican Americans in, 325, 326, 327 ‘turnip winter’ (1916–17), in Germany and Native Americans in, 327 Austria, 334, 343, 348 prohibition of alcohol in, 328 Tutrakan, 228 strained relations of, with Japan, 25, 100, typhus, 150, 158, 371, 399 110, 308 Tyrol, 14, 50, 152, 173, 199, 216, 217, 220, 222, strategic goals of, 320, 330 223, 226, 233, 260, 262, 340, 418, 420, supplies arms to Entente, 93, 308 450, 463, 482 volunteers from, in foreign service Home Guard (Standschützen) of, 152 (1914–17), 180, 336 Tyrol, South. See Trentino wartime economic boom in, 310, 475 wartime economic mobilization in, 317, 325 U17, German submarine, 276 outraged by unrestricted submarine warfare, U20, German submarine, 276 238, 244, 276, 278, 284, 308, 314 U21, German submarine, 137 enters war, 247, 259, 268, 284, 347, 348 U31, Austro-Hungarian submarine, 290 U-boat activity along Atlantic coast of, 287 U5, Austro-Hungarian submarine, 288 conscription in, 315, 318, 330 U53, German submarine conscription process pictured, 316 pictured, 300 accepts Foch as supreme Allied U9, German submarine, 275 commander, 412 UB50, German submarine, 295 increasing role of, in Allied war effort, 438 Uchida, Kosai, Japanese foreign minister, 453 onset of inﬂuenza pandemic in, 360 Udine, 154, 262 midterm elections of 1918 in, 447, 451 Uganda, 27, 117 supports Czech ambitions, 450

542 Index

United States (cont.) van Deventer, Jakobus “Jaap,” South African and Paris Peace Conference, 452 general, 116 opposition to League of Nations in, 456, 468, Vatican, 13, 187, 452 469, 485, 487 Vaux, Fort, 209, 210 and Italy’s territorial claims, 464 Venetia, 13 postwar economy of, 488 Venetian Republic, 463 postwar support of, for Greeks against Venizelos, Eleftherios, Greek prime minister, Ottoman Empire, 466 138, 159, 232 emerges as net creditor, 475 Verdun, 56, 66, 70, 72, 75, 199, 244, 329, 399, enfranchises women (1920), 2 428, 430 postwar sympathy for Germany in, 480 Battle of (1916), 160, 207–10, 211, 213, 214, Armistice Day in, 498, 499 216, 217, 219, 223, 233, 234, 256, 268, tomb of unknown soldier in, 499 278, 351, 399, 402, 499 interwar “isolationism” of, 485 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 453–61, 507. See United States Army. See also AEF (American also reparations; Versailles subheadings Expeditionary Force) under individual countries involved prewar strength of, 318 terms foreshadowed, 345 expansion of (1917–18), 315, 318 war guilt clause of, 8, 359, 454, 458, 461, 10th Cavalry Regiment of, 326 479, 480 1st Division of, 320, 321, 329, 412 rejected by US Senate, 467, 485, 495 26th Division of, 413 Vesle River, 413 3rd Division of, 413 Vicenza, 218 77th Division of, 432 Victor Emmanuel II, king of Italy, 13 82nd Division of, 432 Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy, 262, 452 92nd Division of, 326 Vienna, 11, 18, 21, 31, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 54, 55, 93rd Division of, 326, 432 56, 60, 83, 134, 153 air power of, 34 food shortages and rationing in, 345, 350 First Army of, 428, 430, 432 wartime refugees in, 190 National Guard as component of, 315, 318 Vietnam, 229, 489, 490, 499, 502 Second Army of, 432 Villa, Pancho, Mexican leader, 318 sexually-transmitted diseases in, 400 Vilna (Vilnius), 146, 148 troops from, on Italian front, 419 Vimy Ridge, 132, 133 casualties of, on Western front, 446 Battle of (1917), 253, 254 demobilizes to level of Weimar German Vistula River, 83, 84, 88, 143, 147, 151 army, 468 Vittorio Veneto, Battle of (1918), 419, 420 United States Army Air Corps, 297 Viviani, René, French premier, 50, 55, 187 United States Marine Corps, 412 Vladivostok, 245, 251, 424, 481 United States Navy, 290, 297 Volkswehr, postwar Austrian army, 450, 483 strength of, in 1914, 274 Vonnegut, Bernhard, US architect, 328 strength of, in 1917, 284, 318 antisubmarine efforts of, 286 Wahhabi, 376, 383, 502 Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and, 496 Waite, Fred, New Zealand ofﬁcer, 166 Uruguay, 315 Wallachia, 226, 230 War of 1859, 13 Val d’Assa, 218 Warsaw, 88, 89, 144, 146, 147, 151 Val Sugana, 218 First Battle for (1914), 88, 89 Vallarsa, 218 Second Battle for (1914), 88, 89 Valona, 159, 160, 289 Washington, 247, 309, 311, 312, 321, 325 Valparaiso, 106, 180 Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 488, 496 Van, 390 Wegerer, Alfred von, German writer, 480

Index 543

Weimar, German constituent assembly in gradually abandons neutral stance, 308, 309 (1919), 449, 450, 461, 483 reelection of (1916), 309, 310 Wejh (al-Wajh), 383 asks Congress to declare war, 238, 312, 314 Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, British admiral, 287, 437 asks Congress to declare war, pictured, 306 West Indies protests unrestricted submarine warfare, 279, troops from, in Palestine, 387 280, 312 Westminster, Statute of (1931), 26, 336, 476 and African Americans, 326, 452, 456 Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 8 and Allied blockade of Germany, 310 White armies, anti-Bolshevik, 423, 424, and women’s suffrage, 324 447, 481 and Zimmermann telegram, 312 White Man’s Burden, 123 Fourteen Points of (1918), 293, 318, 319, 433, White Sea, 424, 481 434, 436, 454 White, Henry, US diplomat, 452 justiﬁes war to US public, 247, 347 Wien, Austro-Hungarian battleship, 289 and Fiume (Rijeka) dispute, 464 Wilhelmina, queen of the Netherlands, 497 health problems of, 468, 485 Wilhelmshaven, 275, 279, 282, 287, 289, 291, and Treaty of Versailles, 462 294, 434, 446 justiﬁes treaty and League to US public, 484, William I, German emperor, 8, 462 485, 487 William II, German emperor and proposed Anglo-French-US alliance, Balkan dynastic ties of, 21, 224, 231 456, 468 and declaration of war, 55, 56, 171 opposes reparations and German war guilt and German Navy, 275, 279, 282, 283 clauses, 458 and German Social Democrats, 11 personal convictions of, 24, 309, 317, 444, and Hindenburg, 89, 226, 434 460, 468, 502 and King Albert of Belgium, 22 postwar European tour of, 452 and Reichstag’s Peace Resolution (1917), 348 pictured, 442 and unrestricted submarine warfare, 276, Windhoek, 114 278, 279, 284 Windsor, House of, 359 at headquarters, 66 wireless radio technology, 85, 103, 105, 106, proclaims constitutional monarchy, 433 108, 109, 113, 123 promises postwar constitutional reforms, women 347, 348 roles and rights of, 2, 191–94, 248, 323–25, relations of, with Austro-Hungarian allies, 357, 447, 496 45, 46, 260, 418 Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, British, sacks Ludendorff, 433 191, 335 abandoned by army leaders, 436 Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 328 abdication of, 295, 434, 437 Women’s Land Army, British, 191, 357 exile of, in Netherlands, 437, 497 pictured, 192 indictment of, in Treaty of Versailles, Women’s Peace Party (WPP), US, 324 461, 497 Women’s Royal Naval Service, 191 pictured, 12 Women’s Social and Political Union (WPSU), William of Wied, Albanian monarch (1914), 22 British suffrage organization, 185, William, German crown prince, German 191, 324 general, 70, 207 Women’s Suffrage Act (1919), Wilson, Sir Henry, British general, 410 US, 324 Wilson, Woodrow, US president, 3 Wood, Leonard, US general, 318 background and election of, 24 World War II, 2, 3, 4, 100, 103, 110, 123, 135, civil–military relations under, 318, 320 284, 305, 312, 317, 325, 327, 330, 357, domestic agenda of, 309 361, 384, 389, 391, 394, 395, 402, mediation efforts of, 311, 345 447, 457, 474, 476, 480, 481, 482, 483,

544 Index

488, 489, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496, 499, determination of borders of, 447, 465 500, 502 dominated by Serbs, 483 Württemberg, Albrecht, duke of, German postwar alliance of, with France, 498 general, 70, 77, 79, 131 postwar border dispute of, with Italy, 464, 465, 480 Yamaya, Tanin, Japanese admiral, 110 Yanushkevich, Nikolai, Russian general, Zaionchkovsky, Andrei M., Russian general, 84, 482 226, 228, 251 Yaounde, 113 Zambia, 116, 119 Yap, 103, 110 Zanzibar, 108, 111 Yavuz Sultan Selim, Turkish battle cruiser, 91, Zara (Zadar), 465 292, 424 Zeebrugge, 287 Yemen, 381 Zélée, French gunboat, 104 Yeomanry, British, 32 Zeppelins, 4, 34, 117, 357, 358 York, Alvin, US soldier, 432 Zewditu (Zauditu), empress of Abyssinia, Young Plan (1930), 488 378, 493 Ypres, First Battle of (1914), 77, 79 Zhemchug, Russian protected cruiser, 108 Ypres, Second Battle of (1915), 130, 131 Zhilinsky, Yakov, Russian general, 207, 482 Ypres, Third Battle of. See Passchendaele Zimmermann, Arthur von, German diplomat, Ypres, Fourth Battle of (1918), 411 46, 238, 312, 313 Ypres, Fifth Battle of (1918), 430 Zimmerwald conference and manifesto (1915), Yser River, 77, 79 177, 178, 179, 359, 360, 394, 436 Yser, Battle of the (1914), 77 Zinoviev, Grigori, Bolshevik leader, 239, 265 Yuan Shih-kai, Chinese general and Zionist movement, 2, 384, 387, 395, 493 president, 111 Zita, empress of Austria, queen of Hungary Yudenich, Nikolai, Russian general, 390 pictured, 6 Yugoslav National Council, 295, 420 Zola, Émile, French journalist, 29 Yugoslavia, 418, 475 Zymbrakakis, Epaminondas, Greek general, and Paris Peace Conference, 453 232, 416