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Early Stored Program Computers
Stored Program Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computing History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Early Thoughts about Stored Programming • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits project – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract research on EDVAC stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 7/9/2012 2 First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (?) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team contribute ideas; Goldstine note about “bashing” summer7/9/2012 letters together 3 • 1.0 Definitions – The considerations which follow deal with the structure of a very high speed automatic digital computing system, and in particular with its logical control…. – The instructions which govern this operation must be given to the device in absolutely exhaustive detail. They include all numerical information which is required to solve the problem…. – Once these instructions are given to the device, it must be be able to carry them out completely and without any need for further intelligent human intervention…. • 2.0 Main Subdivision of the System – First: since the device is a computor, it will have to perform the elementary operations of arithmetics…. – Second: the logical control of the device is the proper sequencing of its operations (by…a control organ. -
The Millennium Technology Prize Laureate 2010 Professor Stephen
1 (9) The Millennium Technology Prize Laureate 2010 “For his invention of the ARM microprocessor and its implementation on silicon chips. This invention has enabled the revolution in mobile electronics. To date, more than 18 billion ARM-based chips have been manufactured and are used in ubiquitous computing applications, such as mobile phones, digital photography and video, music players, fixed and wireless networking, automobiles and health care, benefitting a large number of people all over the world.” Professor Stephen Furber Professor of Computer Engineering, the University of Manchester, United Kingdom Born March 1953 in Manchester, United Kingdom. Timeline 1982 Acorn BBC Micro launched 1983 Acorn starts RISC Machine project with Furber as principal designer 1985 First ARM microprocessor produced 1987 ARM processor debuts as the first RISC processor for Acorn Archimedes desktop computer 1990 Advanced RISC Machines (ARM) spins out of Acorn and Apple Computers collaboration, Furber continues his research of low power computing as a professor at University of Manchester. 1998 ARM listed on the London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Over 50 million ARM powered products shipped. 2010 20 billion ARM based chips manufactured Creator of the ARM microprocessor The 2010 Millennium Technology Prize Laureate Steve Furber is the principal designer of the ARM 32- bit RISC microprocessor, an innovation that revolutionised mobile electronics. The ingeniously designed processor enabled the development of cheap, powerful handheld, battery-operated devices. In the past 25 years nearly 20 billion ARM based chips have been manufactured. You may never have heard of ARM microprocessors, but probably use at least one every day. They tick inside our mobile phones, mp3-players, video recorders and home routers. -
Computer Conservation Society
Computer Conservation Society Aims and objectives The Computer Conservation Society (CCS) is a co-operative venture between the British Computer Society, the Science Museum of London and the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. The CCS was constituted in September 1989 as a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society (BCS). It is thus covered by the Royal Charter and charitable status of the BCS. The aims of the CCS are to Promote the conservation of historic computers and to identify existing computers which may need to be archived in the future Develop awareness of the importance of historic computers Encourage research on historic computers and their impact on society Membership is open to anyone interested in computer conservation and the history of computing. The CCS is funded and supported by voluntary subscriptions from members, a grant from the BCS, fees from corporate membership, do- nations, and by the free use of Science Museum facilities. Some charges may be made for publications and attendance at seminars and conferences. There are a number of active Working Parties on specific computer restorations and early computer technologies and software. Younger peo- ple are especially encouraged to take part in order to achieve skills transfer. Resurrection The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society ISSN 0958 - 7403 Number 30 Spring 2003 Contents Generous BCS Support for Bombe Rebuild Project Ernest Morris, Chairman 2 AGM 2 News Round-Up 3 Society Activity 6 CCS Collection Policy 11 DAP snippets Brian M Russell 12 CCS Web Site Information 12 British Computer Corporation | a 1956 Venture Hugh McGregor Ross 13 Edsger Dijkstra remembered Brian Shearing 22 Deciphering Ancient Floppy Discs Kevin Murrell 26 The ICL Archive Hamish Carmichael 28 Forthcoming Events 31 Generous BCS Support for Bombe Rebuild Project Ernest Morris, Chairman CCS members will be familiar with the good progress of the Bombe re- build from the regular reports in Resurrection by John Harper, the project manager. -
A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Department of Computer Science Technical Reports Department of Computer Science 1991 A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing Saul Rosen Report Number: 91-023 Rosen, Saul, "A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing" (1991). Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 872. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cstech/872 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. A PURDUE UNIVERSITY COURSE IN mE HISTORY OF COMPUTING Saul Rosen CSD-TR-91-023 Mrrch 1991 A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing Saul Rosen CSD-TR-91-023 March 1991 Abstract University COUISes in the history of computing are still quite rarc. This paper is a discussion of a one-semester course that I have taught during the past few years in the Department of Computer Sciences at Purdue University. The amount of material that could be included in such a course is overwhelming, and the literature in the subject has increased at a great rate in the past decade. A syllabus and list of major references are presented here as they are presented to the students. The course develops a few major themes, several of which arc discussed briefly in the paper. The coume has been an interesting and stimulating experience for me. and for some of the students who took the course. I do not foresee a rapid expansion in the number of uniVcCiities that will offer courses in the history of computing. -
Spinnaker Project
10/21/19 The SpiNNaker project Steve Furber ICL Professor of Computer Engineering The University of Manchester 1 200 years ago… • Ada Lovelace, b. 10 Dec. 1815 "I have my hopes, and very distinct ones too, of one day getting cerebral phenomena such that I can put them into mathematical equations--in short, a law or laws for the mutual actions of the molecules of brain. …. I hope to bequeath to the generations a calculus of the nervous system.” 2 1 10/21/19 70 years ago… 3 Bio-inspiration • Can massively-parallel computing resources accelerate our understanding of brain function? • Can our growing understanding of brain function point the way to more efficient parallel, fault-tolerant computation? 4 2 10/21/19 ConvNets - structure • Dense convolution kernels • Abstract neurons • Only feed-forward connections • Trained through backpropagation 5 The cortex - structure Feedback input Feed-forward output Feed-forward input Feedback output • Spiking neurons • Two-dimensional structure • Sparse connectivity 6 3 10/21/19 ConvNets - GPUs • Dense matrix multiplications • 3.2kW • Low precision 7 Cortical models - Supercomputers • Sparse matrix operations • Efficient communication of spikes • 2.3MW 8 4 10/21/19 Cortical models - Neuromorphic hardware • Memory local to computation • Low-power • Real time • 62mW 9 Start-ups and industry interest 5 10/21/19 SpiNNaker project • A million mobile phone processors in one computer • Able to model about 1% of the human brain… • …or 10 mice! 11 SpiNNaker system 12 6 10/21/19 SpiNNaker chip Multi-chip packaging -
The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus the Secrets of Enigma
The Essential Turing: Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life: Plus The Secrets of Enigma B. Jack Copeland, Editor OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The Essential Turing Alan M. Turing The Essential Turing Seminal Writings in Computing, Logic, Philosophy, Artificial Intelligence, and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma Edited by B. Jack Copeland CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Taipei Toronto Shanghai With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © In this volume the Estate of Alan Turing 2004 Supplementary Material © the several contributors 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. -
B. Tech in Instrumentation & Control Engineering
Nirma University Institute of Technology Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering B Tech in Instrumentation and Control Engineering 1 | P a g e MA101: Calculus [3 1 0 4] Learning outcomes: On completion of the course student CLO1: will be able to find higher ordered derivatives and hence represent function in power series of (x-a) CLO2: will apply the knowledge of function of several variables , its derivatives in engineering problems CLO3: will apply the knowledge of special functions(Gamma, Beta, Elliptic, Error) and its application in engineering problems CLO4: will apply the knowledge of multiple integration and its application in engineering problems Syllabus: Unit I: Differential Calculus Review of limits, continuity and differentiability, Successive differentiation, Leibnitz theorem (without proof), Indeterminate forms, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s expansion of single variable, Partial Differentiation, Total derivative, Chain Rule, Implicit function, Euler’s theorem and its applications, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s expansion of function of several variables, Maxima and Minima of function of several variables, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers, Jacobian. Unit II: Integral Calculus Review of proper and improper integrals, Reduction formulae, Beta-Gamma functions, Error function, Tracing of curves, Rectification, Quadrature, Volume of solid of revolution, Area of surface of revolution, Double integral and evaluation, Change of order of integration, Change of variable, Triple integral and evaluation, Area using double integration, Volume as double and triple integration, Volume of solid by double integration. References: 1. Thomas’ Calculus(Latest edition), Pearson publication. 2. G B Thomas and R. L. Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry (Latest edition), Narosa Publication, Delhi. -
A Programmer's Story. the Life of a Computer Pioneer
A PROGRAMMER’S STORY The Life of a Computer Pioneer PER BRINCH HANSEN FOR CHARLES HAYDEN Copyright c 2004 by Per Brinch Hansen. All rights reserved. Per Brinch Hansen 5070 Pine Valley Drive, Fayetteville, NY 13066, USA CONTENTS Acknowledgments v 1 Learning to Read and Write 1938–57 1 Nobody ever writes two books – My parents – Hitler occupies Denmark – Talking in kindergarten – A visionary teacher – The class newspaper – “The topic” – An elite high school – Variety of teachers – Chemical experiments – Playing tennis with a champion – Listening to jazz – “Ulysses” and other novels. 2 Choosing a Career 1957–63 17 Advice from a professor – Technical University of Denmark – rsted’s inuence – Distant professors – Easter brew – Fired for being late – International exchange student – Masers and lasers – Radio talk — Graduation trip to Yugoslavia – An attractive tourist guide – Master of Science – Professional goals. 3 Learning from the Masters 1963–66 35 Regnecentralen – Algol 60 – Peter Naur and Jrn Jensen – Dask and Gier Algol – The mysterious Cobol 61 report – I join the compiler group – Playing roulette at Marienlyst resort – Jump- starting Siemens Cobol at Mogenstrup Inn – Negotiating salary – Compiler testing in Munich – Naur and Dijkstra smile in Stock- holm – The Cobol compiler is nished – Milena and I are married in Slovenia. 4 Young Man in a Hurr 1966–70 59 Naur’s vision of datalogy – Architect of the RC 4000 computer – Programming a real-time system – Working with Henning Isaks- son, Peter Kraft, and Charles Simonyi – Edsger Dijkstra’s inu- ence – Head of software development – Risking my future at Hotel Marina – The RC 4000 multiprogramming system – I meet Edsger Dijkstra, Niklaus Wirth, and Tony Hoare – The genius of Niels Ivar Bech. -
Review and Accounts 2012/2013 National Life Stories Chairman’S
Life NATIONAL stories Review and Accounts 2012/2013 National Life Stories Chairman’s When many people think about history, they think about initiated a series of innovative interviewing programmes books and documents, castles or stately homes. In fact history funded almost entirely from sponsorship, charitable and Foreword is all around us, in our own families and communities, in the individual donations and voluntary effort. living memories and experiences of older people. Everyone has a story to tell about their life which is unique to them. Each collection comprises recorded in-depth interviews of Whilst some people have been involved in momentous a high standard, plus content summaries and transcripts to historical events, regardless of age or importance we all assist users. Access is provided via the Sound and Moving have interesting life stories to share. Unfortunately, because Image Catalogue at www.cadensa.bl.uk and a growing memories die when people do, if we don’t record what number of interviews are made available for remote web people tell us, that history can be lost forever. use. Each individual life story interview is several hours long, covering family background, childhood, education, work, National Life Stories (NLS) was established in 1987 and its leisure and later life. mission is: ‘To record the first-hand experiences of as wide a cross section of society as possible, to preserve the recordings, Alongside the British Library’s other oral history holdings, to make them publicly available and encourage their use’. which stretch back to the beginning of the twentieth century, As an independent charitable trust within the Oral History NLS’s recordings form a unique and invaluable record of Section of the British Library, NLS’s key focus and expertise people’s lives in Britain today. -
Year in Review
Year in review For the year ended 31 March 2017 Trustees2 Executive Director YEAR IN REVIEW The Trustees of the Society are the members Dr Julie Maxton of its Council, who are elected by and from Registered address the Fellowship. Council is chaired by the 6 – 9 Carlton House Terrace President of the Society. During 2016/17, London SW1Y 5AG the members of Council were as follows: royalsociety.org President Sir Venki Ramakrishnan Registered Charity Number 207043 Treasurer Professor Anthony Cheetham The Royal Society’s Trustees’ report and Physical Secretary financial statements for the year ended Professor Alexander Halliday 31 March 2017 can be found at: Foreign Secretary royalsociety.org/about-us/funding- Professor Richard Catlow** finances/financial-statements Sir Martyn Poliakoff* Biological Secretary Sir John Skehel Members of Council Professor Gillian Bates** Professor Jean Beggs** Professor Andrea Brand* Sir Keith Burnett Professor Eleanor Campbell** Professor Michael Cates* Professor George Efstathiou Professor Brian Foster Professor Russell Foster** Professor Uta Frith Professor Joanna Haigh Dame Wendy Hall* Dr Hermann Hauser Professor Angela McLean* Dame Georgina Mace* Dame Bridget Ogilvie** Dame Carol Robinson** Dame Nancy Rothwell* Professor Stephen Sparks Professor Ian Stewart Dame Janet Thornton Professor Cheryll Tickle Sir Richard Treisman Professor Simon White * Retired 30 November 2016 ** Appointed 30 November 2016 Cover image Dancing with stars by Imre Potyó, Hungary, capturing the courtship dance of the Danube mayfly (Ephoron virgo). YEAR IN REVIEW 3 Contents President’s foreword .................................. 4 Executive Director’s report .............................. 5 Year in review ...................................... 6 Promoting science and its benefits ...................... 7 Recognising excellence in science ......................21 Supporting outstanding science ..................... -
JTAG 8 2.1 Test Logic
Diploma Thesis University of Applied Sciences Augsburg Department of Computer Science Open On-Chip Debugger Design and Implementation of an On-Chip Debug Solution for Embedded Target Systems based on the ARM7 and ARM9 Family Submitted by Dominic Rath, summer semester 2005 Examiner: Prof. Dr. Hubert Högl Examiner: Prof. Burkhard Stork Diploma Thesis University of Applied Sciences Augsburg Department of Computer Science I affirm that the diploma thesis is my own work, and that it has never been submitted for examination purposes before. All sources and citations used have been quoted as such, and all utilized tools have been mentioned. Dominic Rath Open On-Chip Debugger an On-Chip Debug Solution for Embedded Target Systems based on the ARM7 and ARM9 Family Dominic Rath c 2005 Dominic Rath All rights reserved 10 09 08 07 06 05 6 5 4 3 2 1 First edition: 11 July 2005 Second impression, with corrections: 18 July 2005 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". Contents Contents i List of Figures iv List of Tables v 1 Embedded Systems Debugging 1 1.1 Debug Solutions . 2 Logic Analyzers, Trace Hardware . 2 In-Circuit Emulators, ROM Emulators . 2 Debug Stubs . 3 Integrated Debug Circuitry, On-Chip Debug . 3 1.2 ARM Debug Solutions . -
Assembling a Prehistory for Formal Methods: a Personal View Thomas Haigh [email protected]
Assembling A Prehistory for Formal Methods: A Personal View Thomas Haigh [email protected] University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee & Siegen University www.tomandmaria.com This is a preprint copy. Please quote and cite the final version, which will appear in a special issue of Formal Aspects of Computing devoted to historical work. Thanks to Cliff Jones and the anonymous reviewers for their encouragement and feedback on earlier drafts of this paper. Preprint Draft Haigh – Assembling a History for Formal Methods 2 Although I was pleased to be asked to contribute something to this volume I have a confession to make: I have never studied the history of formal methods. So this is not going to be a history of formal methods as much as a reflection on how such a story might be written. My plan is to triangulate from my personal experiences as a computer science student a quarter century ago, my Ph.D. training as a historian of science and technology, and my subsequent career researching and writing about various aspects of the history of computing. The fact that, despite a general familiarity with the literature on the history of computing, I don’t have a better grasp of the history of formal methods tells us a lot about the need for this special issue. Most of the history is so far locked up in the heads of participants, which is not a convenient place for the rest of us to find it. Stories written by participants or people with a personal connection to the events described are not usually the last word on historical events, but they are a vital starting point.