OPEN ACCESS MONITORING Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders
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OPEN ACCESS MONITORING Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders May 2021 Colophon May 2021 "Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders" Available at: https://scieur.org/monitoring-oa Authors: Tobias Philipp (Swiss National Science Foundation), Georg Botz (Max Planck Society), Jean-Claude Kita (Fund for Scientific Research F.R.S.- FNRS), Paul Richards (UK Research & Innovation), Astrid Sänger (German Research Foundation), Olaf Siegert (Leibniz Association), Mathilde Reumaux (Science Europe). Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the members of the Science Europe Working Group on Open Access to Research Publications (chaired by Georg Botz), participants at the Science Europe Workshop on Open Access Monitoring (October 2020), and Lidia Borrell-Damián (Science Europe) for their contributions. Editors: Lorna Stokes and Iwan Groeneveld (Science Europe). For further information please contact: [email protected] © Copyright Science Europe 2021. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited, with the exception of logos and any other content marked with a separate copyright notice. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders 4 Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders Table of Contents 1. Introduction 7 2. WHY Measure Publication Status? 8 2.1 Setting basic parameters – Recommendations 9 3. WHAT to Measure? 10 3.1 Demarcating target publications 11 3.2 Sampling sets of publications – Recommendations 13 4. HOW to Collect and Interpret Data on Publications? 14 4.1 Persistent and unique identifiers 15 4.2 Collecting data on publications 15 4.3 Interpretation and reporting 18 4.4 Gathering and interpreting data on publications – Recommendations 21 5. Sustainable and Comparable Monitoring 22 6. Conclusion and General Recommendation 22 5 Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders Science Europe and its Member Organisations are committed to supporting and contributing to a smooth and rapid transition to Open Access at national and European level. They work together to develop the best possible solutions to practical aspects of the transition, and support the implementation of full Open Access policies that are adapted to different contexts. Science Europe’s Member Organisations share insights, methods, sources, tools, and best practices to adapt the system and develop a culture of sharing. For more information on Science Europe’s activities on Open Access, please visit its website at https://scieur.org/oa 6 Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders 1. Introduction The global transition to Open Access has This briefing paper aims to support decision- accelerated in the past few years. This transition makers at RFOs and RPOs develop new monitoring is complex and involves a variety of approaches exercises or assess and improve existing processes and multifaceted strategies. Many research to measure the Open Access status of publications. stakeholders, including but not limited to It is not a technical manual but seeks to bridge the research funders (RFOs) and research performing gap between the technical aspects of Open Access organisations (RPOs), have adopted Open Access monitoring and the strategic decisions necessary to policies and established supporting measures implement such an exercise. such as provision of funding and development of infrastructures and services to foster It proposes three main steps an organisation should the transition. take to develop a monitoring exercise. It begins by defining the purpose of the exercise, continues The availability of data and information on the current with identifying the scope of publications for which state of scholarly publishing, be it institutional, information is needed to inform the purpose, and national, and/or in an international context, is finishes with practical considerations for data invaluable to help advance Open Access, including collection, interpretation, and reporting. For each to inform policy development, implementation, step, the briefing identifies specific challenges and and evaluation. provides general recommendations on how to navigate them. Examples of different monitoring To gather such information, monitoring exercises exercises have been selected to represent different are conducted, taking stock of publication output use cases, organisational setups, data sources, and and measuring its Open Access status. Given the strategies of interpretation. complexity of the scholarly publishing system, this is no trivial task and involves a multitude of decisions. This briefing paper focuses on monitoring scholarly research articles, but many of the considerations also apply to academic books and other publication types, although differences are acknowledged, such as metadata availability. Monitoring the costs of Open Access publishing is recognised as an essential issue for RFOs and RPOs. of Science Europe Member However, this is not included in the scope of this Organisations who responded to document due to the diverse funding and financial a 2018 internal survey, declared practices at national and institutional levels. that they planned to (further) develop Open Access monitoring mechanisms in the future. Out of 36 Member Organisations, 26 responded to the survey on Monitoring Compliance with Open Access Policies. 7 Open Access monitoring exercises serve a range of purposes, from taking a snapshot of publication numbers, status, and venues, to trying to evaluate the impact of existing policy measures. Achieving actionable results by collecting and analysing a set of data on scholarly publications must take organisation-specific demands and requirements into account. To set up an effective monitoring exercise, its aims must be defined as clearly as possible. 8 Open Access Monitoring: Guidelines and Recommendations for Research Organisations and Funders 2. WHY Measure Publication Status? Assessing the Open Access status of scholarly are they published? How accessible and reusable publications emanating from particular funders or are they? institutions is crucial to the timely transition to Open Access in the scholarly publishing system. Before devising and implementing a monitoring exercise, an organisation should clearly define There are numerous guidelines and examples that the objectives and information it wants to extract. can inform the development of an Open Access Requirements can differ considerably, for example, strategy or policy at institutional, organisational, or between monitoring at national or institutional level even national level.1 However, general guidelines or and between RFOs and RPOs. orientations for Open Access strategy development may not be enough. If an Open Access strategy or policy is already in place, information requirements could be derived Implementing an Open Access policy and identifying from this. Additional external requirements may measures to support it require current knowledge also have an influence, for example, discussions on the status quo of scholarly publishing: How many on scientific impact and communicating science to publications are there each year? By whom? Where broader audiences. 2.1 Setting basic parameters – Recommendations Organisations setting up a monitoring exercise 3. Scope and level of granularity: Should should, at the very least, address the following four results be reported on the level of individual key aspects: scholars, institutes, organisations, nations or a combination of all these? 1. Purpose: Should results guide policy development, evaluation, compliance 4. Timeframe: Will results for one point in assessments, implementation of supporting time suffice or does the analysis need to be measures, negotiations with publishers or repeated, investigating changes over time? communication towards individual disciplines, institutions or scholars? Having a solid idea of what needs to be achieved by a given monitoring exercise is essential. With this 2. Comparability: Should outputs of the in place, organisations should then decide on what monitoring exercise be compared to pre- to monitor and how to collect and interpret data existing monitoring outputs, which might on publications. prescribe a specific approach and methodology? Monitoring national progress towards Open Access Universities UK In 2017 the multi-stakeholder Universities UK Open Access Coordination Group published its second report looking at UK progress towards Open Access. Using Scopus data and various other data sources, the report considered trends in various aspects of Open Access publication such as publication status, licensing, and costs.A A. https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/policy-and-analysis/reports/Pages/monitoring-transition-open-access-2017.aspx 1. An example is the Science Europe Principles on Open Access to Research