PuBlicity MAtEriAls
Dirty BusinEss HOw MininG MADE AustrAliA
sEriEs PrODucEr & DirEctOr JAcOB HickEy PrODucEr AlEx wEst ExEcutivE PrODucErs JOE cOnnOr, kEn cOnnOr & AlEx wEst
© ATOM 2013 PAGE 1 OF 10 A STUDY GUIDE BY MARGUERITE O’HARA
http://www.metromagazine.com.au
ISBN: 978-1-74295-286-4 http://www.theeducationshop.com.au • • ness three thingsare interwoveninAustralianhistory. are Australian Pilbara.Thethree episodesinbroadcast order episodes from theVictorian goldfieldstothe Western This seriesexplores thathistoryoverthree one-hour – thisistheepichistoryofmining. divided, andyetforged, thenation. Land,moneyandpower able ways.Mining’s richhistoryisabattleground thathas financial ruinandmadepeoplerichinthemostunpredict Aboriginal people’s landaway. IthassavedAustraliafrom ing hasalsotoppledPrimeMinistersanditwrenched of massimmigrationandignitedpoliticalrevolt. Butmin in unexpectedandextraordinary ways.Itsparkedwaves shafts. For150yearsmininghaschangedthelivesofusall about muchmore thanprecious mineralsanddustymine a treasure trove ofunimaginableriches.Butthisstoryis Dirty Business INTRODUCTION generate? Who shouldbenefitfrom thewealth such resources our feet? Who ownsthemineralsandpotential wealthbeneath Money askstwofundamentalquestions: , Power is thestoryofmining.Beneathourfeet and Land . Theseriesreveals howthese Dirty Busi HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - CULTURAL ADVISOR HISTORICAL CONSULTANT ORIGINAL MUSIC EDITOR DIRECTOR OFPHOTOGRAPHY PRODUCER NARRATOR WRITERS SERIES PRODUCER&DIRECTOR Key Crew THE FILMMAKERS C. B. A. OUTLINE OFTHISGUIDE Resources and theseriesasawholeReferences and the series,post-viewingquestionsabouttopic of thethree episodes– appearing intheseries for discussionandbriefbiographiesoftheexperts lines, thelanguageofmining,pre-viewing questions Conclusions –lookingattheproduction valuesof Three setsofquestionsandquotesrelating toeach Introductory material,includingcurriculumguide Money, Power Darren Dale Professor GeoffreyBolton Dale Cornelius Steven Robinson Chambers Kathy Alex West Colin Friels and AlexWest Hickey Jacob Jacob Hickey and Land -
2 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 Geography CurriculumGuidelines 1) A. INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL and environmental effects. such asmappingandstudying landuse,transportation undertaken inrelation toastudy ofmininginAustralia, rights overtheland.Manyvaried activitiescouldbe mining hasoftenconflictedwith Indigenouspeople’s demand formining’s products, whileatthesametime tries throughout theworldhavecreated anenormous ple –ofthediversewaysinwhichmanufacturingindus the profound consequencesofminingtolandandpeo environment fordifferent purposes.Becomingaware of ferent peopleuse,manage,developandrespond tothe to lifeinvisualterms. can bringhistoricalevents,people,placesandpolitics Indigenous Australians. and socialdevelopmenttheimpactofminingon years; exploringtheconnectionsbetweeneconomic how mininghaschangedthenationoverpast200 dents inanumberofstudyareas, including: middle secondary, seniorsecondaryandtertiarystu Media Studies Australian History: Dirty Business : Developinganunderstandingofhowdif isaresource thatcouldbeusedwith : Exploringhowthedocumentaryformat Usingevidencetounderstand HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - - state governments andpowerful mininginterests.state governments so oftengeneratedconflictbetween successivefederaland tualises thecurrent debateabout miningtaxeswhichhave the nexusbetweenwealthandpower. Theprogram contex the developmentofdemocracy, Indigenouslandrightsand state andfederalrightsconflicts,the role ofwomen, are explored, suchassuccessivewavesofimmigration, present. Intellingthisstory, manyareas oflifeinAustralia colonial AustralianHistoryandlifefrom the1830sto manifestations, tracingthrough different stagesinpost- The centralthemeofthisseriesismininginallitsdifferent vironments andgeneratebusinessesemployment. residentsgovernments, anddeveloperstopreserve en sequences ofoftencompetingdemandspeople, development andpoliticalstability. shaped andcontinuestoshapeAustralianeconomic selling mineralsfrom goldtoiron ore andbauxitehas understanding howwealthcreation through miningand tween theeconomicsofminingandpoliticalpower; and resource development. contextualises thisstrugglewithintheissueofmining the issueoflandrightsforIndigenousAustraliansand Environmental Studies: Economics andPolitics Indigenous Studies : Episodethree, Understandingthecon : Exploringthenexusbe Land , investigates - - - -
3 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 ers, sometimesgroups ofworkers represented byaunion looks attherelationship between managementandwork Industrial Relations(IR) and localresidents. tions andsafeguards designedtoprotect theenvironment will permitdevelopmentsbutinsistonvariousmodifica developments shouldgoahead.Usuallythegovernment of developmentsontheenvironment anddecidewhether andthegeneralpublicunderstandeffectsgovernment on theenvironment. AnEISisadocumentthathelpsthe opments, airportsandminingactivities,haveanimpact developments, suchastransportroutes, housingdevel Environmental ImpactStatement(EIS) the greenhouse effect. land andwateruse,marinecoastalmanagement monitor andimprove theenvironment, includingairquality, authoritywhosebriefistocareA government for, protect, Environmental Protection Agency(orAuthority) various miningoperationsallovertheworld. owned byamultinationalcorporationwithmajorholdingsin companies are socapital-intensivethattheyare often duct operationsinmanydifferent partsoftheworld.Mining States, Europe, AsiaortheMiddleEast,theygenerallycon headquarters maybeintheUnitedKingdom, Cola Amatil,RioTintoandNewsCorporation.Whiletheir in severaldifferent countries,suchasMcDonalds,Coca Multinational Corporations parent company. second companyisusuallydeemedasubsidiaryofthe tions byinfluencingorelectingitsboard ofdirectors; the stock inanotherfirmtocontrol managementandopera Parent Company sale andexportofaproduct orresource. a returnthrough aneventualrealisation eventsuchasthe potential-growth companiesintheinterest ofgenerating private equitycapitaltypicallyprovided toearly-stage,high- Venture Capital expenses, andcontrol oftheenterprise. both contributingequity, andthensharingintherevenues, ity together. Thepartiesagree tocreate anewentityby between twoormore partiestoundertakeeconomicactiv Joint Venture tion tominingoperationsintwenty-firstcenturyAustralia. a senseofwhattheymeanisimportant,especiallyinrela insider language,thesetermscanwashoverus,buthaving andeconomists.Likemuch media bypoliticians,journalists Today weoftenhearmanyspecialisttermsusedinthe Thelanguageoffinance andmining 2) business (Often abbreviated toJV)–Anentityformed (alsoknownasVCorVenture) – –Acompanythatownsenoughvoting –Thefieldofindustrial relations –Companiesthatdobusiness – Almostall
A typeof ( HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW EPA DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY
- - ) – - - - - - 3. 2. 1. Pre-viewing questions 3) overthrow ofPrimeMinisterRudd. 2012 andisbelievedbysometohaveplayedarole inthe mines. Itwasintroducedin bytheFederalGovernment from theextractionofiron ore andcoalfrom Australian – knownastheminingtaxappliestocertainprofits made The MiningTax want tokeepemploymentcostsaslowpossible. remunerated workforce, butatthesametimeemployers and profitable companyisdependentonastable,properly tions. Manycompaniesnowrecognise thatasuccessful secure andmaintainfairpaydecentworkingcondi or through individualcontracts.Workers areto concerned 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4.
production ofaluminium used forinmanufacturing?E.g.bauxiteisthe ground). have been,minedinAustralia(oftenfrom belowthe Rinehart, saidtobethewealthiest womanintheworld? some individualstobecomevery rich,suchasGina expected revenue from collectingthistax. some ofthefactorsthathavereportedly decreased tion ofiron ore andcoalfrom Australianmines?Outline – thatappliestocertainprofits madefrom theextrac Resources RentTax (MRRT) –knownas‘themining tax’ rectly andindirectly tothenationaleconomy? and unskilledworkonorundertheground? neers andgeologistsaswellothertypesofskilled mining industry–bothprofessional jobssuchasengi minerals suchasiron ore? terms? You mayneedtoresearch thesefigures. es are oftenlocated? TerritoryKakadu intheNorthern where mineralresourc areas suchasthePilbarainWestern Australiaand What are thephysicalcharacteristicsofmany Do youknowwhatsomeoftheserawmaterialsare List asmanymineralsandores asyoucanthatare, or Do miningcompaniesowntheland onwhichtheyoperate? How doesinvolvementintheminingindustryenable What isyourunderstandingofthecurrent Minerals In whatwaysdominingactivitiescontributebothdi What are someofthecareers availabletopeopleinthe List asmanyminingcompaniesyoucan. Today, whichcountryisthemajorimporterofAustralian What doyouthinkminingisworthtoAustraliainexport – TheMineralsResources RentTax (MRRT) - - - - -
4 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 4) Expert Commentators
A number of historians, journalists, authors, economists, people who have a strong viewpoint about the mining miners and individuals with particular experience, knowl- industry? edge and understanding of different aspects of the history of mining contribute their expertise to this story in each of • What do you understand by the term ‘vested interest’? the three episodes. Several of them express opinions about some aspects of mining practices in Australia while others • Which of these three groups mostly represent the are simply expert commentators in their field. voices of ordinary citizens?
• Which of the three grouped commentators in the list in • In what ways are ‘special interest’ historians important in Table 1 – historians, journalists and various interested providing information about aspects of Australian history? and informed individuals – are more likely to include
Table 1
HISTORIANS
Geoffrey Bolton AO – Eminent West Paul Macgregor – Museum of Chinese Ann Delroy – Western Australian Mu- Australian historian; episodes 1&2 Australian History seum; historian; episodes 1&2
Dr Criena Fitzgerald – University of Professor Ann Curthoys – University of Raelene Frances – Monash University; Western Australia; expert on Sons of Sydney; historian on Chinese race riots expert in prostitution on the goldfields Gwalia mine and Herbert Hoover. at Lambing Flat
Andrew Reeves – Former political Debi Marshall – Lang Hancock Professor Graeme Davison – Historian advisor to Labor MP Kim Carr, general biographer; episodes 1&2 and author of Marvellous Melbourne labour historian and mining expert, Monash University associate (ex Mu- seums); episodes 1&2
Daphne Lowe Kelley – President Chi- Dr Clare Wright – Historian and Robert Macklin – author The Big Fella nese Heritage Association broadcaster, episodes 1&2
Professor Phillip Deery – Victoria Robyn Horner – Local historian, Guy Pearse – Global Change Institute University Kalgoorlie
Professor Marcia Langton – Eminent Henry Reynolds – Eminent, subversive Ciaran O’Faircheallaigh – Queensland Indigenous anthropologist; pro-mining, and charming historian; a key voice on expert in Indigenous mining though critical of government and min- Indigenous relationships in the north arrangements ing interests in the past
Leah Lui-Chivizhe – Torres Strait Islander historian SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 ©ATOM SCREEN EDUCATION
DIRTY BUSINESS 5 HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA JOURNALISTS
Trevor Sykes – Financial journalist, George Megalogenis – Australian eco- Peter Hartcher – Political Editor, mining shareholder and industry in- nomics journalist; argues Australia was Sydney Morning Herald sider, and staunch defender of mining most creative when mining was not on interests; episodes 1&2. the radar; episodes 1&2
INVESTORS, POLITICIANS, MINE OWNERS, MINERS AND THEIR DESCENDANTS
Ross Linguey – Robe Walk Mike Lefroy – Charles Yelverton Keith Biggs – Stock speculator who Descendant O’Connor’s great-grandson made and lost millions in the Poseidon share bubble
Peter Radanovich – Victim of 1934 Eddie Butcher – Fourth-generation Bill Chapman – Newcastle coalminer Kalgoorlie Riots Broken Hill miner
Sir Arvi Parbo – Ex-chief of Western Fred Chaney – former Minister for Bruce Harvey – Global Practice Mining and BHP; oversaw the discov- Aboriginal Affairs Leader, Rio Tinto ery of Olympic Dam in South Australia
Annie McGovern – Olympic Dam Sveah Pitman – Jabiluka protester John Kennell – Torres Strait Islander protestor BHP railway worker
B. THE EPISODES
Teachers could choose to allocate one of the sets of questions about each episode to small groups of students to respond to. After watching the episode they could share their responses and impressions. This approach should make watching the episodes more productive for later discussion SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 ©ATOM SCREEN EDUCATION
DIRTY BUSINESS 6 HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA Episode 1 2. 1. • • • • ‘Gold, gold,gold’and‘Marvellous Melbourne’ Australia aneconomicrollercoaster. tion inherent inminingalsodestroys fortunesandmakes companies intheworld,gamblingandwantonspecula cycles ofboomandbustsawtherisesomerichest from depression. Butminingisrisky, andwhiletheconstant The trillionsmadeforged anationaleconomyandsavedit violence; itbuiltcitiesandsupercharged thesexindustry. multiethnic Australia;itcausedriots,uprisingsandracial money changedvirtuallyeveryaspectofsociety. Itforged wealth ofAustralia.AsminingmadeAustraliarich,the ing pointsintheepicstruggletoshare inthevastmineral opening episodechartsthekeybattlesanddramaticturn From theGoldRushof1850stopresent day, the Short synopsis who getsthemoney. ignites ragingclashesover This boomandbustbusiness Money things: suggests thatsuccessasaminerdependedonthree Apart from havingadream toprosper, Trevor Sykes this tomeaninpractice? autonomy’ formanypeople.Whatdoyouunderstand Clare Wright explainsthat‘findinggold represented bourne? that goldhadbeenfoundwithin100milesofMel Describe howpeoplereactedtothenews inMelbourne establish someofthekeythemesthisseries? ber ofcommentatorsshownbefore theon-screen title How dotheopeningshotsandstatementsfrom anum Ability toworkhard andpersevere Geological knowledge Narrator of DirtyBusiness HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - - • • • • • Given thesefactors,whatwere theoddsofbecomingrich? 3. to thisaffluenceandcivicpride? desire thatthecityreflect thispride? fortunes ofthecity? eachweekchangethefaceand ing intoMelbourne In whatfundamentalwaysdidthemillionsingoldpour screen? from Chinareflected inthesetsofimagesshownon How isthestrong andcontinuingpresence ofpeople quest toshare intheavailableeconomicopportunities? activities didtheChineseimmigrantsinitiateintheir Apart from comingfrom Chinatofindgold,whatother tion placeonMelbourne? What kindofpressures didtherapidgrowth inpopula fields comefrom? Where dothefirstgroups ofimmigrantstothegold What are someofthebuildings inusetodaythatattest How diditengenderasenseofnationalprideand Dodging thepubsandnothavingyourmoneystolen - - -
7 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • • • ownership Money, landandbattlesfor power and denly rich,anditwaslegal. it wasawayofgettingsud nineteenth century, because particularly topeopleinthe aboutit,and magic allure some. Itdoeshaveacertain ing atit.You wanttohave you somehowstartscratch of gold?It’s heavy, very but Have youeverheldabar fields? legislation limitingtheiraccess totheVictorian gold How dotheChineseattemptto avoidtheimmigration racist? difficult fortheChinesetocomeAustraliabeseenas In whatwayscouldthelegislationtomakeitmuchmore Chinese? they shared someofthegeneralhostilitytowards the How didthepoliticiansattimedemonstratethat and theirChinesecounterparts. developed betweenminersofEuropean background Outline someofthegrounds onwhichracialhostility Trevor Sykes HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - • • • • • • Big money • • • What sparkedtherushtoLambingFlatinNSW? goldfields? fromjourney SouthAustraliatotheVictorian andNSW Chinese immigrants,relate aboutthenature ofthe What doesRossLinguey, adescendantofonethe deposits? possible successofgambling onfindingrichmineral ment ofBHP(Broken HillProprietary) demonstratethe the 1880s?Howdoesstory abouttheestablish situation inevitableinacountry asvastAustraliain ‘It waspretty muchall“insidertrading”’.Whywasthis this day? has thistrend ofpart-owningabusinesscontinuedto individual asopposedtosimplybeingaworker?How What doesitmeantoownshares inacompanyforan participate inthegrowth ofbigminingcompanies? In whatwaysare individualminersinitiallyableto ensuring thatminingbecomeshighlyprofitable? What are someoftherequirements infinancialtermsfor visually atthispoint? How isthearrivalofbigminingcompaniesrepresented immigrants onracialgrounds existinAustralia? For howlongdidlegislationthateffectively excluded the Chineseawayfrom someofthegoldfields? What wastheendresult intermsoflegislationtokeep and resources? the continuingstruggleinAustraliaforcontrol ofmoney What dotheriotsatLambingFlatin1861reveal about -
8 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • • • • a profit.’ ‘It’s alwaysintheinterests oftheminingcompanytomake Go west, young man embedded. inwhichthegoldis reefs the deepleads,orquartz togetdown infrastructure companies, needsalotof … thatneedscapital, kindofmining by adifferent Australia …andit’s replaced Alluvial miningdieshardin • • • • minerals andthewealthfrom mining? Who were theprincipalowners andbeneficiariesofthe to workontheWestern Australiangoldfields? From whichEuropean countries did theyrecruit miners ence onnativelabourtoincrease profitability inmining? Hoover andhispartnerattempttochangethedepend How didlaterPresident oftheUnitedStatesHerbert boost theAustralianeconomy? In whatwaysdidthissecondminingboomofthe1890s Fremantle and400kilometres from Esperance? or EsperancetraveltoKalgoorlie,600kilometres from How didthosewhoarrivedbyboatateitherFremantle Australia generateanewrushforriches? How didthediscoveryofgoldinKalgoorlieWestern prices fellandbanksclosedtheirdoors? by mining,leadtothemassivebustof1890swhen How didtheeconomicboomof1880s,provoked moving outbeyondtheoriginalcitylimits? What infrastructure wasneededwhenpeoplebegan ate personalwealth? What is‘landspeculation’andhowitstillusedtocre gold oftenchoosetoinvesttheirmoney? How didpeoplewhohadbecomerichonthebackof Andrew Reeves HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - • • • • • • Weathering thestorms • • • • Women atwork Kalgoorlie designedtosolve? pipeline constructedfrom nearPerthtoCoolgardie and What massiveproblem wasCYO’Connor’s great ers worked. Describe thephysicalconditionsunderwhichmin the 1850sinVictoria andNewSouth Wales? How dotheseconflictsmirror those onthegoldfieldsin where hisfatherLazarworkeda miner? at theHomeFrom HomeHotel in 1934Kalgoorlie How doesPeterRadanovichdescribewhathappened ing inthesegoldfieldsforsometime? What ignitedtheracialtensionsthathadbeensimmer worst aspectsofthisworldwideeconomiccollapse? how wastheAustralianeconomyabletoweather When theWall Street stockmarketcrashedin1929, towns suchasKalgoorlie? nature oftheburgeoning sexindustrythatgrew upin How dothevisualsinthispartofstoryillustrate regarded asanearlyexampleofsextrafficking? In whatwayscanthemovementofyoungwomenbe for womentoshare insomeoftherichesonoffer? How didtheremote goldfieldsprovide anopportunity the goldfields? What opportunitiesforworkwere there forwomenon - -
9 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • • • ‘Everyone waspuntingonminingatthistime’ Demand andsupply ing tothehorizon. stretch ofkilometres see, hundreds asfartheeyecanwalls ironore whentheysawinthegorgestorm flying belowthecloudsduring a Pilbara, Hancockandhiswifewere the HammersleyRangesinvast Australian mining.Inthemiddleof of sofarinthehistory discovery tor, wasabouttomaketherichest In 1952,LangHancock,aprospec • • • • ‘Rivers ofgold’ The riseandoftheminingmagnate ticularly inboom times,liketakingticketsina lottery? In whatsenseisspeculatingon theshare market,par bandwagon andsendtheshare markethaywire? encourage lessscrupulouscompanies tojumponthe How didtheextraordinary growth inPoseidonshares companies? they boughtshares inPoseidonandotherprospecting were speculatorsandshareholders gamblingonwhen Company becompared totheearliergoldbooms?What How canthephenomenalgrowth ofthePoseidon for useinmanufacture inthe1960s? What conflictinAsiaacceleratedthedemandfornickel on thisscale? and buildtheinfrastructure essentialtominingoperations and investorstoextractthesevaluablemineralsores Why hasitbeennecessarytobringinforeign companies commodities? Whatare theyusedforinmanufacturing? such asbauxite,copperandzincsovaluableexport mined inthisnewminingboom?Whyare theseminerals What are someoftheothermineralsdiscovered and growing intheroyalty dealhestruckwithRioTinto? How didHancockensure thatthemoneywouldkeep iron ore inthePilbararegion ofWestern Australiain1952? HowdidLangHancockdiscovertherichresources of Debi Marshall HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - • • • • Highs andlows depression ontheotherside. depression do withtheprosperitytoavoid The valueofthecoiniswhatyou on theotherside,deepdepression. outrageousprosperity and coin are on. Sothetwosidesofmining rolling from thegoodtimesthatare thatthepublicgainsomething ensure inorderto itable industriesoutthere themostprof higher taxonwhatare countriesimposea alism, whereby nation toasresource refers industry We’re nowseeingtheriseofwhat profits beshared amongstalltheAustralianpeople? imposed andwhetheritisfairreasonable thatthe What are theconflictingviewsonhowthistaxshouldbe Who ownstherichesbeneathourfeet? mining industry. Howdoesthistaxrelate tothisquestion: that thepublicgainsomethingfrom thegoodtimesin what are someofthemore profitable industriestoensure The miningtaxwasdesignedtoimposeahigheron were treated inAustraliaduringthe1850sminingboom? this beviewedasironic, giventhewayChinesepeople gration, particularlyofskilledmigrants.Inwhatsensecan products aswellourlargest source countryforimmi China isAustralia’s largest exportmarketformining products? generating enormousdemandforAustralianmining Poseidon boom,whatisthenewmarketthatnow Following athirty-yeardeclineinminingafterthe George Megalogenis - - -
10 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 Episode 2 • • • • • Eureka Ministers fall. worse withmining.It’s seenthenationprosper butPrime Gillard –are lockedinarocky relationship forbetteror to Chifley, Menzies,andWhitlamtoKevinRuddJulia PrimeMinisters–fromgovernments. BillyHughesthrough big businesshavetriedtoinfluence,infiltrateandcontrol a cruciblethrough whichboththelabourmovementand always beenthisway. Thisfilmchartshowmininghasbeen drama-filled andutterlycriticaltothenation.Infactithas relationship is fractious, between business and Government Mining hasalwaysbeenaboutpolitics.Today wethinkthe Short synopsis them, thentoobad. the wholeworlddownwith and ifthatmeanstheybring only jobistodeliveraprofit Their [miningcompanies’] Power serting democraticrights? this crybroaden intootherdemands inrelation toas ‘Taxation withoutrepresentation istyranny’.How did What wasthelicencefeetomineforgold? authorities? Which issueinitiallyignitedtheirclashwithgovernment pect forgold? What elsedidtheywant,apartfrom therighttopros the peoplewhocametoVictoria from across theworld? lution intheair. Whatwere thebackgrounds ofsome In 1854atBallaratinVictoria there wasawhiff ofrevo Narrator HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - • • • • demands weren’t met. what couldhappen iflegitimate violence thatdemonstrated ofanger and an outbreak Stockade was The Eureka for thevastmajorityofmenthroughout thecontinent? How didthisdecisionpavethewayforpoliticalsuffrage dig forgold? Eureka Stockade,givetheminersapartfrom therightto recommended byaRoyalCommissionfollowingthe What did‘theMiner’s Right’,thenewlicensingsystem police andmilitarytheminersatEureka? How manypeoplediedintheinitialconflictbetween achieving justice? Eureka fieldtotakeasapledgeoftheircommitment What wastheoathPeterLaloraskedminerson Peter Hartcher
11 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • • • • • • The West versus therest the otherstates? become astatewithin that couldfederatewith Auralia whichcouldsecedefrom Western Australiaand Who proposed theestablishment ofaterritorycalled why? What dothemajorityofWestern Australians wantand made upofseparatecolonies) ber, thisisbefore FederationwhenAustraliawasstill propose asanationalsolutiontotheissues?(remem What dotheotherfivecoloniesandT’othersiders broader politicaldispute? How doestheminingdisputeescalateintoamuch John Forrest abouttheregulations onthegoldfields? demonstrate theirdissatisfactiontoStatePremier Sir In 1898,howmanyminersgathered inKalgoorlieto What ideasandexpectationsdidtheybringwiththem? tralia referred toas‘theT’othersiders’bythelocals? Why were manyofthosewhocametoWestern Aus HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - • • • Big companiesconsolidatingpower • • • the five-month-longstrike? What didtheArbitrationCourt finallyrulein relation to the mineowners’power? What dotheminersthrough theiruniontochallenge ers diedatBroken Hillinasingledecade) better workingconditions?(records showthat121min share oftheenormousprofits generatedbyminingand begin toclamourforworker’s rights,includingagreater In 1908,howdounderground miners atBroken Hill this time? mining unexpectedlytriggered inAustralianhistoryat What were thetwosignificantpoliticalchangesthat political advantage? action doesForrest takethathehopeswillworktohis In concedingtoareferendum onfederation,whatbold Coolgardie? would encompassthegoldtownsofKalgoorlieand the T’othersiderstoestablishaseparatestatewhich How doesPremier Forrest respond tothedemandof -
12 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • • • • World War1anditsconsequences lead mines. conditions inthesilverand the deadlyunderground paid apittancetodigin BHP. Butitsworkersare is BrokenHillProprietary: richest companyinthetown By 1908,thebiggestand up anewpoliticalparty? they hopedtopersuadeHughes toleaveLaborandset Hughes? Whatwasthecontentious issueoverwhich ledby to LabormembersofParliament inagovernment What wastheirmotivationinoffering financialsupport these companies? mining companies?Whydidhestrikesuchadealwith What dealdoesHughesstrikewiththeCollinsGroup of to tradebetweenAustraliaandGermany? What didHughessuspectwasstillgoingoninrelation conflict ofinterest? How didPrimeMinisterHughesrespond tothisextreme ing products in1914? Who wasthebiggesttradingpartnerforAustralia’s min Narrator HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - Friends andenemies • • • Coalminers, communists andPrimeMinisters • • • • • • ment theywantedthatsuitedtheiraimsandpriorities? How successfulwasthisbuyingpowertogetagovern ment totheunionandstriking workers? What isthedraconianresponse oftheChifleygovern bosses inrelation totheChifley government? may havebeentheunderlying agendaoftheunion When coalminerswentonstrikeoverpayin1949,what strong exporteconomywithhelpingtoarmtheenemy? does thisdemonstratethedifficultiesofdevelopinga When DarwinisbombedbytheJapanesein1942,how Australia war-ready? How doesherespond tothischallengeinmaking ment appointEssingtonLewis? As warragesinEurope, towhatjobdoesthegovern to Japan,andforwhatreasons? Who didhepersuadetocontinueexportingBHPmetals ment afterhisvisittoJapanin1935? What didLewisreport backtotheAustralianGovern nessmen Australiahasproduced’? whom doeshelinkhimas‘oneofthetwogreatest busi Lewis. WhatisTrevor Sykes’viewofLewisandwith leadership ofindustrialistandpowerbroker Essington Meanwhile BHPwasbecomingverypowerfulunderthe - - - - -
13 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 Robert Menzies. of with thenewgovernment will nowworkhandin of aPrimeMinister, butit have justhelpedthedemise Minister Chifley. Miningmay tralian peopledumpPrime coal miners’strike,theAus Five monthsafterthe1949 • • • • • do togetindustryandtheeconomymoving? When MenziesreturnedasPrimeMinister, whatdidhe striking minersandPrimeMinisterChifley? ultimately affect boththecommunistleadershipof How didthecrushingresponse toendingthedispute earlier? happened atEureka inBallaratalmostninety-oddyears shutdown ofindustry?Howisthissimilartowhathad What wasPrimeMinisterChifley’s response tothe and thelivesofordinary citizens? How didtheminers’strikeimpactindustry, employment How didthecoalminersrespond tothislegislation? Narrator HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - mass-migration program We couldnothavehada • • • Migrants which wehavenowbecome. an industrialisedeconomy Australia, thebeginningof absolutely centraltothenew to employthem.BHPwas providedbyBHP industry if wedidn’t havethesteel grants bringtoAustralia? Apart from theirlabourandskills,whatelsedidmi new Australiaandaboomingeconomyatthistime? helpbuilda In whatsensedidminingandgovernment neering schemessuchastheSnowyRiver? industrialisation andthedevelopmentofmassiveengi Europe assistwiththeexpansionofminingindustry, How didthepost-World War Two influxofmigrantsfrom Robert Macklin - -
14 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • • • • • • • • • Maverick minersversus government by mininginterests toderailPrime MinisterRudd’s ‘Axe thetax’sayplacards at ralliesorganised feated attheelectionthatfollowed Whitlam’s dismissal? therefore partofthereason wasde thegovernment was theso-called‘Loan’s Affair’ related tominingand how involved inthedemiseofWhitlamGovernment, While theminingcompaniesmaynothavebeendirectly capacity toruntheeconomy? in themindsofsomevotersaboutgovernment’s In whatwaysdidthis‘fishingexpedition’castdoubts funds overseas? How didEnergy MinisterConnorsgo aboutraising ‘buying backthefarm’in1972whentheywonpower? goabout How didthenewlyelectedLaborGovernment Minister, whatwashereferring to? pledged ‘tobuybackthefarm’whenhebecamePrime When FederalOppositionLeaderGoughWhitlam Who wonthebattleoverPilbara? is more thanjustagreat quarry? How hasinfrastructure transformedthePilbarasothatit interference, asmuchpossible? indicated hewouldgohisownwaywithoutgovernment What were someoftheactionsLangHancockthat for? What wasthefundamentalprincipleeachfighting Court in1952overthePilbarairon ore development? Hancock andtheWestern AustralianPremier Charles What wasthenature oftheconflictbetweenLang HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - in theinterim,then toobad. they bringtheworldwiththem Andifthat means shareholders. job istodeliveraprofitthe torate toanswerto.Theironly nation, andtheyhavenoelec become likestateswithina miningcompanieshave great These than mostgovernments. It’sgovernment. powerful more powerful thantheAustralian ismore the miningindustry I’ve nodoubtwhateverthat • companies? Auralia ordinary citizenswhohadnodirect ownershipofmining imposition ofthistaxseektoengagewithworkersand print andtelevisionadvertisingcampaignsopposingthe tax ontheprofits ofminingcompanies.Howdidthe proposed Resource SuperProfits Tax, afortypercent tax hadonhisdecliningpopularity? what role isitpossiblethatthenature ofhisproposed What happenedtoPrimeMinisterRuddin2010and Robert Macklin–author of a bookaboutBHP TheBigFella - ,
15 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 Episode 3 just anirrelevancy. … soforthemining companies, apparatus oftheAustralianstate withinthe recognised barely were no legislation…Aboriginalpeople was no Land Councils. There were the answerin1960wasno.There the answerin1860wasnoand land onwhichtheylived?And Aborigines haveanyrightstothe question:did relevant and very if wejusttaketheoneparticular intothetwentiethcentury,century little changefromthenineteenth hadbeen,inmanyways,There • • • • ‘A brilliantpieceofpoliticaltheatre’ may bethebesthopeforfuture oftheFirstAustralians. it alsotellshowmining,whiledestroying anddispossessing, land rights,andminingenvironmentalism. Yet ironically This isthedramaticstoryofconflictbetweenminingand Short Synopsis Land the Northern Territorythe Northern inthe1960s? What were miningcompaniesdiggingforatYirrkala in on whichminingcompanieswanttodigforminerals? What rightsdoIndigenousAustralianshaveovertheland which theymine? What rightsdominingcompanieshaveoverthelandon did theseencountersinevitablyleadtoconflict? Australians encountered foreigners ontheirland?How When andwhere wasthefirsttimemanyIndigenous Historian HenryReynolds HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY • • • Mining companiesandIndigenous workers • • • • • • • Terra Nullius? • How doesJohnKennelldescribethisopportunityfor Why wasthisdecisionmade? ians in1968? When andwhere didBHPemployIndigenousAustral politicians byYirrkala Elders. petition, prepared andpresented in1963toFederal Describe thedesignandsignificanceof Yirrkala issue? andgrowingillustrate theconcern activismaboutthis What are someoftheimagesandfilmfootageusedto many Australians,bothblackandwhite? interest intheissueofIndigenousLandRightsamongst How didthisjudgementleadtoamuchgreater general What does‘Terra Nullius’meaninpracticeand in law? What wastheoutcomeofthisearlylandrightscase? before whiteAustralians? ting AboriginalAustralians’understandingoftheland What wasthesignificanceofthiscaseintermsput What didtheYirrkala Eldersinitiatein1970? that theywere deniedunderthelaws? were someoftherightsmanyustakeforgranted largely controlledWhat bytheFederalGovernment? How were thelivesofTorres StraitIslanderpeople himself andtheIndigenousworkers? - -
16 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 consent. mine mineralswithout their forminerals or and explore cannot comeontotheirland ership, aminingcompany they establishedtheirown can doontheirland.Once trol whattheminingindustry theycanactuallycon where putinaposition people are For thefirsttime,Aboriginal • • Time for changing? the Northern Territorythe Northern ratherthaninoneofthestates? Rights Act?Whywasitpossibletodothisinrelation to In 1976whofinallypassedtheNorthern Territory Land to discrimination? stated proposals in1972tochangethelawsrelation What isoneofoppositionleaderGoughWhitlam’s Ciaran O’Fairchealleigh HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - • • ‘Not inmybackyard’ • • • • • • Land RightsoriginateinWestern Australia? Why didmanyofthemostextreme campaignsagainst Land Rightsareality throughout Australia? tions ofmanyIndigenousand whiteAustralianstomake How didbigminingrespond tothenoworganised ac support fortheseactions? the blockadeatthissite?Didhehavestateornational What didthenPremier SirCharlesCourtdotosmash over theproposed Noonkanbahdrillingsite? In Western Australia,whatwasthebattletakingplace of theminingcompaniesatthistime? to defendIndigenouspeoples’rightsagainstthemight andthecourtsfail How didthelaws,governments 1978? government’s Territory Northern LandRightsActof people’s righttovetotheRangerdevelopmenttest How didthegovernment’s response totheMirrar In whathighlysensitivearea wasthedepositlocated? about whoownedtheland? between miningcompaniesandIndigenousAustralians TerritoryNorthern in1978thatignitedarenewed battle What wasthemineraldepositdiscovered inthe -
17 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • Eddie Mabo • • • • land ownershipinQueensland? in thecourtsforadecaderelation tothequestionof What hadTorres Strait IslanderEddieMabobeendoing today? facing governments are someofthesimilaritieswithdecisions fearedwhen thegovernment avoterbacklash?What What happenedtotheproposal fornationalLandRights across Australiainrelation toLandRights? What didLaborleaderBobHawkepromise todo promote theircause? provide aplatformforprotestors forAboriginalrightsto How didthe1982BrisbaneCommonwealthGames affect so-called‘ordinary Australians’? at thistime,abouthowIndigenousLandclaimswould Land Claimscommercials, widelyshownontelevision What were someoftheextreme scenariosintheanti- HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY been for the last two or three been forthelasttwoorthree able toworkthewaywehave work. We willnolongerbe tally changethewaythatwe This isgoingtofundamen … andwhat’s allthisabout? thinking, who’s EddieMabo despite thesetbacks.Iwas goingtowinit MG they’re called Mabo…tellingthe running inQueensland Tinto aboutthecourtcase ofRio Managing Director A lawyerwasadvisingthe • Kakadu –nationalpark or miningground? • • • • decades. local environment? operations showwhatmining does tothelandand What domanyoftheimagesseen inthisfilmofmining would happentoprivateproperty? falsehoods withinthebroader communityaboutwhat How didthesepeoplesucceedinspreading fearand consequences oftheMabodecision? Kennett, aswellminingowners,aboutthepossible West AustralianBillHassellandVictorian Premier Jeff What wastheresponse ofsomepoliticianssuchas man rightslongowedtotheoriginalAustralians? speech servetore-enforce thecourtdecisionabouthu How didPrimeMinisterPaulKeating’s 1992Redfern tional lands? meant forIndigenousAustralians? What wastheoutcomeof1992Mabocourtcase? What diditallowthemtodoinrelation totheirtradi What wasthefundamentalchangethatdecision Bruce Harvey–mininggeologist - - -
18 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 absolutely was nottrue. And this pristine wilderness. took placecontainedby wonderful benefits,thatit thatithaddelivered region, Aboriginal peopleinthe tobythe been agreed people thatmininghad jobconvincing done agreat had the Federalgovernment Territory and government company, theNorthern Over theyearsmining • community andtheenvironment? impacts oftheRangermineoperationsonlocal After twentyyearsofoperation,whatare someofthe Mirarr peoplespokesperson Jacqui Katona– HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY
2. 1. • • • • • • • ing theirlandto beusedforexplorationandmining? consequences ofanydecisions theymakeaboutallow money, and; strate thatformanypeople: How doesmuchofwhathappenedatKakadudemon ing from theminingactivitiesatadistance? sophisticated andtarget thosepeople whowere benefit How doestheMirarrpeople’s campaignbecomemore Territory?and blockadesatJabilukaintheNorthern spread themessageAustralia-wideaboutprotests communications technologiessuchastelevisionimages In 1998howdidtherelatively easyaccessthrough from thedegradationofmining? support theAboriginalpeoples’causetoprotect theland In whatwaysdidGreen groups andenvironmentalists mine a‘DavidandGoliath’story? In whatsenseisthestruggleoverproposed Jabiluka land? tional connectionsIndigenousAustralianshavefortheir What doyouunderstandofthedeepandstrong genera for thelocalIndigenouspeople? owner, describetheconsequencesofminingonland How doesYvonne Margarula, aseniortraditionalland That people need to be assisted to fully understand the That peopleneedtobeassisted tofullyunderstandthe There ismore tolivingagoodlife thantruckloadsof - - - - -
19 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 • • Looking after country make lifebetterforus. certainly wasn’t goingto the incomethattheyenjoyed ment whichmightincrease develop know thatanyfuture people; wewantedthemto oftheAboriginal the misery was invested…certainlyin theirmoney them where make absolutelyclearto It wasimportantforusto Australians? a rethinking oftheirapproach to mining andIndigenous protestthe nationalandinternational actioninfluenced What isoneoftheirprincipalmotivations andhowhas the managementofcontested Jabilukaminesite? What istheattitudeofRioTintowhentheytakeover use andunderstandingofthelawsjustice? demonstrate thestarkdifference betweentwocultures How doesthearrest ofIndigenouspeoplefortrespass Mirarr peoplespokesperson Jacqui Katona– HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY -
• • society. of and tojointhemainstream to bringusoutofpoverty apracticalpurpose… serve ourrightsmust … Surely world. investors intheIndigenous lagers tothemajorcorporate fromthepil mining industry ofthe is thetransformation What I’veseeninmylifetime • What are theminingcompaniesnowexpectedtodo Indigenous Australians? a victoryfortheMirrarpeopleandbyextensionall In whatsenseisthebackfillingofJabilukasite assist IndigenousAustralians? owners includes?Howisthisinvestmentdesignedto between theminingcompanyandtraditionalland What are someofthethingsthat2011agreement operations? in relation totheiruseofAboriginallandformining eminent Indigenousanthropologist Marcia Langton– - -
20 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 Table 3 expert commentatorsandnarration,cinematography, and factors, includingastrong script,articulateandbelievable gether. Highproduction valuesresult from acombinationof soundtrack inparticularandnoticinghowtheseallworkto film. Thisinvolveslookingatlighting,cameraworkandthe life? Considerthewaydifferent elementsare usedinthe of arangeimagesandcommentarybringthisstoryto Is Production Values 1. C. CONCLUSIONS land beneathourfeet? this verydifferent approach torespecting ownershipofthe What doyouthinkare theprincipalfactorsthathaveledto • of theminesiteswith bigcities photography andaerial shots, thecontrasting style e.g.digitisedimages, time-lapse Visual Sound andmusic Editing Contemporary images Contributions ofinterviewees cartoons andarchival film Historic stills –photos, paintings, drawings, Script andnarration ASPECT Dirty Business for profit andmutualgain,self-interest’. ate with‘theleastamountoffuss,thehighestpotential sense businesspracticesthatensure miningcanoper deal withIndigenousAustraliansisbasedoncommon change inthewayminingcompaniesAustralianow Bruce Harveyfrom RioTintoacknowledgesthatthe agooddocumentary?Howdoestheuse HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - -
(Myanmar), asmallcountrybordering Chinaandruledbya in manyotherdevelopingcountries.ForinstanceBurma rather thanongoingconflict.However, thisisnotthecase ers andbecauseitisbetterforbusinesstohaveharmony through havingtoacknowledgeunderlawtherightsofoth nies inAustraliahavegraduallychangedtheirpractices, This seriesmakesclearthewaysinwhichminingcompa • Extension Questions 2. about different aspectsoftheseries. atmospheric lighting.Usethetablebelowtomakenotes government backedbythemilitary,government villagersandBuddhist COMMENTS influence ofbigminingcompanies? modating ortoohandsoff? interests –beingperceived asbeingeithertooaccom treadthe difficultpathgovernments in relation tomining istooclosetotheminers’. because ‘thegovernment Greens wasover andtheLaborPartyGovernment Milne announcedthattheagreement betweenthe In February2013,AustralianGreens LeaderChristine What doesitsuggestaboutthecontinuingpowerand How doesthisdecisionprovide yetanotherexampleof - - -
21 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 should beencouraged toassessthereliability ofthe As withmuchinformationtobe foundonline,students References andResources 3. • • • rights? has happenedinAustraliarelation tominingandhuman of Burma(Myanmar)bothreflect andcontrastwithwhat on thepeopleofBurma(Myanmar).Howdoesstory discussion ofoneexampletheresults ofcoppermining story/about/id/601622/n/Collision-Course neighbouring China.See< hood. Manyoftheseminingprojects are financedfrom about thedamageminingisdoingtotheirlandandliveli monks are engagedinanongoingstrugglewithauthorities stories. what valuesare beingpromoted intheselittlehuman they are shownonfree-to-air televisionanddiscuss
HOW MINING MADE AUSTRALIA HOW DIRTY BUSINESS DIRTY - - - - - • • the positiveandnegativeaspectsofindustry. ests from allsidesofthedebateprovide theirownspinon wide rangeofviewsandemphasespresented. Vested inter With asubjectascontentiousmining,there willbea the websiteorprepared thematerialandforwhatpurposes. information andidentifywhichorganisation hasconstructed • • • • • • Spinney Press, 2012 -boom/ http://spinneypress.com.au/books/australias-mining tional experiencesthatICToffers. conducted andsitesare beingexplored today. create mapsshowingtheplaceswhere miningisbeing tory andlocationofAustralianminingareas. Theycan and informationwhere studentscaninvestigatethehis < mining inAustralia. television in2009abouttheworld ofcontemporary Dirt Game mining andIndigenousAustralians http://www.es.mq.edu.au/rhowitt/MINING.htm economy about thesignificanceofminingtoAustralian -commodities-boom/ mining-the-truth-the-rhetoric-and-reality-of-the http://www.independentaustralia.net/2011/business/ the impactofminingonAustralianeconomy http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/2876728.html about mining http://www.minerals.org.au twenty-first century about howtheyperceive thenewminingboomof -results-of-SBS-mining-survey http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1723742/Topline Australia’s MiningBoom This isarichsitethatoffers someofthebesteduca GeoscienceswebsiteprovidesThis Government maps A clearaccountofseveraltheissuesrelated to An articlequestioningtheperceptions andrealities An articlebyGreens senatorLarissaWaters disputing News andarticlesfrom theMineralsCouncilofAustralia See theresults ofanSBSsurvey1500Australians http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au –six-partdramaseriesbroadcast onABC , editedbyJustinHealey, >
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22 SCREEN EDUCATION ©ATOM 2013 This study guide was produced by ATOM. (© ATOM 2013) ISBN: 978-1-74295-286-4 [email protected] For more information on SCREEN EDUCATION magazine, or to download other study guides for assessment, visit