ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733

ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 ISSN: 2454 -2733

CONTANTS

A STUDY ON CAR SALES GROWTH OF HONDA CARS INDIA LTD. Dr. Chirag V. Raval 1

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF HUMAN RESOURCE PROBLEMS OF ENTREPRENEURS: WITH REFERENCE TO GUJARAT STATE. Dr. Manisha S. Bhatt 6

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Shikha S. Darji 11

GROWTH OF PORT SECTOR IN GUJARAT Dr. Rajendra V. Raval 18

IMPORTANCE OF MICRO FINANCE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT Dhiren Vandra 21

GREEN MARKETING: A TOOL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Dr. Mahesh M. Patel 28

A STUDY OF GENDER EFFECT ON GUJARATI CHANNELS PUBLICITY AS A PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITY: WITH REFERENCE TO GUJARAT STATE Dr. Aashish J. Dave 33

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010012015

A STUDY ON CAR SALES GROWTH OF HONDA CARS INDIA LTD. Dr. Chirag V. Raval, principal (i/c.), Aims college of management & technology, Bakrol (Guj.)

Abstract: The Indian auto industry has all Secondary Data: Secondary data are but pulled itself out of the slump that it was collected, complied and publish by Honda in two years ago, and what better proof of Motor company and others. that than the massive number of new Sampling: Sales growth of Last three launches we’ve had recently. The paper deals months i.e July to September 2014 taken for with introduction objectives, sales growth this study. rate of car, findings and view of marketing Introduction of Honda Motor Company: president of company and conclusion. Honda Cars India Ltd., (HCIL) Is A Leading HCIL’s first manufacturing unit was set up at Manufacturer Of Premium Cars In India. Greater Noida, U.P in 1997. The green field HCIL flagged-off its ‘Longest Drive project is spread across 150 acres and has an through Amazing India’ drive with the annual production capacity of 100,000 units. family sedan Honda Amaze, to celebrate its HCIL's second plant in Tapukara is the first success in the Indian market earlier this car manufacturing plant in the state of month. Honda Cars India Ltd. registers 45% Rajasthan. Spread over an area of 450 acres, sales growth in September 2014. HCIL also the facility is an integrated manufacturing exported a total volume of 460 unit including all functions of Forging, Press units during August 2014. Shop, Powertrain shop, Weld shop, Paint shop, Plastic Moulding, Engine assembly, Key words: Sales, Growth Frame assembly and Engine Testing facility. Soichiro Honda Founder, Honda Motor This plant is the culmination of the best Co. says: “No matter how small the item, the manufacturing know-how and practices delight of finally manufacturing the product gathered from Honda’s global operations. is a feeling that perhaps only an engineer Honda Cars India Ltd., (HCIL) Is A Leading really knows.” Manufacturer Of Premium Cars In India. The Objectives of study: Company Was Established In 1995 With A Commitment To Provide Honda’s Latest  To know last three months sales growth rate Passenger Car Models And Technologies, To of Honda Motor Company. The Indian Customers. The Company Is A  To identify policies of company for Subsidiary Of Honda Motor Co. Ltd., Japan. improvement of sales.  To recognize view of marketing president for Product Range: sales growth. The company’s product range includes Research Design: Descriptive Type of Honda Brio, Honda Amaze, Honda City and research Honda CR-V which are produced at the greater Noida facility. Honda’s models are Data collection method: In order to achieve strongly associated with advanced design the objectives of the present study, secondary and technology, apart from the established data method used. qualities of durability, reliability and fuel- efficiency.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 Sales Network: Honda Cars India Ltd.,(HCIL) has a strong sales and distribution network spread across the country. The network includes 187 authorized dealership facilities in 121 cities. Vision: HCIL dealerships are based on the "3S Facility" format, offering complete range of Basic Principles Sales, Service and Spares services to its  Respect for the individual. customers.  The Three Joys (buying, selling and creating). Environment and Safety: Honda believes that each person working in The Honda Group is globally recognized for or coming in touch with our Company, its concern towards environment, safety and directly or through our products, should conservation of the society in which it share a sense of joy through that experience. operates. HCIL follows the same in India for This feeling is expressed in what we call achieving high standards in environmental "The Three Joys" safety in the various processes of car manufacturing. Goal is to provide joy through our Business: Honda Assure:  The Joy of Buying: For those who buy our 'Honda Assure' is an Insurance initiative Products introduced by HCIL to enhance ownership experience for Honda car customers. Under  The Joy of Selling: Engage in selling our products and services the Honda Assure program, all Honda car customers get the benefit of a more  The Joy of Creating: Involved in business of transparent, hassle-free transaction and a creating our Products quick turnaround time on their insurance Company Principle (Mission Statement) claims. The entire transaction is routed Maintaining a global viewpoint, we are through an on-line central server which dedicated to supplying products of the enables HCIL to monitor the overall highest quality, yet at a reasonable price for operations more effectively. Some of the worldwide customer satisfaction. direct benefits to the customers include Cashless Insurance across India, instant Management Policies policy issuance, and improved turnaround  Proceed always with ambition and time. youthfulness. Auto Terrace:  Respect sound theory, develop fresh ideas, and make the most effective use of Honda's Exchange and Pre-Owned car time. division Auto Terrace has been in existence  Enjoy work and encourage open ever since the inception of HCIL in India. communication. Present in all major Honda dealers across the  Strive constantly for a harmonious country, Auto Terrace presents itself as the flow of work. one-stop solution for catering to the needs of  Be ever mindful of the value of customers wanting to exchange their existing research and endeavor. cars for a New Honda car. Dreams inspire us to create innovative products that enhance mobility and benefit society. To meet the particular needs of customers in different regions around the world, we base our sales networks, research and development centers and manufacturing

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 facilities in each region. Furthermore, as a premium cars in India, registered monthly socially responsible corporate citizen, we domestic sales of 16,758 units in August strive to address important environmental 2014witnessing a growth of 88%. The and safety issues. company sold 8,913 units in the corresponding month last year. Car Sales growth in last three months: The tremendous growth for the month has (July 2014 to September 2014): been achieved owing to strong sales

momentum for the family sedan Honda July 2014: Amaze and tremendous response for the Honda Cars India Ltd. continues on growth newly launched stylish 7 seater MPV Honda path with 40% sales growth in July 2014. Mobilio. Honda Cars India Ltd. (HCIL), leading HCIL registered an overall growth manufacturer of premium cars in India, of 49% during the period April – August recorded a monthly domestic sales of 15,709 2014 with 73,185 units as against 49,263 units in July 2014 registering a growth of units during the corresponding period last 40%. The company sold 11,223 units in the year. corresponding month last year. HCIL also exported a total volume of 460 The company sold 56,427 units from April – units during August 2014. July'14 as against 40,350 units sold during the same period last year, marking a growth Model wise sales break-up for August of 40%. 2014: HCIL also exported a total volume of 858 Brio 1,211 units during July 2014. Amaze 9,198 Model wise sales break-up for July 2014 Mobilio 5,530 Brio 74 City (no production in Aug 2014) 757 Amaze 4,507 CR-V 62 Mobilio 3,365 Domestic Total 16,758 City 7,705 Exports 460 CR-V 58 Grand Total 17,218 Domestic Total 15,709 Exports 858 Grand Total 16,567

September 2014: Honda Cars India Ltd. registers 45% sales August 2014: growth in September 2014. Honda Cars India Ltd. registers 88% sales Honda Cars India Ltd. (HCIL), leading growth in August 2014. Honda Cars India manufacturer of premium cars in India, Ltd. (HCIL), leading manufacturer of registered monthly domestic sales of 15,015

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 units in September 2014 witnessing a growth Unit exported for of 45%. The company sold 10,354 units in selling the corresponding month last year. All models from Honda’s stable have maintained strong sales momentum during H 1 of the FY 2014-15. HCIL registered an overall growth of 47.9% during the period April – September 2014with 88,200 units as against 59,617 units during the corresponding period last year. Honda City production to resume from 1st week of September 2014 HCIL also exported a total volume of 380 units during September 2014.

Model wise sales break-up for September 2014 Brio 1,152 Amaze 3,848 Mobilio 5,329 Sales Growth rate: City 4,600 CR-V 86 Domestic Total 15, 015 Exports 380 Grand Total 15, 395

Findings:  Honda Cars India Ltd. continues on growth path with 40% sales growth in July 2014.  Honda Cars India Ltd. registers 88% sales growth in August 2014  Honda Cars India Ltd. registers 45% sales growth in September 2014.  The company sold 56,427 units from April – July'14 as against 40,350 units sold during the same period last year, marking a growth of 40%.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015  HCIL also exported a total volume of 858 festival period.” “Our top performer Honda units during July 2014. City successfully resumed its production  HCIL also exported a total volume of 460 during September 2014 and in coming units during August 2014. months we will be able to ensure better  HCIL also exported a total volume of 380 availability and timely deliveries to fulfill the units during September2014. huge demand,” he added.  Model wise Honda city demanded more in HCIL flagged-off its ‘Longest Drive July 2014 i.e. 7705 car through Amazing India’ drive with the  Model wise Amaze demanded more in family sedan Honda Amaze, to celebrate its August 2014 i.e. 9198 car success in the Indian market earlier this  Model wise Mobilio demanded more in month. September 2014 i.e. 5329 car HCIL will resume the production of its best  An overall growth of 49% during the seller Honda City from 1st week of September 2014 and the car will now be period April – August 2014 with 73,185 units as against 49,263 units during the manufactured at the Tapukara plant in Rajasthan. Earlier last month, HCIL also corresponding period last year. crossed the milestones of domestic sales of 1  An overall growth of 47.9% during the Lakh Amaze and 1 lakh units of cars period April – September 2014with 88,200 powered by i-DTEC diesel engines. units as against 59,617 units during the Conclusion: corresponding period last year. Honda motor company continue to perform  Honda Cars India Ltd. registers 45% sales strongly with strong demand for all their growth in September 2014 models during this festival period.” “top  HCIL also exported a total volume of 460 performer Honda City successfully resumed units during August 2014. its production during September 2014 and in Views of Marketing & Sales President on coming months we will be able to ensure sales growth during July 2014 to better availability and timely deliveries to September 2014: fulfill the huge demand. An overall growth For the growth of July month he said, "We of 49% during the period April – August are extremely happy with the progress we 2014 with 73,185 units as against 49,263 have made in this year. Our recently units during the corresponding period last launched Honda Mobilio has received good year. An overall growth of 47.9% during the response from the market with over 10,000 period April – September 2014with 88,200 bookings since its launch and are confident units as against 59,617 units during the that it will attract more customers with its corresponding period last year. Honda Cars strong desirable values. We would also like India Ltd. registers 45% sales growth in extend our gratitude to the customers for the September 2014. HCIL also exported a total continuing success of Honda Amaze and All volume of 460 units during August 2014. new City and are confident that we will References: continue to do well in respective segments."  https://www.hondacarindia.com For the growth of August month he  www.google.com expressed that, "We are extremely happy to  https://www.hondacarindia.com/media witness consistent growth for Honda cars month after month. The festive season has center/press_releases.aspx already set-in and will bring further cheer to  http://www.business- the market. We are geared up for strong sales standard.com/article/companies/auto- in coming months." sales For the growth of September month he  http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/in said, “We continue to perform strongly with dustry/auto/news/passenger strong demand for all our models during this vehicle/cars/four-month-growth-streak- ends-car-sales

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010022015

AN EMPIRICAL STUDT OF HUMAN RESOURCE PROBLEMS OF ENTREPRENEURS: WITH REFERENCE TO GUJARAT STATE. Dr. Manisha S. Bhatt, Assistant Professor, C. Z. Patel College of Business and Management, New Vallabh Vidyanagar (Gujarat)

Introduction Resource’ faced by Entrepreneurs of Selected Chemical and engineering The Entrepreneurs is one of the most important inputs in the economic industrial units in selected cities of Gujarat state. development of a country or of regions within the country. Entrepreneurs have (2) There are not significant difference between industries faced problems. creative and innovative ideas and ability to recognize it, initiate and exploit an economic Research Design : opportunity. Entrepreneurs is a person who The study is based on descriptive type of undertakes industrial venture. Industriliast is research. a change agent. He searches and accepts innovation. Minimum input, maximum Sources of Data : output and quality maintenance that person In order to achieve the objective of present Entrepreneurs. study, there are two types of data collection Success of any Entrepreneurs is based on his methods. or her human resource. Our great (A) Primary Data Entrepreneurs. Late Shri J.R.D. Tata has (B) Secondary Data remarked, “well-experienced, imaginative and sincere employees are the most valuable Data collection methods: assets of a business.” In this study, I used a personal survey Reserach Methodology: method which is the face to face questioning and answering to Entrepreneurs. The present The research methodology is used for study was carried out at selected chemical collection, analysis and tabulation of data for and engineering industrial units in selected the research. The selected tools are being cities of Gujarat state. utilized for the particular research, following is the detailed design used in the research. Sampling Plan: Objectives of the research study : Non probability convenience sampling methods was used. Sample of 150 industrial (1) To study and describe the human units entrepreneurs include 75 unit of resource (HR) problems of chemical and 75 units of engineering has ‘Entrepreneurs’ of selected chemical been selected for the study. and engineering industrial units in selected cities of Gujarat state. Limitations of the study: (2) To study the prospect of entrepreneurs As every coin has two side, the research of selected industrial units. study also has two side. There are certain Hypothesis: limitations which deceive the object of the (1) There are not significant difference study. between problems related to ‘Human

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 (1) The study is based on Entrepreneurs of Industries are the maximum, which is 84.7% selected chemical and engineering while the least are LSI with 7.3%. The industrial units in Gujarat. majority of both the Chemical and (2) The study is based on preferred cities Engineering Industries fall under the SSI of Gujarat like- Ahmedabad, Vadodara, category. Whereas only 8% of the totals are Surat and Rajkot. MSI, of which only 2 are Chemical (3) The study is based on human resource Industries. problems only. (4) The sample size prefixed for the Table No. 4.2 Details of the Industry research study was 150 industrial units Details Chemical Engineering Total in Gujarat which are limited concerns. Size of (5) Time, finance and co-operation factors T = 75 T = 75 N = 150 are also responsible for problems and Industry delay. Small Scale This chapter provides detailed information Industry about the profile of the entrepreneurs of (SSI) 68(53.50) 59(46.50) 127(84.7) selected Chemical and Engineering units in Medium Gujarat. It gives a base of selected Scale entrepreneurs of cities like Ahmedabad, Industry Vadodara, Surat and Rajkot. (MSI) 2(16.70) 10(83.30) 12(8.0) Profile of entrepreneurs: Large Scale In this section the profile of the respondent Industry has been discussed in detail. (LSI) 5(45.50) 6(54.50) 11(7.3) The Table No. 4.1 shows that majority of the (Figures in parenthesis are in respondents are in the age group of 46-55 percentage) years. There are more respondents (64%) of the Engineering Industry in the 36-45 years Table No. 4.3 Number of Employees age group. While there are 55% respondents of the Chemical Industry in the age group of Details Chemical Engineering Total 46-55 years. Total Employees T = 75 T = 75 N = 150 Table 4.1 Age-wise Distribution in the Details Chemical Engineering Total Industry Age-wise 1 to 50 65(51.20) 62(48.80) 127(84.66) T = 75 T = 75 N = 150 Distribution 51 to 100 8(72.70) 3(27.30) 11(7.33) 26-35 years 5(41.7) 7(58.3) 12 (8.0) 101 to 200 3(100.00) 3(2.0) 36-45 years 18(36.0) 32(64.0) 50(33.3) 201 to 400 2(50.0) 2(50.0) 4(2.67) 46-55 years 33(55.0) 27(45.0) 60(40.0) 401 to 500 1(100.00) 1(0.67) Above 56 years 18(67.7) 9(33.3) 27(18.0) Above 500 No reply 1(100.00) - 1(0.7) 3(100.00) 3(2.0) (Figures in parenthesis are in No reply 1(100.00) 1(0.67) percentage) (Figures in parenthesis are in percentage) Profile of Selected Industries: Nearly 85% of the respondents have reported In this section detailed profile of the selected to have employees between 1 to 50. This Industries has been discussed. number has been almost equally reported by In Table No. 4.2 it can be seen that the size the Chemical and Engineering Industries. of the Industry shows that Small Scale

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 This is followed by 51 to 100 employees by 7.3% of the respondents. Some of the Industries have reported to have 101 to 200 employees (2%), 201 to 400 employees (2.7%), 401 to 500 employees (0.67%), above 500 employees (2%). 41.10% respondents agree that Table No. 4.4 Ranking of Personnel absenteeism/high turn-over is a personnel Problems Absenteeism/High turnover problem of which majority are from the Details Chemical Engineering Total Engineering Industry with 53.30%. 8.90% T = 73 T = 73 N = 146 respondents strongly agree to this of which Strongly 53.8% are from the Engineering Industry. Agree 6(46.2) 7(53.8) 13(8.9) 17.10% respondents remain undecided, Agree 28(46.7) 32(53.3) 60(41.1) while 32.90% respondents disagree to this with majority being from Chemical Industry Undecided 11(44.0) 14(56.0) 25(17.1) at 58.30%. Disagree 28(58.3) 20(41.7) 48(32.9)

(Figures in parenthesis are in percentage)

Table No. 4.5 Paired sample statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean TYPE 1.5 146 0.502 0.042 Rank of Personnel Problems - Absenteeism/High turnover 2.74 146 1.017 0.084 Paired Samples Correlations N Correlation Sig. TYPE & Rank of Personnel Problems - Absenteeism/High turnover 146 -0.095 0.256 95% Std. Sig. Paired Samples Std. Confidence Mean Error T Df (2- Test Deviation Interval of the Mean tailed) Difference Lower Upper TYPE - Rank of Personnel Problems - Absenteeism/High - turnover -1.24 1.176 0.097 -1.43 -1.05 12.735 145 0 A paired samples t test managed to reveal a statistically reliable difference between the mean of type of industries (M = 1.5, s = 0.502) and personnel problem – Absenteeism /High Turnover (M = 2.74, s = 1.017) that the industry faces, t(145) = 12.735, p = 0, α = 0.256. Table No. 4.6 Ranking of Personnel Problems Stress and Counseling Details Chemical Engineering Total T = 73 T = 73 N = 146 Strongly Agree 6(35.3) 11(64.7) 17(11.6) Agree 28(51.9) 26(48.1) 54(37.0) Undecided 19(48.7) 20(51.3) 39(26.7) Disagree 20(58.8) 14(41.2) 34(23.3) Strongly Disagree 2(100.0) 2(1.4) (Figures in parenthesis are in percentage)

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 54 (37%) respondents agree that stress and counseling is personnel problem. 17 respondents strongly agree to this. In the above cases, Chemical Industry is the dominant in first one with 51.90% and Engineering industry is dominant in the second with 64.70%. 39 respondents remain undecided. 34 respondents disagree with this in which the ratio of the both the Industries is about 60-40 between Chemical and Engineering. 2 Engineering Industry respondents strongly disagree with this. Table No. 4.7 Paired sample statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean TYPE 1.5 146 0.502 0.042 Rank of Personnel Problems - Stress and Counseling 2.66 146 1.006 0.083 Paired Samples Correlations N Correlation Sig. TYPE & Rank of Personnel Problems - Stress and Counseling 146 -0.068 0.413 95% Std. Sig. Paired Samples Std. Confidence Mean Error t df (2- Test Deviation Interval of the Mean tailed) Difference Lower Upper TYPE - Rank of Personnel Problems - Stress - and Counseling -1.16 1.155 0.096 -1.35 -0.97 12.111 145 0

A paired samples t test managed to reveal a statistically reliable difference between the mean of type of industries (M = 1.5, s = 0.502) and personnel problem – Stress and Counselling (M = 2.99, s = 0.91) that the industry faces, t(145) = 17.288, p = 0, α = 1.

Table No. 4.8 Ranking of Personnel Problems Technical knowledge Details Chemical Engineering Total T = 73 T = 73 N = 146 Strongly Agree 12(33.3) 24(66.7) 36(24.7) Agree 38(62.3) 23(37.7) 61(41.8) Undecided 19(50.0) 19(50.0) 38(26.0) Disagree 3(33.3) 6(66.7) 9(6.1) Strongly Disagree 1(50.0) 1(50.0) 2(1.4) (Figures in parenthesis are in percentage)

Technical knowledge is one of the factors of personnel problems, which is agreed by 41.80% respondents. The majority is from the Chemical Industry with 62.30%. 24.70% respondents strongly agree with this but the majority is Engineering Industry at 66.70%. 6.10% respondents disagree with the dominance of Engineering Industry at 66.70%. 1 respondent from each Industry strongly disagreed. 26% respondents remain undecided.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 Table No. 4.9 Paired sample statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean TYPE 1.5 146 0.502 0.042 Rank of Personnel Problems - Technical knowledge 2.18 146 0.922 0.076 Paired Samples Correlations N Correlation Sig. TYPE & Rank of Personnel Problems - Technical knowledge 146 -0.045 0.592 95% Std. Sig. Paired Samples Std. Confidence Mean Error t df (2- Test Deviation Interval of the Mean tailed) Difference Lower Upper TYPE - Rank of Personnel Problems - Technical - knowledge -0.68 1.07 0.089 -0.85 -0.5 7.661 145 0

A paired samples t test managed to reveal a statistically reliable difference between the mean of type of industries (M = 1.5, s = 0.502) and personnel problem – Technical Knowledge (M = 2.18, s = 0.922) that the industry faces, t(145) = -7.661, p = 0, α = 0.592.

Conclusion: With reference to one hundred fifty Entrepreneurs of selected chemical and engineering industrial units in Gujarat. Minimum input, maximum output and quality maintain that person entrepreneur/Entrepreneurs. Balance between employee supply and demand absenteeism/high turnover, stress and counseling, technical knowledge, aquaring right staff, are major Human Resource problems of both the industry. As an Entrepreneurs determine the problem evaluate the data and facts at hand, identify the solutions and select the best ones for implementation. Don’t lose ‘Human Touch’, opportunities will become across your way’ everyday. Eighty percent of your results would be achieved by sorting out twenty percent of your problems learn to priorities effectively. References:

1. Dr. (Mrs) Jayshree Suresh, “Entrepreneurial development”, Margham Publications Pp.7.1- 7.6. 2. Gupta, C.B. and N.P. Srinivasan, “Entrepreneurial Development”, Sultan Chand and Sons. 3. Renuka V. (2001) Opportunities and challenges for women in business, India Together, Online Report, Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. 4. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). (1995b). "Women, industry and technology." Women in Industry Series. Vienna, Austria: author. Retrieved July 6, 2001: http://www.unido.org/doc/150401.htmls15 (c2001266618)

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010032015

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Miss. Shikha S. Darji, Research Scholar, Visnagar (Gujarat)

Abstract: about best practices in corporate governance A company is the largest form of at world level. business organization. Its dimension may be Corporate Governance: A Global global. There are a lot of stakeholders in a Perspective corporate body. The companies philosophy on corporate governance is to attain the  Introduction: highest level of transparency, accountability Corporate governance is the set of and integrity. Procedures and systems which processes policies, laws and institutions in accordance with best practices for affecting the way a company or corporation governance. is directed, administered or controlled, The purpose of this paper is to know, corporate governance also includes the which type of the corporate governance relationships among they many stakeholder structure used in different countries. At involved and the goals for which the global level, whether any board or council corporation is governed. The stakeholders work on corporate governance? What about are the shareholders the board of directors, Indian scenario on corporate governance? employees, customers, suppliers and the other community at large. In this paper corporate governance of Corporate governance is a multi- some countries is briefly discussed. There facted subject. An important theme of are so many different models of corporate corporate governance is to ensure the governance around the world. These differ accountability of certain individuals in an according to the variety of capitalism in organization through mechanisms and try to which they are embedded. United state, reduce problem. A related but separate Australia, New-Zealand are used Anglo- thread of discussion focuses on the impact of American Model. This model of corporate corporate governance system in economic governance encourage radical innovation and efficiency with stores emphasis on cost competition. Whereas the co-ordinated shareholders welfare. model that one finds in continental Europe In this paper corporate governance of and Japan, facilitates incremental innovation some countries is briefly discussed. There and quality competition. The Indian are so many different models of corporate corporate governance structure is governance all over around the world. So combination of these two model. Now a many of countries uses the type of different days corporate scandals had triggered corporate governance model. They may not another comprehensive phase of reform in be a common formula for corporate the corporate governance, accounting governance. Now a days corporate scandals practices, disclosures and financial reporting had triggered another comprehensive phase system at global level. World council for of reform in the corporate governance, corporate Governance, WDCSD, Sox, Act, accounting practices, disclosures and OECD principles of corporate governance financial reporting systems at Global Level. are become a leading knowledge providers WCCG, WDCSD, Sox Act, and OECD

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 principles are become a leading knowledge  Role and responsibilities of the providers about best practices in corporate board: The board needs a range of skills governance at world level. and understanding to be able to deal with  What is corporate governance : various business issues and have the ability to review and challenge Business author Gabrielle management performance. It needs to be O’Donouan defines corporate governance as of sufficient size and have an appropriate an internal system encompassing policies, level of commitment to fulfill its processes and people which serves the need responsibilities and duties. There are of shareholder and other stakeholder by issues about the appropriate mix of directing and controlling management executive and non-executive directors. activities with good business savy,  Integrity and ethical behaviour: objectivity, accountability and integrity. Ethical and responsible decision making SEBI Committee (India) on corporate is not only important for public relations, governance defines corporate governance as but it is also a necessary element in risk the acceptance by management of the management and avoiding lawsuits. inalienable rights of shareholders as the true Organizations should develop a code of owners of the corporation and their own role conduct for their directors and executives as trustees on behalf of the shareholders. It is that promotes ethical and responsible about commitment to values. About ethical decision making. It is important to business conduct and about making a understand, though, that reliance by a distinction between personal & corporate company on the integrity and ethics of funds in the management of a company. individuals is bound to eventual failure.  Corporate governance principles: Because of this, many organizations establish Compliance and Ethics Corporate governance principles and Programs to minimize the risk that the codes have been developed in different firm steps outside of ethical and legal countries and issued from stock exchanges, boundaries. corporations institutional investors or  Disclosure and Transparency: associations of directors and managers with Organizations should clarify and make the support of governments and international publicly known the roles and responsible organizations. of board and management to provide Commonly accepted principles of shareholders with a level of corporate governance are as under: accountability. They should also implement procedures to independently  Rights and equitable treatment of verify and safeguard the integrity of the shareholders: Organizations should company’s financial reporting. respect the rights of shareholders and Disclosure of material matters help shareholders to exercise those concerning the organization should be rights. They can help shareholders timely and balanced to ensure that all exercise their rights by effectively investors have access to clear, factual communicating information that is information. understandable and accessible and Issues involving corporate governance encouraging shareholders to participate principles include: in general meetings.  Internal controls and internal  Interests of other stakeholders: auditors. Organizations should recognize that they have legal and other obligations to all  The independence of the entity’s legitimate stakeholders. external auditors and the quality of their audits.  Oversight and management of risk.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015  Oversight of the preparation of the (i) United States: entity’s financial statements. In the U.S. corporations are governed  Review of the compensation under common law, The Modern Business arrangements for the chief executive Law act and Delwar Law. In U.S. Board of officer and other senior executives. Director which is known as the Chief  The resources made available to Executive Officer (C.E.O.) play a key role in directors in carrying out their duties. corporate governance. The CEO has Broad  The way to which individuals are power to manage the corporation on a daily nominated for positions on the board. basis and inouded other duties like policy  Dividend policy. setting, monitoring management performance or corporate control etc. The United Nations Published a list of U.s. corporate scandals had triggered characteristics of good governance. an other comprehensive phase of reforms in They include: U.S. corporate governance, accounting  Participation : Providing all men practices and disclosures. Thereafter in July and women with a voice in decision- 2002 U.S. congress introduced the “Surbanes making. – Oxley Bill” in record time. This legislation  Transparency : Built on the free (SOX Act) brought with it fundamental flow of information. changes in various area of corporate  Responsiveness : of institutions and governance particularly in auditor processes to stakeholders. independence, conflicts of interest, corporate responsibility, enhanced financial disclosure,  Consensus orientation: Differing auditors duties & power. interests are mediated to reach a broad consensus on what is in the general (ii) Japan : interest. Japan has developed a unique  Equity: All men and women have corporate governance structure. It’s main opportunities to become involved. feature is to focus of corporate priorities on  Effectiveness and efficiency: ‘growth’ and ‘market share’ not ‘profit’ or Processes and institutions produce results ‘shareholder’ returns expect through capital that meet needs while making the best appreciation. use of resources. Change in the corporate governance  Strategic vision: Leaders and the structure have been sown in Jana. public have a broad and long-term Fundamental change has already taken place perspective on good governance and in several areas like human development, along with a sense - Legal reform on shareholder’s of what is needed for such development. right There is also an understanding of the - independent auditor – historical, cultural and social corporate independence from main bank complexities in which that perspective is financing. - Collapse of Liberal Democratic grounded. Party. -Structure Changes. The key elements of good corporate The above are the critical factors governance principles include honesty, trust contributing to the development of new and integrity, openness, performance corporate governance of Japan. The oriented, responsibility and accountability resilience and adaptability of the Japanese mutual respect and commitment to the economy confirms that these challenges will organization. be met, and a new model of corporate governance suited to the Japanese need &  Corporate governance at global realities will emerge. level :

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 The liberalization and globalization boasts of a well established process for of Japan’s Financial markets have opened up voting share viz. proxy system. The system new avenue of corporate financing to large ensures issue of timely and accurate annual companies eroding the main bank system reports and other information to the and bureaucratic control. Equity financing shareholder. The New Zealand government from public investors rather than debt has amended the companies act to improve financing from banks. governance system and disclosure of (iii) France: financial reporting system. Corporate governance in France (vi) India: reflects the country’s political, economic and social history. The state, banks and corporate Corporate Governance in India – A management hold the controlling interests in Background the French governance structure. In this The history of the development of regard, the French system is different from Indian corporate laws has been marked by the Anglo American Model as also from the interesting contracts. At Independence India German Model. After II world war, the inherited one of the world’s poorest state’s strong role in the conomy known as economies but one which had a factory ‘dirigisme’ is the main factor influencing sector accounting for a tenth of national governance in corporate France. A product and fourth functioning stock markets considerable change has taken place over the with clearly defined governing rules of last decade. At past time the PDG (President listing, trading and settlements, well Director General) has to consult the board developed equity culture, a banking system while now-a-day, many companies have replete with well-developed leanding norms major shareholders represented on their and recovery procedures in terms of boards. Although the governance system in corporate law and financial system. France has shown dynamic and Therefore, India emerged for better endowed accountability over the years. France seems than most other countries. The 1956 genuinely uncertain about the much needed companies Act as well as other laws development of its corporate governance governing the functioning of joint-stock system. companies and protecting the investors right built on this foundation. Board of directors (iv) Australia: have been largely ineffective in India in The governance system in Australian monitoring the action of management. They companies is similar to that USA and U.K. are routinely packed with friends and allies The system however is not matured enough of the promoters and managers. The nominee as compared to these countries. Governance directors from development finance in Australian companies are mostly informal institutions, who should have played a and guided by the “behind the scenes” particularly important role, have usually process while now-a-days Australian been incompetent or unwilling to step up to government is undertaking a set of reforms the act. to improve disclosure norms of financial Changes since Liberalization information and update accounting rules. The years since liberalization have Australian companies begin to have global witnessed wide-ranging changes in both laws dimensions so the pressure for good and regulations driving corporate governance governance will increase in the coming day. as well as general consciousness about it. Perhaps the single most important (v) New Zealand: development in the field of corporate The governance system in New governance and investor protection in India Zealand companies is similar to that of has been the establishment of the Securities Australia. It is based on the UK model. It and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in 1992

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 and its gradual empowerment since then. These differ according to the variety of Established primarily to regulate and monitor capitalism in they are embedded. The stock trading, it has played a crucial role in intricted shareholding structure of keiretsus establishing the basic minimum ground rules in Japan. Australian structure are mostly of corporate conduct in the country. informal and guided by others. New Zealand Concerns about corporate governance in structure is focus on effective voting share India were, however, largely triggered by a process and issue of timely and accurate spate of crises in the early 90’s- the Harshad annual reports and other information to the Mehta stock market scam of 1992 followed stakeholder. The state, Banks and Corporate by incidents of companies allotting Management hold the controlling interest in preferential shares to their promoters at the French Governance Structure. Japan deeply discounted prices as well as those of corporate governance structure reflects companies simply disappearing with shareholder rights, independent auditors investors money. corporate independents from bank financing These concerns about corporate etc. governance stemming from the corporate The liberal model : That is common scandals as well as opening up to the forces in Anglo-American countries tends to give of competition and globalization gave rise to priority to the interests of shareholders. If several investigations into the ways to fix the encourage radical innovation and cost corporate governance situation in India. One competition. That is found in USA, UK, of the first among such endeavors was the Australia, New Zealand and India also. CII Code for Desirable Corporate The co-ordinated model bank based Governance developed by a committee system – that one finds in continental Europe chaired by Rahul Bajaj. The committee was and Japan also recognizes the interest of formed in 1996 and submitted its code in workers managers, suppliers, customers and April 1998. Later SEBI constituted two community. This model facilitates committees to look into the issues of incremental innovation and quality corporate governance – the first chaired by competition. Kumar Mangalam Birla that submitted its The Indian corporate governance report in early 2000 and the second by structure is combination of these models. Narayana murthy three years later, third Though the basic corporate legal structure is Naresh Chandra Committee 2002, fourth J.J. Anglo-American share ownership is far less Irani Committee 2004. The SEBI committee dispersed and financial institution play a recommendations have the maximum impact much bigger role in financing corporate on changing the corporate governance activity. Share ownership and board situation in India. The Advisory Group on representation of financial institution give Corporate Governance of RBI’s standing. these bodies the abilities to serve as The recommendations also show that important monitor of management activities much of the thrust in Indian corporate through the relationship. The powers governance reform has been on the role and however are considerably limited as composition of the board of directors and the compared to those in typical bank based disclosure laws. The Birla Committee, systems. Nevertheless financial institutions howeve4r, paid much –needed attention to have in general, failed to fulfill even their the subject of share transfers which is the limited role in corporate governance. Achilles’ heel of shareholders’ right in India. Council work on corporate governance at

global level  Evaluation of corporate governance World Council for Corporate There are many different model of Governance corporate governance around the world.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 The world council for corporate corporate governance, a plethora of governance was established as an corporate governance norms and standards independent, not for profit international have sprouted around the globe. The network aimed to galvanise good governance Sarbanes-Oxley legislation in the USA, the practices and transparency world wide. It Cadbury Committee recommendations for was established at the first international European companies and the OECD conference on corporate governance held in principles of corporate governance are March 2001 the New Delhi. perhaps the best known among these. But The mission of it is making a developing countries have not fallen behind difference to national economies by either. Well over a hundred different codes improving quality of their corporate and norms have been and their number if governance. Vision of WCFCG is become a steadily increasing. India has been no leading providers of knowledge about best exception to the rule. Several committees practices in corporate governance to and groups have looked into this issue that company board, policy makers investors, undoubtedly deserves all the attention it can fund manager, financial advisor researcher, get. and other interested parties by creating active In the last few years the thinking on partnerships and foster co-operative the topic in India has gradually crystallized relationship between organizations into the development of norms for listed committed to improving quality of corporate companies. The problem for private governance worldwide. companies, that form a vast majority of This council identify specific needs Indian corporate entities, remains largely of developing and transition economies and unaddressed. The agency problems is likely use the power of dialogue to build a to be less marked there as ownership and consensus and create partnership among all control are generally not separated. Minority stakeholders. shareholder exploitation, however, can very It also helps to exchange information well be an important issue in many cases. experience and knowledge about best Development of norms and practices in corporate governance world guidelines are an important first step in a wide through conference, seminars, serious efforts to improve corporate workshops and round tables. governance. The bigger challenger in India, however, lies in the proper implementation The world business council for sustainable of those rules at the ground level. More and development more it appears that outside agencies like WDCSD has done work on corporate analysts and stock markets (particularly governance, particularly on accountability foreign markets for companies making GDR and reporting. In 2004 created in issue issues) have the most influence on the management tool : Strategic challenges for actions of manages in the leading companies business in the use of corporate of the country. But their influence is responsibility codes, standards and frame restricted to the few top (albeit largest) works. This documents aims to provide companies. More needs to be done to ensure general information a “snap-shot” of the adequate corporate governance in the landscape and a perspective from a think- average Indian company. tank and professional association on a few Even the most prudent norms can be key codes standards and frame works hoodwinked in a system plagued with relevant to the sustainability agenda. widespread corruption. Nevertheless, with  Conclusion: industry organizations and chambers of commerce themselves pushing for an With the recent spate of corporate improved corporate governance system, the scandals and the subsequent interest in

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 future of corporate governance in India  promises to be distinctly better than the past.  

 References : 1. Corporate Governance Global Concept Practices by S.Singh, Excel Book, New Delhi – 2005. 2. The Management Account – ICWA of India, November 2004, Vol.39, December 2004 Vol-39 April 2005 Vol.40. 3. Good Corporate Governance : An Instrument for Wealth Maximization by V. Sapovadia (http/paper.ssrn.com) 4. Corporate Governance in India – Evaluation and Challenges by Rajesh Chakrabarti (http/paper. ssrn.com) Better India a Better World by N.R. Narayana Murthy. Penguin Book India-2009.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010042015

GROWTH OF PORT SECTOR IN GUJARAT. Dr. Rajendra V. Raval, Associate Professor, C.C.Sheth College Of Commerce, Ahmedabad.

and channelized guidance provided by its Introduction: regulatory body named ‘Gujarat Maritime Gujarat on the west coast of India is an Board’. important State having geographical area of 1,96,024 sq.km and population of 507 lakhs The state of Gujarat has 40 minor and intermediate ports geographically dispersed as per 2001 census. The State has accelerated its overall economic development during last across South Gujarat (13 ports), Saurashtra (23) and Kutchch (4) regions. The State’s 47 years and has witnessed structural change in economic development. The last four port policy announced in 1995 envisaged 10 new sites along the Gujarat coastline for summits, being conducted biennially since 2003, have been a major success and has development .The Pipavav and Mundra ports attracted investment proposals of over US $ are already in operation. The Gujarat Chemical port terminal at Dahej has 370 bn The share of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors has been at 17.76%, 41.05% commenced operations since Jan 2001. The LNG terminal at Dahej is developed by M/S and 41.19% respectively of the total Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2008-09 Petronet India Ltd is operationalised from February, 2004. The LNG terminal at Hazira at current prices. As per quick estimates at current prices , GSDP at factor cost in 2008- awarded to Shell Essar Consortium is in operation since 2005.The Govt. of Gujarat 09 has been estimated at Rs. 337217 crore as against Rs 303734 crore in 2007-08, has signed concession agreements with Pipavav, Mundra, GCPTCL and Hazira port showing growth of 11.02 % during the year. developers. Several other port sites have Port Sector in Gujarat been awarded to private developers and the Gujarat is a pioneering, futuristic and process of award is at various stages of entrepreneurial state of the country. In implementation. particular, Gujarat's maritime sector is Major Ports in Gujarat : considered to be the most proactive and well developed sectors of India. During the year 2011-12, Ports in Gujarat handled about 259 million tonnes of cargo compared to 231 million tonnes handled during the previous year making a 12.12% increase in the traffic handled. Capacity of 39 MT was added during the current year 2011-12 augmenting the capacity of Gujarat ports to 323 MT. The milestone achieved by the State of Gujarat in the port sector is by a virtue of its 1600 kms long coastline, its innovative strategic initiatives, proactive measures by the Government and above all a competent

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015  The state has one of the strongest port 2010-11 and 26 % of total national cargo infrastructures in India. It is the first state in year 2010-11 in India to take up port privatisation.  The non major ports of Gujarat  Gujarat has 42 ports along a 1,600 km handled cargo traffic of 259 million tons coastline, including one major port at in 2011-12 an increase of 12% over the Kandla and 41 minor ports. previous year.  The state has five direct berthing  The total port capacity of Gujarat commercial ports, seven direct berthing grew at 139% from 135 MMT in 2001 to captive port terminals and four 323 MMT in 2011-12. lighterage-cargo ports.  The total imports traffic handled  It handled the largest (79.8 per cent) during the year 2011-12 by the ports share of cargo traffic in India‟s minor amounts to 176 million tons while that and intermediate ports, and 11.5 per cent of exports traffic during the year is 83 in India‟s major ports in 2008. million tons.  The total port capacity is 323 mmtpa and the total cargo handled is 259 mmtpa (2011-12).  The intermediate and minor ports of Gujarat handled a total cargo of 152.8 million tonnes during 2008-09 showing an increase of about 4 per cent compared to the previous year.  The total cargo handled by the Kandla Port has increased to 72.3 million tonnes during 2008-09 reflecting an increase of 11.3 per cent over the previous year.  Many upcoming ports are being developed as captive ports to cater to specific company and industry requirements.  The state undertakes fast-track clearance in establishment of ports through private  The state has two LNG terminals that participation. offer transportation facilities for natural  There is an increase in connectivity to no gas, crude oil and petroleum products major ports owing to the development of from the Middle East and Europe. the Delhi-Mumbai Dedicated Freight  The state plans to have modern Corridor. mechanised cargo handling systems in  More than 4,800 ships and 1,000 sailing all the new ports. Ten green field port vessels visit the ports of Gujarat every projects as envisaged in the Port Policy, year. 2005, are now functional.  The state has a vast hinterland Key initiatives to promote Gujarat share comprising key Northern and central in ports: Indian states.  The port policy seeks to enhance Gujarat  It also has a large external trade share in the national export-import potential given its vast coastline. sector. Growth in Port Sector  It also seeks to decongest existing ports on the western coast through efficient  Gujarat handled share of 72.2% of services to support domestic and traffic in India‘s non-minor ports of in international trade.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015  Providing port facilities to promote  Encouraging private sector investment in export-oriented and port-based minor and intermediate ports as well as industries. new port locations.  Encouraging shipbuilding, ship-repairing  Providing port facilities to promote and manufacturing facilities for cranes, export-oriented industries and port-based dredgers and floating crafts. industries entailing almost 50 per cent of  Promoting coastal shipping for total industrial investment. passengers and cargo traffic between  Development of new port sites. various locations within and outside Gujarat. References:  Supporting power plants by offering  http://www.ibef.org exclusive facilities for import of fuels.  http://www.gmbports.org

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010052015

IMPORRTANCE OF MICRO FINANCE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Dhiren Vandra, Associate Professor, College of Rural Studies, Shardagram, Mangrol, (Gujarat)

Various case-studies shown positive co- Abstract relation between credit availability and poor In India, the programe of MF was heralded empowerment. (Purohit Sheela, 2007) in 1992, now it is poised for a major expansion both in terms of scope and Solid steps of MF for Rural Development : coverage. (Naik S.D.2004) Micro Credit is In India, promotional activities of the defined as “Provision of thrift, credit and MF derived from the political slogan of encourage to products of very small amount “Garibi Hatao” by establishment of Gramin to the poor in rural areas, enabling them to Banks. The Basic philosophy behind this raise their income level and improve their movement is to eradicate poverty. (Nayak & institutions which provide financial facilities. Mishra) As on March 2003 the program had (RBI,2007) Basic idea of MF is” poor grown to cover 31000 rural outlets with loan people are provided access to financial amount is more than Rs. 2000 crore by service including mainly Credit, so they may formal Banking for 11.6 million very poor very well able to start or expand micro house hold, through 7.17 lakh SHGs. 504 enterprise that will allow them to break out Bank branches, 2800 NGOs and many more. of poverty. MF is expected to play a After all banking facilities only 22.3 significant role in poverty alleviation. In % of the poor families were covered, average India, a variety of MF schems exist and loan amount goes up to Rs. 1360-00. This various approaches have been practised by amount is too small, it should be at least Rs both GOs & NGOs.Creating Self 20000/- or more. The Micro Finance demand Employment oppertunities is One way of in the India is Rs. 30000 to 45000 crore per attacking poverty and solving problems of annum. But actual amount disbursed by end unemployment. Total requirement of MF in of 2002-03 was about Rs. 2000 crore only. our country has been found at Rs. 50,000 The numbers of other private sector, crore. But total reach is Rs. 5000 crore, i.e. 5 Banks including ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, to 10 % of total requirements, so there is UTI Banks, ABN Bank, AMRO Bank have considerable scope for expansion of also small beginning in this area. It will help microfinancing programmers. (Scheme of to promote labor intensive activities, such as, MFP, 2004) production of Hand looms, Fabrics and Garments, Carpets, Sericulture, Handi-craft, The Poor people need loan at subsidized rate of interest on soft terms. Service activities such as Repair work shops, Provision stores, Setting up a Tea shop and They lack education, skills, capacity to save, credit worthiness and therefore are not Buying buffalos and cows, Setting up a poultry farms etc. (Naik S.D., 2004) Bankable. But experience of Several SHGs reveal that rural poor are actually efficient Evidences of Rural Development by MFP. managers of credit and finance. The rural 1. The ‘Padmavathy’ Sangam : poor with assistance from NGOs have 2. The Rastriya Seva Samithi. (RASS). demonstrated their potential for self help to 3. Gramin Bank & SHGs. : secure economic and financial strength. 4. Rural volunteers as Book writers. :

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March- 2015 5. Project on “e-Grama” : 5. Poverty Alleviation by regular 6. Joint Liability Groups. : employment in micro enterprise, 7. Financing Rythu Mithra Groups :- agriculture, Animal 8. Setting up of Computer Munshi. Husbandry and other fields of incomes. 9. Social Security System for SHG 6. Increase saving capacity of individual as members. well as SHGs. 7. Setting up computers facilities, e-banks, Conclusion. e-commerce by computer educations. Due to solids steps taken in poverty 8. Development of social security systems. alleviation and empowerment of the weaker, 9. Increase in financing in rural areas for enable the poor to increase their income, poor. improve their financial facilities. MF 10. Increase No. of SHGs, Bank Branches, played a significant role in poverty NGOs, GOs and state departments of alleviation and rural development by Rural providing knowledge, guidelines and Development in Rural area. encouragement. 11 Increase in co-operative institutions as well as members in rural area. Rural Development includes 12. Improve living standers of rural poor. This way rural development could 1. Increase in self employment achieve by micro- financing. opportunities. 2. Encourage women empowerment activities. 3. Promote education facilities 4. Improvement in income levels of SHGs and members.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010062015

“GREEN MARKETING: A TOOL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT” Dr. Mahesh M. Patel, Associate professor, K. K. Parekh Commerce College, Amreli (Gujarat)

Introduction 1. To understand the concept of Green The green issue has become a global Marketing and its implementation in issue since year 1990s, peak in year 2000s. corporate sector. Many research scientists, experts have 2. To study the limitations in adopting expressed about the increasing green marketing in India environmental issues. Due to scares 3. To suggest for creating awareness resources and unlimited human wants, it is among the people about Green important for the marketers to utilize the Marketing. resources efficiently without making waste Data Source: as well as to achieve the organization’s Only secondary data has been used in this objective. So green marketing is inevitable in paper. For collecting data different books, modern Era where global warming is the articles, many company’s websites, journals severe issue. It is observed from the review are used. of literature that people are concerned about What is Green Marketing? the environment and are changing their Green Marketing incorporates broad behavior. There is growing interest among range of activities including product the consumers regarding the importance of modification, changes to the production ecofriendly products and protection of the process, packaging changes etc. Government environment. As a result of this, the new wants to protect consumers and society in word “Green Marketing” has coined which general from the exploitation. Governments speaks for the growing market for of different nations have enacted Acts to sustainable and socially responsible products control the amount of hazardous wastes and services. "Green Marketing" and produced by firms and protect the "Environmental Marketing” both words are environment. Governmental regulations synonymously used. relating to environmental marketing are Under corporate social responsibility, designed to protect consumers in several companies have to make optimum utilization ways. Green marketing focuses on of the resources. As resources are limited satisfaction of customer needs and wants and human wants are unlimited, it is with no or minimum harm to the natural important for the marketers to utilize the environment. resources efficiently without waste as well as Business imperatives such as to achieve the organization’s objective. So environmental protection and resource green marketing is inevitable. There is conservation approaches have provided new growing interest among the consumers all opportunities for enterprises to bring over the world regarding the protection of innovations in use, sources of resources for the environment. As a result of this, green business growth. As mentioned above, the marketing speaks for the growing market for green movement in India is still in its sustainable and socially responsible products infancy. The Green marketing is just starting and services. to build trust among the people who are Objectives: concerned about environment and so they are

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 willing to pay premium price for a green  Some customers may keep away using product. i.e. they are now willing to pay these products labeled as Green because more for a green product. they may think that this is new funda of Definitions of Green Marketing: marketing and this leads to lose trust in According to American Marketing organization which has suddenly Association - "Green marketing is the adopted Green business. marketing of products that are presumed to  Lack of sensitivity among the corporate be environmentally safe." world, stakeholders, society in general is According to Polonsky - the major cause for not adopting the "Green or Environmental Green Marketing concept in totality by Marketing consists of all activities designed all. to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs Green Marketing in Practice: “Go or wants, such that the satisfaction of these Green for sustainable development” needs and wants occurs, with minimal  Indian Railway Catering and Tourism detrimental impact on the natural Corporation Ltd: Indian Railway has environment. allowed its customers to carry PNR No. Limitations in Green Marketing: of their E-Tickets on their mobiles if the first stem towards Green Marketing. This The limitations in adapting facilitates the customers to travel without with “Go Green” campaign may arise from printed version of their ticket. the part of Company itself or from the  Forest and environment Ministry of customer’s part. But both the factors have India: It has strictly ordered to retail same cause i.e. extra cost to be charged for outlets like Big Bazar, D-Mart and other Green products or green services. Lack of Malls that they could provide polythene sensitivity among the people is the major carry bags to their customers only if cause for slow growth of this Go Green customers are ready to pay for it. The approach. rationale behind this is, to reduce the use Following are some of the reasons which of polythene and make the customers create hindrances for Green marketing: aware to take cotton bags with them  Green Marketing requires a technology, whenever they go for shopping. which need huge investment in research  State Bank of India: SBI is the first bank and development. in adopting green marketing. By using  Green product requires renewable and eco and power friendly equipment in its recyclable material, which requires 10,000 new ATMs, the bank has saved again huge investment. power costs and earned carbon credits. It  Some factories who want to adopt green has set the right example for others to marketing needs water treatment follow. SBI is also entered into green technology, which is too costly. service known as “Green Channel  Even investing huge amount for Counter”. SBI is providing many environment protection, majority of the services like; paper less banking, no people are not aware of benefits using deposit slip, no withdrawal form, no green product. checks, no money transactions form. All  Most customers choose to satisfy their these transaction are done through SBI personal needs before caring for shopping & ATM cards. SBI turns to environment. wind energy to reduce emissions. The  Only environment lovers are ready to wind project is the first step in the State pay more for green products, but Bank of India's green banking program . majority of consumers are really not  DELL Computers: DEL is committed to willing to pay more for green products. making smarter choices about the

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 materials that go into their products by company has been promoting 3R since using environmentally preferable its inception. As a result the company has materials and avoiding those that are not. not only been able to recycle 100% of It considers the environment at every treated waste water but also reduced stage of the product lifecycle starting fresh water consumption. The company with how a product is designed. Dell is has implemented rain water harvesting to embracing the concept that all materials recharge the aquifers. are valuable and waste should be  McDonald’s: It is the biggest fast food eliminated. Dell is using a closed-loop chain in the world with more than 32,000 plastics supply chain that can recycle and outlets in 117 countries. Many critics reuse materials over and over. Dell has a came up against McDonald’s about how long commitment to these eco-labels. It bad they treat world environment and stood with the U.S. EPA to launch their questioning how far they care about energy-efficiency mark known as people health, especially on obesity. To ENERGY STAR. shut the mouth of the critics, McDonald  Honda Motors: New Delhi, capital of companies are beginning to find there is India, was being polluted at a very fast a green option for just about everything, pace until Supreme Court of India forced including marketing services and a change to alternative fuels. In 2002, a products. directive was issued to completely adopt  Hewlett Packard’s: For decades HP has CNG in all public transport systems. In worked to manage its environmental the news paper it was read that, Honda impact by adopting environmentally proposed to sell fewer than 1,000 Honda responsible practices in product Civic models that run on compressed development, operations and supply natural gas. CNG, a clean fuel produced chain. HP’s environmental commitment in greatly expanding quantities in the has led to greater profitability of the United States, is also an economic company. HP has also shown leadership greener alternative to gasoline and diesel. in responsible recycling of old However, considering that Honda sold technology and print supplies through its about twice as many Civic CNG cars. Planet Partners program in over 50  General Motors: General Motors sought countries. An example of the Planet to promote its production and Partners initiative that Edmonds development of fuel-efficient vehicles. discussed is its inkjet recycling program, Its Gas-Friendly to Gas-Free campaign, introduced in 2005. launched in 2007, attempts to adopt the  Kansai Nerolac Paints: Most paints “Go Green “campaign. It is now contain inflammable solvents while some environmentally responsible and contain materials which can harm the progressive company. skin or affect the health if swallowed or  Maruti automobile company: This inhaled. Hence, the two major risk Company has remained ahead of classes i.e. Health Risk and Fire & regulatory requirements in pursuit of Explosion Risk are primarily involved. environment protection and energy They must be controlled and requisite conservation in its manufacturing precautions should be taken so as to facilities and in development of products reduce the risk to acceptable levels. To that use fewer natural resources and are overcome this Risk factor, Kansai environment friendly. The company Nerolac has worked on removing credited the 'Just-in-Time' philosophy hazardous heavy metals from their adopted and internalized by the paints. The hazardous heavy metals like employees as the prime reason that lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic and helped to excel in this direction. The antimony can have adverse effects on

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 humans. Lead in paints especially poses  Philips: Philips the world class electronic danger to human health where it can company, committed to developing, cause damage to Central Nervous promoting and marketing more energy System, kidney and reproductive system. efficient solutions for people in all Children are more prone to lead markets. Sustainability at Philips is all poisoning leading to lower intelligence about improving the health and well- levels and memory loss. being of individuals through meaningful  Wipro's Green Machines:-Wipro solutions. It addresses this challenge and Infotech was India's first company to supplied Green Products and focused on launch environment friendly computer Green Innovation. It is driving peripherals. For the Indian market, Wipro sustainability in all aspects of product has launched a new range of desktops creation through EcoDesign process and laptops called Wipro Green ware. which deals with all phases of product These products are ROHS (Restriction of development to create products that offer Hazardous Substances) compliant thus better environmental performance. It reducing e-waste in the environment. offers products that can help to reduce This a a right step for reducing E- waste. costs, energy consumption and CO2  Infosys an IT Company: Infosys as an IT emissions. company has its world class campuses Thus it is true that many of the buildings have been well applauded for companies have brought changes in their their green initiatives and design product, technology, production concepts. The glazing of glass has nano methods, source of raw material etc to scale coating, which blocks most of the adapt with eco friendly business. harmful UV and IR radiation and at the Obviously they have incurred huge same time allows a lot of visible light in amount for this but no doubt these the building. This helps to reduce heat investments are for long term profit and ingress through the windows and to long term sustainability. attain a fine balance between daylight and heat ingress. A number of features Conclusion have been included to maximize on Companies can find the opportunities daylight harvesting leading to the to enhance its products performance and attainment of 90% of natural light in the strengthen their customer’s loyalty and can office space. command highest prices. Being  The Disney Worldwide: To help and environmentally friendly in marketing is motivate the interested people who are simple and can be cost-effective when engaged in wild life researches and people get creative and think outside the protection of ecosystem, the Disney box. No doubt due to corporate social Worldwide Conservation Fund (DWCF) responsibility, increasing customer was established in 1995 on Earth Day, as awareness, companies are coming forward a global awards program for the study for Green Marketing. But unfortunately, and protection of the world's wildlife and Green marketing is still in its infancy. Many ecosystems. It provides annual awards to research scholars and experts need to U.S. nonprofit conservation undertake research on green marketing to organizations working alongside their fully explore its potential. People should be peers in other countries. DWCF has made aware about the benefits of using green supported more than 800 projects with products. It is a good sign that many more than $14 million in grants to companies have successfully carrying eco organizations and individuals working in friendly businesses by keeping in mind, 110 countries. wealth maximization aspect. But it is also true that marketers should supply the cost

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 effective goods to the customers. So Green References: marketing should not neglect the economic 1. Wikipedia aspect of marketing. Marketers need to 2. coolavenues.com understand the implications of green 3. www.greenmarketing.net/stratergic.ht marketing. Companies must find an ml opportunity to enhance their product’s 4. philipkotler2013.blogspot.com/2011/ performance and strengthen the customer's 11/green-marketing.html loyalty and command a higher price. I would 5. www.epa.qld.gov.au/sustainable_ like to conclude with the statement “Go industries green Live green”. 6. www.wmin.ac.uk/marketing A lot of research studies can be research/marketing/greenmix.html undertaken on green marketing. There are 7. www.millennium- many measures to increase green marketing project.org/millennium/Global_Chall awareness by educating the customers. enges Companies should be genuine & transparent. 8. Websites of respective companies Consumers must be made to believe that the which are green marketers. product performs the job it’s supposed to do- they won’t forego product quality in the name of the environment. Companies should consider the Pricing of green products and services before charging a premium for their product.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 ManaComm: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce Vol. 01, Issue. 01, March 2015 Paper ID: P01010072015

A STUDY OF GENDER EFFECT ON GUJARATI CHANNELS PUBLICITY AS A PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITY: WITH REFERENCE TO GUJARAT STATE Dr. Aashish J. Dave, Associate Professor, Smt. C.C. Mahila Arts & Sheth C.N. Commerce College, Visnagar

Introduction: establishing an effective communication Every community have their different channel between a marketer and his culture, and also India speak eighteen customers, play a very crucial role in his regional languages other than national effectiveness. The old adage, “If a man can language Hindi, specially people of southern write a better book, preach a better sermon, part of India could not preferred national or make a better mouse trap than his language Hindi also. To cover total neighbor, though he builds his house in the population of country Government started woods, the world will make a beaten path to regional programme, main purpose of his door” is no longer true. A marketing television for government is to educate manager may still make his house in the people and mass communication with woods, but he cannot expect his customers to interesting ways. Government started 11 knock at his door. He must not only inform regional channels under management of them what he has to offer, but also motivate Prashar Bharti. After commercialization them to buy his products. The marketing private companies are entering in field of manager communicates with his customers satellite channel, main revenue of channels through advertising, personal selling, sales are advertisement in form of sponsorship or promotion activities, packaging and direct advertisement. Gujarat is always branding. He plans and uses these tools in consider as a sound financial and combination for the purpose of market commercial state, so private companies are cultivation. eagerly interested to enter with there satellite Publicity is one of the elements of network in Gujarat, So many channels are in promotional mix. The other components of queue for entering in Gujarat in next years. promotions are advertising, sales promotion, Marketing mix is the marketing manager's and personal selling. Publicity is closely instrument for the attainment of his related to public relations. In public relations objectives. It is composed of four the communication between company and ingredients: (I) the product, (II) product public are managed and the publicity is the pricing, (III) distribution channels, and (IV) management of product or brand related promotional activities. These elements of communications between the firm and the marketing mix constitute the core of the general public. It is primarily an informative marketing system of a firm. A marketing activity and its ultimate goal is to promote manager implements his marketing strategies the company's products, services, or brands. and policies through these instruments, and Publicity can be called as a planned uses them for the achievement of his programme for obtaining favorable press objectives. Major elements of marketing mix coverage regarding company, products and are: (a) product planning and development, services. The techniques used for creating (b) distribution channels and physical publicity are press release, telephone press distribution, (c) promotion, and (d) product conferences, in-studio media tours, multi- pricing. Promotional activities, aimed at

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 component video news releases, newswire the population size (i.e. one from highest stories, and internet releases. population and second from lowest Objectives: population). From selected cities/villages, 1) To study conceptual framework of respondents are selected using simple random sampling. promotion mix as an important elements of marketing mix. Review of Literature: As Lin and Jeffers, (1998) stated that the 2) To study origin, growth, development and working of Gujarati Satellite result seemed to meet the expectation of the research assumptions which ascribe little Channels. demographic difference between cable 3) To study promotion mix practices of television adaptors and non-adaptors, as various Gujarati Satellite Channels with more innovative individuals tend to have reference to publicity stronger need for ( and be earlier adaptors of) 4) To collect and review respondents’ technology products in general. feedback on publicity practices of Lebow (1995) talks about cable television in Gujarati Satellite Channels. the chapter titled ‘Communication via space’ in the book “Information highways and 5) To present over all observations and byways”. It gives brief history of cable suggestions in order to make publicity television or CATV (Community Antenna practices of Gujarati Satellite Channels Television). The writer discusses the more effectives. relationship between satellite and cable Hypotheses: television. He also describes the advantages  There is no significance difference in and uses of cable television. The writer the effectiveness of publicity among explains that further advancement in the various Gujarati Satellite Channels cable network system is expected in near across Gujarat region. future.  There is no significance difference Gentzkow and Shapiro (2004) find that between respondents’ gender and television viewership in the Muslim world their opinion about publicity policy affects attitudes towards the West, and of Gujarati Satellite Channels. DellaVigna and Kaplan (2007) show large effects of the Fox News channel on voting Research Methodology: patterns in the United States. In the The target population of the study was developing world, people watching either of Gujarati Channels, Nafiseh Sedaghat, Maedeh Sedaghat, available in market (i.e. DD Girnar, ETV, Amir Koohkan Moakher (2012) discussed TV9, BIZZ News, Vtv and Sandesh News). on The Impact of Promotional Mix Elements A multistage random sampling technique on Brand Equity American Journal of was used to select sampling units from Scientific Research discussed on Nowadays, Gujarat state. For sampling purpose Gujarat building and accessing to vigorous and state is divided in to five zones (North, influential brand is one the first priorities in South, East, West and Central). To maintain companies as it brings about lots of representation, researcher had tried to take privileges and reputation for them. Branding sample (units) from each zone of Gujarat. is becoming ever more important as firms For the present study, researcher had taken face an increasingly global and competitive 1400 respondents (280 from each zone). marketplace. They remain a tool of Gujarat state was divided in to five zones as differentiation according to the type of mentioned above. From each zone two market and the brand positioning. Brand districts were selected; from selected districts equity refers to the intangible value that two talukas and from selected talukas two accrues to a company as a result of its cities/villages were selected on the basis of successful efforts to establish a strong brand.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015 Creating a successful promotional mix plan that will increase results often takes Table – 1 : Distribution of respondents experimenting and market research.In this according to their gender and zone paper, we study the influence of promotional Gender Zone Centr Nort Sout mix elements on brand equity. al East h h West Total A Comparative Study on Marketing Mix Male 840 Models for Digital Products ? article by 194 152 142 166 186 KanLiang Wang1 Yuan Wang1 JingTao (69.3) (54.3) (50.7) (59.3) (66.4) (60) Female 86 560 Yao. The rise of the Internet and electronic 128 138 114 94 commerce provide a huge market space and (30.7) (45.7) (49.3) (40.7) (33.6) (40) unique transaction process for digital Total 280 280 280 280 280 1400 products. It is significant to discuss whether established marketing models can be revised (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) for digital products. First, the unique features Above table gives distribution of respondents of digital products are systematically according to their gender and zone. There reviewed, and then three typical digital were 840(60%) male and 560(40%) females products, including e-books, anti-virus, and in the study sample. It means that in present online translation services, are analyzed and study, the sex ratio was 60 : 40. compared utilizing three established marketing models, including 4P, 4C, and 4S. We find that these marketing mix models have different suitability for three typical digital products. The intention of this paper is to provide a reference for enterprises in selecting marketing mix model according to product's categories and to provide a marketing strategy tool kit. Analysis of Data: Statistical tests were applied for checking the significance of the particular null hypothesis. H01 : There is no significant association Researcher had applied Chi-square test to between views regarding publicity of check the association between two attributes. various channels and gender of the Fisher’s Exact test was also applied respondents whenever it was needed. At the end of each statistical test, p-vlaues were obtained to get decision regarding probable acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis. Throughout the discussion, the researcher had fixed the level of significance at 0.05 (i.e. 5%). It means that the conclusion of accepting or rejecting null hypothesis was taken on the basis of p-values. If p-value was less than 0.05, researcher had rejected null hypothesis and concluded that there was significant difference between groups. If p- value was more than 0.05, researcher had accepted null hypothesis and the conclusion was drawn that there was no significant difference.

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015

Table – 2: Distribution of respondents according to their gender and views regarding publicity of various channels Publicity DDG ETv TV9 Bizz VTv Sandesh Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Navratri 46 20 373 274 344 243 119 79 30 16 20 14 Garba Event (13.5) (11.8) (74.9) (75.3) (67.2) (70.6) (75.8) (73.1) (37) (30.2) (28.6) (28) Special Fair 59 41 90 62 110 78 15 11 28 21 16 13

(17.4) (24.3) (18.1) (17) (21.5) (22.7) (9.6) (10.2) (34.6) (39.6) (22.9) (26) Other 235 108 35 28 58 23 23 18 23 16 34 23

(69.1) (63.9) (7) (7.7) (11.3) (6.7) (14.6) (16.7) (28.4) (30.2) (48.6) (46) Total 340 169 498 364 512 344 157 108 81 53 70 50

(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) Chi – 3.447 0.260 5.176 0.254 0.697 0.163 Square Fisher’s 0.183 0.878 0.074 0.891 0.734 0.943 Exact

P – Value was doing its publicity in “Navratri Garba About 12% respondents said that DDG was Event”, 24% said it was doing publicity in doing its publicity in “Navratri Garba special fair whereas rest were means that it Event”, 20% said it was doing publicity in was doing publicity in some other ways. To special fair whereas rest were means that it check whether there is any association was doing publicity in some other ways. between views regarding publicity of various About 75% respondents said that ETv was channels and gender of the respondents, doing its publicity in “Navratri Garba Pearson’s Chi – Square test was applied and Event”, 17% said it was doing publicity in Fisher’s Exact p-value was obtained. As the special fair whereas rest were means that it p-value was more than 0.05 for all channels, was doing publicity in some other ways. above null hypothesis was accepted. Hence it About 68% respondents said that TV9 was is concluded that there is no significant doing its publicity in “Navratri Garba association between gender of the Event”, 22% said it was doing publicity in respondents and their views regarding special fair whereas rest were means that it publicity done by selected channels. was doing publicity in some other ways. About 74% respondents said that Bizz was doing its publicity in “Navratri Garba Event”, 10% said it was doing publicity in special fair whereas rest were means that it was doing publicity in some other ways. 37% male and 30.2% female respondents said that VTv was doing its publicity in “Navratri Garba Event”, 34.6% males and 39.6% females said it was doing publicity in special fair whereas rest were means that it was doing publicity in some other ways. About 28% respondents said that Sandesh

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015

Table – 3: Suggestions of respondents regarding publicity of selected channels Suggestion Channels DDG ETv TV9 Bizz VTv Sandesh Social programs 102 164 118 16 15 49

(11.4) (16.09) (10.7) (9.25) (7.25) (16.78) High quality 483 346 121 19 34 70 telecasting (53.97) (33.96) (10.98) (10.98) (16.43) (23.97) Social 91 71 171 25 15 42 responsibility and awareness (10.17) (6.97) (15.5) (14.45) (7.25) (14.38) Health related 113 0 124 24 69 33 programs (12.63) (0.0) (11.23) (13.87) (33.33) (11.3) Other 106 438 569 89 74 98

(11.84) (42.98) (51.59) (51.45) (35.74) (33.57) Total 895 1019 1103 173 207 292

(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) on their views regarding advertisement done Above table gives the suggestions of selected by selected channels (p-value > 0.05). respondents regarding publicity of Gujarati Promotional activity was different in selected channels. Majority of the respondents / Gujarati channels. DDG restricted viewers suggested providing high quality promotional activity upto “Meeting with telecast. Other suggestions are to show Celebrity/Experts” and “Question – Answer” health related programs, social programs whereas other private channels especially (like discussions, serials, etc.) and reality newly launched channels like Vtv, Sandesh shows. use “SMS”, “Personal Invitation in the Finding and Conclusion: programs” and “ direct public relation” as a From 1400 respondents, 400 (28.6%) were promotional activity. from the rural area and rest 1000 (71.4%) Overall there is difference in the were from urban area. The gender ratio in the effectiveness of publicity among various present study was 6:4 (M:F). In present Gujarati Satellite Channels across Gujarat study, out of 1400 respondents, 61% were region. The gender of respondents affect watching D.D.Girnar (DDG), 85.9% Etv, opinion about publicity practices of Gujarati 84.6% TV9, 16.9% Bizz TV, 6.5% Vtv and Satellite Channels are concern. 29.9% Sandesh channel. Publicity of DDG Suggestions: was done at local level, in agricultural  All Gujarati Satellite Channels programs and Govt. programs. In addition to should start some programs regarding local advertisement, Etv, TV9 and Sandesh sports, cartoon, wild life, etc. to channels also done publicity at social improve the publicity and awareness gathering like “Navratri Garba”, “Fun Fare”, regarding their channels. “Feastivals like Diwali &New Year” and  Gujarati Satellite Channels should “Fation shows” at Malls / Multiplexes. Very improve their promotional activities less respondents had seen publicity of Vtv and tried to satisfied customers’ need and Bizz channels in the market. There is no up to the mark. significant role of gender of the respondents

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ManaCom: An International Research Journal of Management and Commerce ISSN 2454-2733 March - 2015  All channels should more emphasis Limitation of the study: The study has its on religious programs, hindi / own importance but the same has to be seen bollywood music and good serials. in the purview of the following limitations  Promotional activities should be  The study considers only few cities / improved by these channels villages from the Gujarat state. especially DDG and Vtv.  The study has been limited to only  All channels should do a market viewers of Gujarati (regional) survey in the form of this study to channel. know the requirement and  There will be possibility of expectations of viewers in better way. occurrence of some subjective They should also take serious steps comments or responses from various towards improvement in places. advertisement, promotion and customer satisfaction. References:  “CTV.ca | Lawsuit targets grey market satellite dealers” (http:/ / www. ctv. ca/ servlet/ ArticleNews/ story/ CTVNews/ 1035231116797_30640316/ /). Ctv.ca. Updated Mon. Oct. 21 2002 8:46 PM ET. . Retrieved 2008-09-06. Accessed July 11, 2011.  Ambler, T. (2003), Marketing and the bottom line, 2nd edition. London, Prentice Hall.  Anderson, Sweeney & Williams. 2011. Statistics for Business and Economics (12th edition). New Delhi, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.  Armstrong, B. (2004) ‘KCTA Presentation’, Paper presented at the 3rd Korea Cable Forum, Seoul, Korea, 15 March 2004.  Bailey, A.A. 2006. ‘A year in the life of the African-American male in advertising’, Journal of Advertising, 35(1): 83–103.

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