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Amerindian Cosmologies and European Prehistoric Cave Art: Reasons for and Usefulness of a Comparison
Arts 2014, 3, 1- 14; doi:10.3390/arts3010001 OPEN ACCESS arts ISSN 2076-0752 www.mdpi.com/journal/arts Article Amerindian Cosmologies and European Prehistoric Cave Art: Reasons for and Usefulness of a Comparison Enrico Comba Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento Culture, Politica e Società, Lungo Dora Siena, 100, Torino 10153, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-011-670-4805. Received: 28 October 2013; in revised form: 2 December 2013 / Accepted: 17 December 2013 / Published: 27 December 2013 Abstract: Several anthropological studies conducted in recent years among different Native American cultures have revealed a series of common features in ontological premises and cosmological frameworks. These features seem to be shared by most of the Native peoples in both North and South America. They include: a system of relationships between humans and non-human beings based on an ontology “of persons” as contrasted to the ontology “of things” typical of the Western attitude towards Nature; a structure of the cosmos made by superposed layers, which express the idea of a reality represented as comprising hidden dimensions and invisible domains; and the key role played by ecstatic practitioners in establishing relationships with and acquiring knowledge from these multiple dimensions of the universe. Here, the idea is suggested that these elements could be profitably utilized to interpret the meaning of Paleolithic cave art, not simply implying a series of typological likenesses, but suggesting the possibility of historic (pre-historic) links. It should be remembered that the main settlement of the Americas occurred in a period (from 30,000–20,000 years B.P.) which is contemporaneous with the creation of the masterworks in the caves of France and Spain. -
Ancient Fennoscandian Genomes Reveal Origin and Spread of Siberian Ancestry in Europe
ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5 OPEN Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe Thiseas C. Lamnidis1, Kerttu Majander1,2,3, Choongwon Jeong1,4, Elina Salmela 1,3, Anna Wessman5, Vyacheslav Moiseyev6, Valery Khartanovich6, Oleg Balanovsky7,8,9, Matthias Ongyerth10, Antje Weihmann10, Antti Sajantila11, Janet Kelso 10, Svante Pääbo10, Päivi Onkamo3,12, Wolfgang Haak1, Johannes Krause 1 & Stephan Schiffels 1 1234567890():,; European population history has been shaped by migrations of people, and their subsequent admixture. Recently, ancient DNA has brought new insights into European migration events linked to the advent of agriculture, and possibly to the spread of Indo-European languages. However, little is known about the ancient population history of north-eastern Europe, in particular about populations speaking Uralic languages, such as Finns and Saami. Here we analyse ancient genomic data from 11 individuals from Finland and north-western Russia. We show that the genetic makeup of northern Europe was shaped by migrations from Siberia that began at least 3500 years ago. This Siberian ancestry was subsequently admixed into many modern populations in the region, particularly into populations speaking Uralic languages today. Additionally, we show that ancestors of modern Saami inhabited a larger territory during the Iron Age, which adds to the historical and linguistic information about the population history of Finland. 1 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. 2 Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany. 3 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PL 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014 Helsinki, Finland. -
Exploring the Concept of Home at Hunter-Gatherer Sites in Upper Paleolithic Europe and Epipaleolithic Southwest Asia
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Homes for hunters?: Exploring the concept of home at hunter-gatherer sites in upper paleolithic Europe and epipaleolithic Southwest Asia Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nt6f73n Journal Current Anthropology, 60(1) ISSN 0011-3204 Authors Maher, LA Conkey, M Publication Date 2019-02-01 DOI 10.1086/701523 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Current Anthropology Volume 60, Number 1, February 2019 91 Homes for Hunters? Exploring the Concept of Home at Hunter-Gatherer Sites in Upper Paleolithic Europe and Epipaleolithic Southwest Asia by Lisa A. Maher and Margaret Conkey In both Southwest Asia and Europe, only a handful of known Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic sites attest to aggregation or gatherings of hunter-gatherer groups, sometimes including evidence of hut structures and highly structured use of space. Interpretation of these structures ranges greatly, from mere ephemeral shelters to places “built” into a landscape with meanings beyond refuge from the elements. One might argue that this ambiguity stems from a largely functional interpretation of shelters that is embodied in the very terminology we use to describe them in comparison to the homes of later farming communities: mobile hunter-gatherers build and occupy huts that can form campsites, whereas sedentary farmers occupy houses or homes that form communities. Here we examine some of the evidence for Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic structures in Europe and Southwest Asia, offering insights into their complex “functions” and examining perceptions of space among hunter-gatherer communities. We do this through examination of two contemporary, yet geographically and culturally distinct, examples: Upper Paleolithic (especially Magdalenian) evidence in Western Europe and the Epipaleolithic record (especially Early and Middle phases) in Southwest Asia. -
Epistemology and Creative Invention
Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology, 3(2005)2, 119–140 EPISTEMOLOGY AND CREATIVE INVENTION CONSTANCE MILBRATH Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco Abstract. This paper describes social and epistemological models foreign to the area of creative psychology and applies them toward an analysis of a uniquely creative moment in prehistory, the origin of cave painting. The models presented have been used to study creative discovery in the history of science and in the thought of developing children. Kuhn’s model of scientific change as “revolution” ushered in by scientific crisis is used to understand the socio-cultural context in which the cultural revolution peculiar to Homo sapiens in Paleolithic Europe occurred. Piaget’s model of cognitive development is used to understand the cognitions that created the unparalleled images observed in the earliest known cave paintings and developed the manifest artistic practices. Although it is proposed that crisis kindled a social disruption which fostered the cultural transfor- mation, the cognitive instruments, mechanisms, and processes humans use to construct knowledge are assumed to have operated uninterrupted and much as they do in present day humans. This assumption of functional continuity allowed exploration of the cognitive tools and generative processes evident in the cave images that Homo sapiens used to invent and evolve the domain we now call art. The application of these two models to what is known about the social context of the Upper Paleolithic period in which cave painting first emerged and to the cave paintings themselves is taken as a step toward a deeper contemplation of the question of how creative innovations in human thought develop. -
Történelem, Régió, Politika : Tanulmányok Lőrinczné Bencze Edit
TÖRTÉNELEM RÉGIÓ POLITIKA történelem főnév ..elmet, ..elme 1. Az emberiség, vmely nép, nemzet, ország ennél nagyobb közösség életében történt fontosabb események egymást követő sorozata. régió főnév -t, -ja (régies írva: regio is) (főleg többes számban, birtokos viszonyban) (választékos) 1. Vidék, tájék, terület. Az ország nyugati régiói; távoli régiók. Rádiód | bezengi a régiót. (Babits Mihály) || a. (átvitt értelemben) A földöntúli regiók képeivel vannak tele szobájának a falai. (Jókai Mór) politika főnév ..kát, ..kája (rendsz. egyes számban) 1. (politika) Az államvezetés és kormányzás egészében v. egy-egy ágazatában, az ország belső életének irányításában és a nemzetközi kapcsolatokban követett, osztályérdekektől meghatározott alapelvek összessége és a megvalósításukra irányuló társadalmi tevékenység. TANULMÁNYOK LŐRINCZNÉ BENCZE EDIT SZÜLETÉSNAPJÁRA TÖRTÉNELEM, RÉGIÓ, POLITIKA Tanulmányok Lőrinczné Bencze Edit születésnapjára Kodolányi János Egyetem – Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány, 2020 A kötet kiadását a Kodolányi János Egyetem és az Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány támogatta. A kötet szerkesztői: Koudela Pál Simándi Irén © Kodolányi János Egyetem – Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány, 2020 © Szerzők, 2020 Felelős kiadó: Szabó Péter Ottó ISBN (pdf) 978-615-5075-56-8 Fotó: Virágh Ildikó Korrektor: Mezei Mónika Borító: Hervai Laura Tipográfia: Bessenyei János Nyomdai kivitelezés: Quadrat ´64 TARTALOM Lőrinczné Bencze Edit szakmai életrajza __________________________ 5 KÖSZÖNTŐ, INTERJÚ ____________________________________ 11 Hervainé -
Conceptual Blending, Metaphors, and the Construction Of
Conceptual Blending, Metaphors, and the Construction of Meaning in Ice Age Europe: An Inquiry Into the Viability of Applying Theories of Cognitive Science to Human History in Deep Time By Timothy Michael Gill A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Margaret Conkey, Chair Professor Rosemary Joyce Professor Kent Lightfoot Professor Eve Sweetser Fall 2010 Copyright Timothy Michael Gill, 2010 All rights reserved Abstract Conceptual Blending, Metaphors, and the Construction of Meaning in Ice Age Europe: An Inquiry Into the Viability of Applying Theories of Cognitive Science to Human History in Deep Time by Timothy Michael Gill Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology University of California, Berkeley Professor Margaret Conkey, Chair Although the peoples of Ice Age Europe undoubtedly considered the drawings, engravings and other imagery created during that long period of prehistory to be deeply meaningful, it is difficult for people today to discern with any degree of accuracy or reliability what those meanings may have been. Grand theories of meaning have been proposed, criticized, and in some cases rejected. The development over the last few decades of modern cognitive science presents us with another angle of approach to this difficult problem. In this dissertation I review two related cognitive science theories, Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Integration -
The Role of Nutrition and Genetics As Key Determinants of the Positive
Economics and Human Biology 15 (2014) 81–100 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Economics and Human Biology jo urnal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ehb The role of nutrition and genetics as key determinants of the positive height trend P. Grasgruber *, J. Cacek, T. Kalina, M. Sebera Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The aim of this study was to identify the most important variables determining current Received 4 November 2013 differences in physical stature in Europe and some of its overseas offshoots such as Received in revised form 22 July 2014 Australia, New Zealand and USA. We collected data on the height of young men from 45 Accepted 26 July 2014 countries and compared them with long-term averages of food consumption from the Available online 7 August 2014 FAOSTAT database, various development indicators compiled by the World Bank and the CIA World Factbook, and frequencies of several genetic markers. Our analysis Keywords: demonstrates that the most important factor explaining current differences in stature Male height Nutrition among nations of European origin is the level of nutrition, especially the ratio between the Genetics intake of high-quality proteins from milk products, pork meat and fish, and low-quality GDP per capita proteins from wheat. Possible genetic factors such as the distribution of Y haplogroup Europe I-M170, combined frequencies of Y haplogroups I-M170 and R1b-U106, or the phenotypic distribution of lactose tolerance emerge as comparably important, but the available data are more limited. -
Inferring Population Histories for Ancient Genomes Using
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.17.431573; this version posted February 17, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Inferring population histories for ancient genomes 2 using genome-wide genealogies 3 Leo Speidel1,2, Lara Cassidy3, Robert W. Davies4, 4 Garrett Hellenthal2, Pontus Skoglund1, Simon R. Myers4,5 5 6 1Francis Crick Institute, London, UK 7 2Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK 8 3Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland 9 4Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 10 5Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 11 12 Abstract 13 Ancient genomes anchor genealogies in directly observed historical genetic variation, and contextualise 14 ancestral lineages with archaeological insights into their geography and lifestyles. We introduce an extension 15 of the Relate algorithm to incorporate ancient genomes and reconstruct the joint genealogies of 14 previously 16 published high-coverage ancients and 278 present-day individuals of the Simons Genome Diversity Project. 17 As the majority of ancient genomes are of lower coverage and cannot be directly built into genealogies, we 18 additionally present a fast and scalable method, Colate, for inferring coalescence rates between low-coverage 19 genomes without requiring phasing or imputation. Our method leverages sharing patterns of mutations dated 20 using a genealogy to construct a likelihood, which is maximised using an expectation-maximisation algorithm. -
AP Art History Summer Assignment: Due First Day of Class, Fall 2019
AP Art History Summer Assignment: due first day of class, Fall 2019 Research content information for Unit 1: Global Prehistory artworks from the 250 Canon set of images. Complete the following pages by providing a drawing of each artwork and listing the form, function, content and context for each image. Be prepared for a slide identification quiz of the 16 artworks on the first day of class. CONTENT AREA 1: Global Prehistory 30,000-500 BCE. Humankind believed to have originated from Africa 1. Waterworn pebble resembling a human face. Makapansgat, South Africa, ca. 3,000,000 BCE. Reddish-brown jasperite, 2 3/8” wide. Australopithecus (believed to be a predecessor of modern humans who lived 3 mil yrs ago) PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (Greek – paleo = old; lithos = stone) Old Stone Age – Mankind began to go beyond just the recognition of human and animal forms and started the representation of them 2. *Apollo 11 stones. Namibia. c. 25,500–25,300 BCE. Charcoal on stone. 4 ½” x 5”. (1) 3. Venus of Willendorf. Willendorf, Austria, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE. Limestone, 4 ¼” high. 4. Woman holding a bison horn. Laussel, France, ca. 25,000-20,000 BCE. Painted limestone, 1’6” high. Relief Sculpture 5. *Great Hall of the Bulls. Lascaux, France. Paleolithic Europe. 15,000-13,000 BCE. Rock painting. 6. *Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine. Tequixquiac, central Mexico. 14,000–7000 BCE. Bone. NEOLITHIC PERIOD New Stone Age – Marked by stride toward controlling their environment, settling in fixed houses, domesticating plants and animals 7. Human Skull with restored features. -
Thank Goddess!
Academic OneFile Print Page 1 of 5 The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image. Paula Fredriksen. National Review v45.n4 (March 1, 1993): pp54(3). Full Text:COPYRIGHT 1993 National Review, Inc. The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image, by Anne Baring and Jules Cashford (Viking, 779 pp., $40) GOD THE FATHER, the Lord Jesus Christ--these masculine images for the divine have dominated traditional Western religions as men (rabbis, priests, bishops, preachers) have controlled their hierarchies. Does correlation imply cause? Would women's religious experience be different if God were "feminized"? Was it different, when ancient societies worshipped female as well as male gods? In Her Share of the Blessings, Ross Kraemer grapples with these questions as an historian of religions. Concentrating on Mediterranean societies from the late classical period to the end of the Roman Empire in the West (roughly 400 B.C. to 400 A.D.), she sets herself two tasks: accurate description and explanatory analysis. The descriptive project is well realized. Professor Kraemer surveys the ancient evidence--literary, epigraphical, archaeological--and wrings from it some lively reconstructions of cultic activity, progressing chronologically from Greek festivals, to Roman urban observances, through Jewish practices (within Israel and without), to, finally, the varieties of Christian ones. (My favorite was the Eleusian haloa, a mid-winter female festival behind closed doors involving dirty jokes, raucous laughter, shouted obscenities, and genitalia-shaped pastries. The men sat outside, getting some of the pastries and none, one assumes, of the jokes.) Professor Kraemer's speculations on what women might have felt or experienced while enacting these rites are models of historical caution. -
Human Population Dynamics in Europe Over the Last Glacial Maximum
Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum Miikka Tallavaaraa,1, Miska Luotob, Natalia Korhonenc,d, Heikki Järvinend, and Heikki Seppäb aDepartment of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; bDepartment of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; cClimate Change Research Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland; and dDepartment of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Edited by Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France, and accepted by the Editorial Board May 21, 2015 (received for review February 25, 2015) The severe cooling and the expansion of the ice sheets during the changes in effective population size that does not have a straight- Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 27,000–19,000 y ago (27–19 ky ago) had forward relationship with the actual census population size (16). a major impact on plant and animal populations, including humans. Together with poor resolution, this makes it extremely difficult to Changes in human population size and range have affected our ge- meaningfully compare DNA-based population reconstructions with netic evolution, and recent modeling efforts have reaffirmed the im- the records of cultural or environmental changes. portance of population dynamics in cultural and linguistic evolution, Here, we take a different approach and model human pop- as well. However, in the absence of historical records, estimating past ulation size and range dynamics in the last glacial Europe in- population levels has remained difficult. Here we show that it is dependently of archaeological and genetic data. -
Population Concepts and the European Upper Paleolithic Chronocultural Framework Natasha Reynolds
Threading the weft, testing the warp: population concepts and the European Upper Paleolithic chronocultural framework Natasha Reynolds To cite this version: Natasha Reynolds. Threading the weft, testing the warp: population concepts and the European Upper Paleolithic chronocultural framework. 2020. hal-02463093 HAL Id: hal-02463093 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02463093 Preprint submitted on 31 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Manuscript version of: Reynolds, N. (in press). Threading the weft, testing the warp: population concepts and the European Upper Paleolithic chronocultural framework. In: H.S. Groucutt (Ed.), Culture History and Convergent Evolution: Can we Detect Populations in Prehistory? Springer, Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7BU95 Threading the weft, testing the warp: population concepts and the European Upper Paleolithic chronocultural framework Natasha Reynolds [email protected] UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment B2, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 PESSAC CEDEX, France. Abstract: Interpretations of the European Upper Paleolithic archaeological record have long relied on concepts of past populations. In particular, cultural taxonomic units – which are used as a framework for describing the archaeological record – are commonly equated with past populations.