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Safety of Transport and Disposal for Explosive Ordnance in Ports, Roadsteads and at Open Sea

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Safety of Transport and Disposal for Explosive Ordnance in Ports, Roadsteads and at Open Sea the International Journal Volume 11 on Marine Navigation Number 2 http://www.transnav.eu and Safety of Sea Transportation June 2017 DOI: 10.12716/1001.11.02.21 Safety of Transport and Disposal for Explosive Ordnance in Ports, Roadsteads and at Open Sea A. Cichocki & M. Chmieliński Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland ABSTRACT: In the article principles, pertaining to the safety of transport for explosives and unexploded ordnance of military origin and procedures that guarantee maximal effectiveness of the process of their neutralization, are presented. Since the end of the 2nd World War operations of neutralizing unexploded ordnance (UXO) of that era that still lie in ports, roadsteads and coastal areas are continuously conducted. During that war the Polish coast was one of the major battlegrounds and till now unexploded ordnance are found either on the sea bed or along the coast. Various analyses state that searching the sea and the coastline for unexploded ordnance is a task still to be carried out in the foreseeable future. 1 INTRODUCTION exposure to changing meteorological conditions, they are considered unpredictable. Various factors, such as During the Second World War the Polish coast was movement, high temperature, physical contact with one of major battlegrounds. To this day various another object or attempts of transporting them, may unexploded ordnance (UXO) is found either in sea or cause they sudden explosion. For this reason, under along the coast. In result of the war, the territory of no circumstances should they be approached by any Poland was left replete with great amount of person, which has not been properly trained and thus unexploded ordnance. Dozens of millions of such does not possess the required qualifications and ordnance were found and neutralized after the war, equipment. but almost entire territory of the country needed to be To ensure appropriate execution of the task of thoroughly searched in order to localize devices that cleansing the country’s territory of aforementioned could potentially endanger human lives. More than remnants, 39 Demining Patrols (DP) in the whole 70 years after the end of the war, operations aimed at Polish Armed Forces and 2 Explosive Ordnance neutralizing underwater unexploded ordnance Disposal Divers Groups (EOD DG) specifically in the (UUXO) lying on the seabed, roadsteads, and ports or Polish Navy, have been created. Among them we along the coastline are still conducted. The remnants distinguish: of the war are still a cause of accidents that threaten in the Land Forces‐ 35 x DP lives or health of the citizens and human activity on in the Navy‐ 2 x DP and 2 x CDG sea. in the Air Forces‐ 2 x DP Many of such devices are unexploded ordnance of The Navy patrols are responsible for areas of sea large calibers or sizes such as artillery shells, mines, beaches, the Hel Peninsula, naval ports, the Navy’s bombs, torpedoes, rockets or grenades. Due to a long airports and other areas where the Navy’s units are 363 stationed. The CDG’s are responsible for sea areas danger of encountering explosive devices in that area allocated to the 3rd Ships Flotilla and the 8th Coastal rises multiple times. Especially dangerous are the Defense Flotilla, as well as neutralizing UXO’s in sea places which were used as ammunition magazines or areas where, due to the depth, land patrols cannot dangerous military objects disposal grounds, shortly operate. after the war. The Air Force patrols only operate on the Air Force The burial depth on which explosive devices may proving grounds in Nadarzyce and Ustka. The size of lie depends on their caliber, composition of ground the assigned region corresponds to the amount of and various other factors. On average, we could interventions usually conducted in it. On average, up assume that 75 mm caliber shells lie up to 1,0 meter, to 4 patrols can be located in one voivodship. 105 mm caliber shells ‐ 1,2‐1,4 meters and 155 mm caliber shells up to 1,6 meters below the ground. Bombs penetrate the ground to the depth of 1,0 ÷ 2 UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE 6,0 m ‐ depending on their mass and size. Leftover CHARACTERISTICS ammunition, anti‐tank and anti‐infantry mines are most frequently found in layers of humus at 0,3 m. Some kinds of soils are much more susceptible to As explosive ordnance we define any devices of penetration by bombs and projectiles [8]. Research military origin, that could pose a threat if handled conducted by Polish sappers indicates that 90‐95% of improperly, such as bombs, shells, wide array of the unexploded ordnance found, are the remnants of mines, projectiles, rocket‐propelled grenades, the Second World War, the remaining 5‐10% are grenades, fuses or other metallic scrap that could either remains of the First World War or were utilized contain explosive materials remnants [3]. for training purposes after the World War II. Dangerous ordnance are various other devices (of After the war was over, it was estimated, that the military, industrial or other origin) that have territory of Poland could still contain the following inflammable, toxic, or corrosive properties and pose a number of unexploded ordnance: threat when mishandled or when in contact with air 1 up to 15 million anti‐tank or anti‐infantry mines; or high temperature. The definition contains for 2 up to 70 million unexploded projectiles, bombs, example flammable liquids, contents of fire armor‐piercing shells; extinguishers, steel bottles, or substances stored and 3 the size of the area that needed clearance was used in laboratories. estimated to be around 220 000‐250 000 square Explosive ordnance of military origin that lay in kilometers – which constitutes about 70‐80% of the the ground can be divided into: entire Polish territory. unexploded ordnance – bombs and projectiles that These analyzes proved to be underestimated, since did not explode after making contact with earth; from 1945 to 1994 sapper patrols neutralized 94,1 duds – projectiles that, due to their faulty design, million mines and unexploded ordnance of other failed to fire on command; sorts [10]. artillery shells and bombs left unattended after cessation of hostilities; Unexploded ordnance is an explosive device in anti‐personnel and anti‐tank mines; which, despite proper conditions created in order to remnants of post‐ war operations aimed at ensure detonation, potential chemical energy of the destroying artillery shells; material was not transformed into chemical underwater unexploded ordnance and energy [8]. ammunition left on seabeds (sea mines, torpedoes, Unexploded ordnance in general‐ projectile, depth charges, artillery shells, rockets). grenade or bomb‐ in which, despite proper conditions Operations concerning neutralizing unexploded created in order to ensure detonation (hitting an ordnance are regulated by the Polish Military obstacle, armed fuse) the potential chemical energy of Standard ‐ Detecting, demining and mine clearance the material was not converted into mechanical operations, on the basis of which internal documents, energy (due to chemical transformations in the that regulate Polish Armed Force’s operations material or faulty mechanisms). pertaining to neutralizing explosives and dangerous A dud is ammunition that failed to fire due to devices, are created [6]. technical defects or was left behind or lost on a The number of leftovers of military origin is battlefield [7]. A dud is a projectile that was not fired proportional to the number of ammunition fired and due to the weapon jamming (too short or badly bombs dropped down on the particular area, which positioned striker, weak striker spring, bullet pressed number relies on: too deep into the chamber) or ammunition defects the duration and intensity of fights conducted in (igniter or primer pressed too deep, damaged ignition the given area; mass in either the igniter or the primer, wet the nature of conducted fights (pursuit fights, gunpowder etc.). Immediate recognition of such sieges); occurrence is difficult and therefore high level of the number of equipment available at the disposal caution should be taken when dealing with such case. of the fighting sides; The dud should be disposed of carefully, not the number of defensive fortifications (shelters, earlier than 3 minutes after the attempt of firing (hang bunkers, trenches, minefields). fire possibility). If the region had been actively used as a proving ground before fighting occurred (or after it), the 364 3 MINE PATROLS TASK CHARACTERISTICS The EOD divers and sappers of the Polish Navy, as well as the crews of the specialized minehunters To ensure appropriate execution of the task of and minesweepers vessels, take part in a couple cleansing the country’s territory of aforementioned hundred interventions annually. They operate mainly remnants, 39 Demining Patrols (DP) in the Polish on the sea areas stretching as far as to the border of Armed Forces (26 in the Land Forces, 9 in the the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone [15], but also Inspectorate for Armed Forces Support, 2 in the Air along the Polish coast [16] and in the inland waters of Force, and 2 EOD divers group in the Navy) have various Polish regions. been created. The way they are located ensures that the entire territory of Poland is covered. In the Navy two units, specialized in mine clearance operations, were created – the 43rd Sapper Battalion (assigned to the 3rd Ship Flotilla) stationed in Rozewie, and the 8th Sapper Battalion (assigned to the 8th Coastal Defense Flotilla) stationed in Dziwnów. In each flotilla, EOD Diving Groups was established, tasked with neutralizing explosive ordnance, often found in rivers and lakes and in the seabed in the area of the Polish littoral zone. The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore and includes the shoreline and adjacent sea and land areas, where bilateral influences between these environments can be observed.
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