Department of Education Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Education
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AN ANALYSIS OF SUPERVISORY SYSTEM FOR GOVERNMENT BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOLS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN Submitted by FAHIM JAN Registration No. SU-13-01-064-020 In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION Supervised by Prof. Dr. Mohammad Iqbal PhD (Educational Administration) U.S.A. Department of Education Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Education Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar-Pakistan Spring-2019 Author’s Declaration I, Fahim Jan hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “An Analysis of Supervisory System for Government Boy’s High Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar or anywhere else in country/world. At any time, if my statement is found to be incorrect even, after I Graduate, the University has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Fahim Jan Dated: 12/03/2019 ii Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “An Analysis of Supervisory System for Government Boy’s High Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/held wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore, I, as an Author of the above titled thesis, declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the right to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University have the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized theses. Fahim Jan iii Certificate of Approval This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, under title “An Analysis of Supervisory System for Government Boy’s High Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” was conducted by Mr. Fahim Jan under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohammad Iqbal, Director Higher Studies (SUIT). No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree. This thesis is submitted to the Department of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education. Department of Education University of Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar Fahim Jan Signature & Date Examination Committee 1. External Examiner 1: Signature & Date Prof. Dr. Arshad Ali IER, University of Peshawar 2. External Examiner 2: Signature & Date Dr. Niaz Muhammad Aajiz Assistant Professor of Education Islamia College University, Peshawar 3. Internal Examiner: Signature & Date Dr. Wasal Khan Associate Professor of Education Sarhad University of Science and IT, Peshawar Supervisor: Signature & Date Prof. Dr. Mohammad Iqbal Director Higher Studies and In-Charge M.Phil/PhD Education Program Dean/HoD Signature & Date iv DEDICATION The researcher dedicates this work to Ashab-e- Suffah, the companions of the Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (P.B.U.H), who conveyed the message of knowledge, peace and brotherhood to the world. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Almighty Allah is the fountain of all knowledge and He alone enables a person to acquire knowledge and contribute to existing treasure of research. Therefore He deserves praises for all humen achievements. Thereafter, the researcher is indebted to his research advisor, Prof. Dr. Mohammad Iqbal, who kept an eye on all details of the research and spared no effort to refine the report. Professor Dr. Qamaruz Zaman, Chairman, Department of Statistics, Peshawar University also deserves thanks for the validity of the tools and better outcomes of the study with the help of statistical measures. The researcher also places on record his gratitude to all his frinds and members of his family for their encourgment and support. Fahim Jan vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ACR Annual Confidential Report ADEO Assistant District Officer AEO Assistant Education Officer ASDEO Assistant Sub Divisional Education Officer A.V. Aids Audio-Visual Aids BA Bachelor of Arts B.Ed Bachelor of Education BPS Basic Pay Scale CT Certificate in Teaching D.A Daily Allowance DCMAs Data Collection and Monitoring Assistants D.C.T.E Directorate of Curriculum and Training DEO District Education Officer Dy,DEO Deputy District Education Officer E & SE Elementary & Secondary Education EDEO Executive District Education Officer F.A Faculty of Arts F.Sc Faculty of Science G.H.S Government High School GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fur International zusammenarbeit H.M Head Master H.M.I Her Majesty Inspectors IER Institute of Education and Research IMU Independent Monitoring Unit KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LC Learning Coordinator M.A Master of Arts M.Ed. Master of Education MOU Memorandum of understanding MPA Member of Provincial Assembly NEP National Education Policy NGO Non-Government Organization NORAD Norwegian agency for Development and corporation NPM New Public Management NTS National Testing Services OECD Organization for Economic Corporation & Development OESTED Office for standards in Education PET Physical Education Teacher P.I.T.E Provincial Institute of Teachers Education R.I.T.E Regional Institute of Teachers Education SB-CPD School- Based continuing Professional Development SDEO Sub divisional Education Officer SPSS Statistical Program for Social Science T.A Travelling Allowance USAID United States Agency for International Development vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preliminary Section Page No. Title page ………………………………………………..……………i Author’s Declaration …………………………………………………………….ii Plagiarism Undertaking ……………………………………………………….....iii Certificate of Approval ……………………………………………………..iv Dedication …………………………………………………………......v Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………..............vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ……………………………………………..vii Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………..viii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………….xiii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………xvii Abstract ………………………………………………………………….......xviii CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1-13 1.1 Background of the Study ………………………………………………1 1.2 Supervision ………………………………………………………………..3 1.3 Importance of Supervision ………………………… ………………………3 1.4 Supervisory Structure of Secondary Schools ………………………………7 1.5 Rational of the Study ……………………………………………………….11 1.6 Problem Statement …………………………………………………………11 1.7 The Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………..11 1.8 Research Questions ………………………………………………………...12 1.9 Delimitation of the Study…………………………………………………...12 viii 1.10 Limitations of the Study ……………………………………………………12 1.11 Significance of the Research ……………………………………………….12 CHAPTER-2 LITRATURE REVIEW 14-46 2.1 Concepts of Supervision ………………………………………………...14 2.2 Modern Democratic Supervision …………………………………………..14 2.3 Personnel Responsible for School Supervision …………………………….16 2.4 Models of Supervision………………………………………………………16 2.4.1 Classical Supervision Model………………………………………..17 2.4.2 Democracy in Supervision………………………………………….17 2.4.3 Scientific Supervision……………………………………………….18 2.4.4 Supervision as Leadership………..…………………………………18 2.4.5 Clinical Supervision…….…………………………………………..19 2.4.6 Developmental Supervision………..……………………………….21 2.4.7 Model of Differentiated Supervision………………………….…...21 2.4.8 Collegial Supervision………………………………………….…....22 2.4.9 Central Control Model……………………...………………………22 2.4.10 Close to School Support Model………………….....………………24 2.4.11 School-Site Supervision Model…………………...………………. 26 2.5 Feed Back…………………………………………………………………..29 2.5.1 Directive Styles ………………………………………………..….. 30 2.5.2 Collaborative Feedback……………...……………………………. 31 2.5.2.1 Presenting……...…………………………………………. .31 ix 2.5.2.2 Clarifying……………...…………………………………… 31 2.5.2.3 Listening…………………………………………….…….. 31 2.5.2.4 Problem Solving…………………………….…………….. 31 2.5.2.5 Negotiating…………………………….………………….. 31 2.5.3 Non-Directive Approach………..……………………………….. 32 2.6 Supervisor’s Characteristic and Supervisory Practices…………………………32 2.7 Listening………………………………………………………………………...33 2.8 Praise……………………………………………………………………………33 2.9 Planning for lesson Observation………………………………………………...34 2.10 Observing Lessons……………………………………………………………..34 2.11 Trust and Respect………………………………………………………………34 2.12 Promoting Collaboration and Collegiality……………………………………..35 2.13 Supervisors’ Support…………………………………………………………...36 2.14 Informal Visits…………………………………………………………………37 2.15 Supervisor and School Plan……………………………………………………37 2.16 School Leadership……………………………………………………………..38 2.17 School Culture…………………………………………………………………39 2.18 Cluster System…………………………………………………………………39 2.19 Learning Coordinators…………………………………………………………40 2.19.1 Causes of Failure of Learning Coordinators …………………………..41 2.20 Mentoring Program……………………………………………………………42 2.20.1 Causes of Failure of Mentoring………………………………………..42 2.21 Supervisory Program……………………………………………….…………42 x 2.22 Brief Synthesis of Literature Review…………………………………………45 CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 47-51 3.1 Type of the Study………………………………………………………………..47 3.2 Population of the Study………………………………………………………….47 3.3 Sample of the Study………………… …………………………………….. 47 3.4 Data Collection Instruments………………………………………………….… 48 3.5 Sources of Data Collection………………………………………………………49