DOCSLIB.ORG

Metal Complexes with Tripodal and Chelating Thiourea Ligands Towards Nuclear Medical Imaging

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Metal Complexes with Tripodal and Chelating Thiourea Ligands Towards Nuclear Medical Imaging Metal Complexes with Tripodal and Chelating Thiourea Ligands towards Nuclear Medical Imaging Inaugural-Dissertation to obtain the academic degree Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) submitted to the Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy of Freie Universität Berlin by Anna Charlott Grunwald Berlin, December 2020 ii This thesis was done in the period between April 2017 and December 2020 in the research group of Prof. Dr. Ulrich Abram at the Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Hereby, I confirm that I wrote the thesis independently. It was independently done without the help of other sources than the ones cited and acknowledged and it was not submitted to any prior doctoral procedure. 1. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Abram 2. Supervisor: Dr. Leif Schröder Date of defence: 31.03.2021 iii iv Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my doctoral supervisor Prof. Dr. Ulrich Abram for his great support during the development of my research projects. He gave me his valuable advice on many occasions and therefore, I am deeply grateful. My special thanks go to Dr. Leif Schröder for the willingness to be the second reviewer of my thesis. I very appreciate the great patience of Dr. Adelheid Hagenbach for the measurement and refinement of my crystals and her steady helpfulness throughout these years. I am particularly grateful for the friendly assistance of Prof. Dr. Roger Alberto and Dr. Henrik Braband who hosted me during my stays at the University of Zurich and who gave me scientific advices for the research with 99mTc. I would like to show my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Winfried Brenner and Dr. Nicola Beindorff from the Charité Berlin who gave me the chance to realise in vivo experiments. A special thanks goes to Dr. Sarah Spreckelmeyer for her support during the whole extensive preparations and all her effort she put in this project. Matthias Balzer and Fabian Schmitz-Peiffer, I thank you for the implementation of the experiments. Dr. Dorian Mikolajczak is thanked for introducing me into the interesting field of peptide chemistry on a resin. The synthesis of the small bioconjugate has been made possible with your support. I also want to thank Dr. Lukas Greifenstein for the synthesis of the bisphosphonate bioconjugate and Dipl. Ing. Chem. Stephan Maus for the help with the 99mTc reactions at the Universitätsklinikum Mainz. I appreciate the very warmly welcome of Prof. Ernesto Schulz-Lang from the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. For me, this research stay in Brasil was a genuinely nice experience. I thank Dr. Camila Nunes Cechin for hosting me during this time and her friendship. I won´t forget you, don´t worry. I thank the former and current group members of the AG Abram for the amazing time. You helped me a lot in the lab, with technical problems and answering all my questions concerning chemistry. It has been a cooperative and friendly working atmosphere. I thank my students Alexandra Tsouka, Selina Heß, Yifu Wang and Sinem Özcirpan for their interest and support to my research. This work could not have been possible without the financial support of the Graduate School “BIOQIC”. Finally, I really appreciate the everlasting support of my family and friends. You give me the needed power of endurance, happiness and love to my life. v vi Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Recent Development of Radioactive Tracers in Nuclear Medicine ......................................... 1 1.2 Multidentate Ligands used for the Designing of new Tracers ................................................ 3 2 Metal Complexes with the “Kläui Ligand” NaLOMe ........................................................................... 5 2.1 Technetium Complexes ........................................................................................................... 5 I OMe 2.1.1 [Tc (NO)Cl(PPh3)(L )] .................................................................................................... 6 II OMe 2.1.2 [Tc (NO)Cl2(L )] ............................................................................................................ 7 III OMe 2.1.3 [Tc Cl2(PPh3)(L )].......................................................................................................... 8 IV OMe 2.1.4 [Tc Cl3(L )] ................................................................................................................... 9 V OMe V OMe 2.1.5 [Tc OCl2(L )] and [Tc NCl(PPh3)(L )] ....................................................................... 10 VI OMe 2.1.6 [Tc NCl2(L )] ............................................................................................................... 12 VII OMe V OMe 2.1.7 [Tc O3(L )] and [Tc O(glycolate)(L )] ..................................................................... 14 2.1.8 Summary of the Tc Chemistry with the “Kläui-type” Ligands ....................................... 16 2.2 Rhenium Complexes .............................................................................................................. 18 I OMe 2.2.1 [Re (CO)3(L )] .............................................................................................................. 18 V OMe 2.2.2 [Re OCl2(L )] ............................................................................................................... 19 V OMe 2.2.3 [Re NCl(PPh3)(L )] ...................................................................................................... 21 VI OMe 2.2.4 [Re NCl2(L )] .............................................................................................................. 23 VII OMe 2.2.5 [Re O3(L )]................................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Gallium, Indium and Lutetium Complexes ............................................................................ 25 2.4 Synthesis of a “Kläui Ligand” with an Ester Group ................................................................ 29 1EtEt 3 Synthesis and Reactions with the Pentadentate Thiourea Ligand H3L .................................... 31 1EtEt 3.1 Synthesis of H3L ................................................................................................................ 31 1EtEt 3.2 Synthesis of Re(V) and Tc(V) Oxido Complexes with H3L ................................................. 32 1EtEt 3.3 Synthesis of Re(V) Phenylimido Complexes with H3L ...................................................... 33 4 Potentially Tetradentate Thiourea Ligands for Bioconjugation .................................................... 37 2RR’ 4.1 Synthesis of the “C-Terminus Ligands” KH3L .................................................................... 37 vii 4.2 Synthesis of Re(V) Oxido Complexes with {HL2RR’}3- Ligands ................................................. 39 4.3 Synthesis of 99mTc(V) Oxido Complexes with {HL2EtEt}3- and {HL2MePh}3- Ligands ..................... 42 EtEt MePh 4.4 Synthesis of the Potential Prostate Tracers H3P and H3P ............................................ 44 99m EtEt MePh 4.5 Synthesis of Re(V) and Tc(V) Oxido Complexes with H3P and H3P ......................... 46 4.6 In Vivo Experiments with [99mTcO(PEtEt)] ................................................................................ 47 3EtEt 4.7 Synthesis of the “N-Terminus Ligand” H3L ....................................................................... 50 99m 3EtEt 4.8 Synthesis of Re(V) and Tc(V) Oxido Complexes with H3L ............................................ 51 4.9 Synthesis of a 99mTc(V) Oxido Complex with a “Bisphosphonate Ligand” ............................. 52 5 Experimental Section ..................................................................................................................... 55 5.1 Analytical Methods ................................................................................................................ 55 5.2 In Vivo Experiments ............................................................................................................... 58 5.3 Starting Materials .................................................................................................................. 58 5.4 Radiation Precautions ........................................................................................................... 58 5.5 Metal Complexes with the “Kläui Ligand” NaLOMe ................................................................. 59 5.6 Synthesis of an Ester-substituted “Kläui Ligand“ .................................................................. 68 1EtEt 5.7 Synthesis and Reactions of H3L ........................................................................................ 70 2RR’ 5.8 Synthesis and Reactions of the “C-Terminus” KH3L Ligands ............................................. 75 EtEt MePh 5.9 Synthesis and Reactions of H3P and H3P ..................................................................... 79 3EtEt 5.10 Synthesis and Reactions of the “N-Terminus Ligand” H3L ............................................... 82 6 Summary, Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... 87 7 References ..................................................................................................................................... 97 8 Crystallographic Appendix ..........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determination of Thiamazole in Tablet Formulation by Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method
    4th International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Engineering and Natural Sciences SETSCI Conference November 22-24, 2019, Samsun, Turkey Proceedings https://doi.org/10.36287/setsci.4.6.146 4 (6), 512-515, 2019 2687-5527/ © 2019 The Authors. Published by SETSCI Determination of Thiamazole in Tablet Formulation by Using Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method Kader Poturcu1+, Ebru Çubuk Demiralay1* 1Arts & Science Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey *Corresponding author: [email protected] +Speaker: [email protected] Presentation/Paper Type: Oral / Full Paper Abstract – In this study, the amount of thiamazole (methimazole) in pharmaceutical tablet formulation was determined by using reversed phase liquid chromatography method (RPLC). Chromatographic separation was carried out by using YMC Triart C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3μm, YMC, USA) column. 5% (v/v) acetonitrile-water binary mixture at pH 9.5 was used as a mobile phase. Metronidazole was chosen as an internal standard. Flow rate was 0.8 ml/min and column temperature was 25 °C in chromatographic separation. The studied wavelengths for thiamazole and metronidazole are 260 and 340 nm, respectively. This proposed method was suitably validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The calibration graph of thiamazole was linear from 4 ppm to 14 ppm. The recovery of the 5 mg thiamazole containing commercial tablet (Thyromazol) was 100.059%. The proposed RPLC method was successfully applied to the determination of thiamazole in commercial tablet formulation. Keywords –Thiamazole, tablet formulation, RPLC method, method validation, recovery. I. INTRODUCTION In the last years thiamazole became also a fashioned model substance for endocrine disruption (thyroid axis) studies thus During the last decades, there has been increasing evidence inhibits the production of the thyroid hormones.
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Dissolution in Acid Thiourea-Thiocyanate Solutions Using Ferric As Oxidant
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library University of Utah Institutional Repository Author Manuscript Thiourea-thiocyanate leaching system for gold a b b b a Xiyun Yang , Michael S. Moats , Jan D. Miller , Xuming Wang , Xichang Shi , a Hui Xu a UU IR Author Manuscript School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, Hunan 410083, China bDepartment of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA Abstract: The leaching of gold in thiourea-thiocyanate solutions has been studied by the rotating-disk technique using ferric sulfate as oxidant. The effects of initial concentrations of ferric, thiourea (Tu) and thiocyanate as well as temperature and pH values on gold leaching rates were studied. An initial gold leaching rate in the order of -9 -2 -1 10 mol cm s was obtained at 25℃, which was higher than rates obtained when either ferric-thiocyanate or ferric-thiourea solutions were used separately. The synergistic effect was attributed to the formation of a mixed ligand complex UU IR Au(Tu)2SCN. Determinations of apparent activation energy indicate that the process was controlled by a combination of chemical reaction and diffusion in the mixed lixiviant system. Open circuit potentials show that thiocyanate stability is increased in Author Manuscript the mixture. Keywords: Gold dissolution; Thiourea; Thiocyanate; Synergistic effect 1. Introduction Corresponding author:Tel.:+86 731 88877352; fax:+86 731 88710171 E-mail address:[email protected](Xiyun Yang) University of Utah Institutional Repository Author Manuscript A possible alternative reagent to cyanide for gold leaching is thiocyanate, as first reported by White (1905).
    [Show full text]
  • Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Mrnas Encoding Thyrotropin β-Subunit, Glycoprotein Î
    Thyroid hormone regulation of mRNAs encoding thyrotropin b-subunit, glycoprotein a-subunit, and thyroid hormone receptors a and b in brain, pituitary gland, liver, and gonads of an adult teleost, Pimephales promelas Sean C Lema, Jon T Dickey , Irvin R Schultz and Penny Swanson Abstract Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate growth, morphological transcript levels for TR isoforms a and b (tra and trb) in the development, and migratory behaviors in teleost fish, yet liver and brain, but reduced levels of brain mRNA for the little is known about the transcriptional dynamics of gene immediate-early gene basic transcription factor-binding targets for THs in these taxa. Here, we characterized TH protein (bteb). In the ovary and testis, exogenous T3 elevated regulation of mRNAs encoding thyrotropin subunits and gene transcripts for tshb, glycoprotein hormone a-subunit thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in an adult teleost fish ( gpha), and trb, while not affecting tra levels. Taken model, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Breeding together, these results demonstrate negative feedback of T4 pairs of adult minnows were fed diets containing 3,5, on pituitary tshb, identify tra and trb as T3-autoinduced 0 3 -triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) or the goitrogen methimazole genes in the brain and liver, and provide new evidence for 10 days. In males and females, dietary intake of that tshb, gpha, and trb are THs regulated in the gonad of exogenous T3 elevated circulating total T3, while methima­ teleosts. Adult teleost models are increasingly used to zole depressed plasma levels of total thyroxine (T4). In both evaluate the endocrine-disrupting effects of chemical sexes, this methimazole-induced reduction in T4 led to contaminants, and our results provide a systemic assessment elevated mRNA abundance for thyrotropin b-subunit (tshb) of TH-responsive genes during that life stage.
    [Show full text]
  • IRENAT 300 Mg/Ml, Solution Buvable En Gouttes
    1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Irenat Drops 300 mg sodium perchlorate, oral drops Sodium perchlorate monohydrate 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 1 ml solution (approximately 15 drops) contains 344.2 mg sodium perchlorate monohydrate (equivalent to 300 mg sodium perchlorate) For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM Oral drops 4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 Therapeutic indications For the treatment of hyperthyroidism, for thyroid blockade in the context of radionuclide studies of other organs using radioactively labelled iodine or of immunoscintigraphy to detect tumours using antibodies labelled with radioiodine. For the detection of a congenital iodine organification defect (perchlorate discharge test). 4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology Adults receive 4-5 x 10 Irenat drops daily (equivalent to 800-1000 mg sodium perchlorate) or, exceptionally, 5 x 15 Irenat drops daily (equivalent to 1500 mg sodium perchlorate) as an initial dose for the first 1-2 weeks. The mean maintenance dose is 4 x 5 Irenat drops (equivalent to 400 mg sodium perchlorate) per day. Children between the ages of 6 and 14 are treated throughout with a dose of 3-6 x 1 or 4-6 x 2 Irenat drops (equivalent to 60-240 mg sodium perchlorate) daily. When used for the perchlorate discharge test following administration of the dose of radioiodine tracer, a single dose is given of 30-50 Irenat drops (equivalent to 600-1000 mg sodium perchlorate) or 300 mg-600 mg/m 2 body surface area in children. As pretreatment for radionuclide studies not involving the thyroid itself and using radioactively labelled drugs or antibodies containing iodine or technetium, Irenat drops should be administered at doses of 10 – 20 drops (equivalent to 200-400 mg sodium perchlorate) and, in isolated cases, up to 50 drops (equivalent to 1000 mg sodium perchlorate) so as to reduce exposure of the thyroid to radiation and to block uptake of radionuclide into certain compartments.
    [Show full text]
  • Design, Synthesis, and Docking Study of Acyl Thiourea Derivatives As Possible Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with a Novel Zinc Binding Group
    Scientia Pharmaceutica Article Design, Synthesis, and Docking Study of Acyl Thiourea Derivatives as Possible Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with a Novel Zinc Binding Group Duraid H. Al-Amily * and Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10047, Iraq; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 September 2019; Accepted: 16 October 2019; Published: 22 October 2019 Abstract: Histone deacetylase inhibitors with zinc binding groups often exhibit drawbacks like non-selectivity or toxic effects. Thus, there are continuous efforts to modify the currently available inhibitors or to discover new derivatives to overcome these problems. One approach is to synthesize new compounds with novel zinc binding groups. The present study describes the utilization of acyl thiourea functionality, known to possess the ability to complex with metals, to be a novel zinc binding group incorporated into the designed histone deacetylase inhibitors. N-adipoyl monoanilide thiourea (4) and N-pimeloyl monoanilide thiourea (5) have been synthesized and characterized successfully. They showed inhibition of growth of human colon adenocarcinoma and mouse hepatoblastoma cells with low cytotoxic effect against normal human breast cells. Their binding mode to the active site of several histone deacetylases has been studied by docking and the results gave a preliminary indication that they could be successful histone deacetylase inhibitors. Keywords: histone deacetylase inhibitors; acyl thiourea derivatives; zinc binding group; distance from zinc ion 1. Introduction Histone deacetylases (HDACs) comprise a class of enzymes that catalyze the deacetylation of the "-amino groups of lysine residues at the N-termini of histones [1], proteins that act as a core for DNA compaction into nucleosomes that comprise chromatins [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Optimal 131I Therapy of Thyrotoxicosis SNMMI Annual Meeting, 6/26/2018
    Optimal 131I Therapy of Thyrotoxicosis SNMMI Annual Meeting, 6/26/2018 I Love What I do, i.e. Nuclear Medicine … RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY FOR No other relevant disclosures HYERTHYROIDISM Mark Tulchinsky, MD, FACNM, CCD or conflicts of interest Professor of Radiology and Medicine Division of Nuclear Medicine Penn State University Hospital Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Learning Objectives Administration for Graves’ • Treatment Options Disease: Birthplace of • Medications Radiotheranostics • Surgery Saul Hertz, M.D. • 131I Treatment (RAIT) (April 20, 1905 – July 28, 1950) • The first to study RAI in an • Graves’ Disease w/o Orbitopathy animal model of hyperthyroidism • Graves’ Disease with Orbitopathy • March 31st, 1941, at the age of 35 y, administered • Toxic Adenoma the first RAI treatment • Multinodular Toxic Goiter (RAIT) to a patient with Grave’s disease • Intermittent (recurrent) Thyroiditis • The first to use RAI uptake to inform RAIT, i.e. • Amiodarone Thyrotoxicosis radiotheranostic principle Therapeutic Options for Productive Conditions Amenable to RAIT Hyperthyroidism Condition Etiology • Antithyroid Drug therapy (ATDT) Graves’ disease (~80%) TSH-R-Ab stimulation of thyrocyte Symptomatic control with beta blockers Toxic Multinodular Goiter mutation → TSH-R-Ab activation → Toxic Adenoma autonomous function Thioureas, aka Thionamides, Anti- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis in autoimmune disease - a variety of Thyroid Drugs (ATD’s) productive phase (“Hashi- cell- and antibody-mediated toxicosis”, overlaps Graves’) immune processes Corticosteroids
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Thiourea on the Skull of Triturus Newts During Ontogeny
    Effects of thiourea on the skull of Triturus newts during ontogeny Maja Ajdukovi¢1, Tijana Vu£i¢2 and Milena Cvijanovi¢1 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research ``Sini²a Stankovi¢'', National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 2 Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia ABSTRACT Background. In amphibians, thyroid hormone (TH) has a profound role in cranial development, especially in ossification of the late-appearing bones and remodeling of the skull. In the present study, we explored the influence of TH deficiency on bone ossification and resulting skull shape during the ontogeny of Triturus newt hybrid larvae obtained from interspecific crosses between T. ivanbureschi and T. macedonicus. Methods. Larvae were treated with two concentrations of thiourea (an endocrine disruptor that chemically inhibits synthesis of TH) during the midlarval and late larval periods. Morphological differences of the cranium were assessed at the end of the midlarval period (ontogenetic stage 62) and the metamorphic stage after treatment during the late larval period. Results. There was no difference in the ossification level and shape of the skull between the experimental groups (control and two treatment concentrations) at stage 62. During the late larval period and metamorphosis, TH deficit had a significant impact on the level of bone ossification and skull shape with no differences between the two treatment concentrations of thiourea. The most pronounced differences in bone development were: the palatopterygoid failed to disintegrate into the palatal and pterygoid portions, retardation was observed in development of the maxilla, nasal and prefrontal bones and larval organization of the vomer was retained in thiourea-treated larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • Additive Effects of Iodine and Thiourea in the Treatment of Hyperthyroidism
    ADDITIVE EFFECTS OF IODINE AND THIOUREA IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM T. S. Danowski, … , E. B. Man, A. W. Winkler J Clin Invest. 1946;25(4):597-604. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI101742. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/101742/pdf ADDITIVE EFFECTS OF IODINE AND THIOUREA IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM' By T. S. DANOWSKI, E. B. MAN, AND A. W. WINKLER (From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry of Yale University School of Medicine, and the Medical Sertice of the Newv Haven Hospital and Dispensary, New Haven) (Received for publication February 20, 1946) Evidence has already been presented that prior adenomata. Unequivocal exophthalmos was present in administration of iodine to patients with hyper- one-third of the cases. No attempt was made to assign a particular plan of treatment to patients in any one of these thyroidism does not prevent the action of thiourea categories. Four regimes were employed in the first few (1). Some cases behaved as if the action of io- weeks of treatment. Sixteen patients received thiourea dine actually supplemented that of thiourea, but alone, either in a single daily dose of 0.28 gram, or in the evidence for such an additive effect was incon- three daily doses of 0.07 gram. Fifteen patients were clusive. On the other hand, various writers have treated simultaneously with thiourea in similar dosage and with 5 drops of strong solution of iodine (U.S.P.) maintained that preliminary treatment with iodine three times a day. Twenty-three patients were first delays the action of thiouracil (and so, possibly, treated with strong solution of iodine (15 drops daily) of thiourea), even if it does not entirely obviate it for periods ranging from 2 to 52 weeks, and then given (2 to 11).
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Compatibility Storage Group
    CHEMICAL SEGREGATION Chemicals are to be segregated into 11 different categories depending on the compatibility of that chemical with other chemicals The Storage Groups are as follows: Group A – Compatible Organic Acids Group B – Compatible Pyrophoric & Water Reactive Materials Group C – Compatible Inorganic Bases Group D – Compatible Organic Acids Group E – Compatible Oxidizers including Peroxides Group F– Compatible Inorganic Acids not including Oxidizers or Combustible Group G – Not Intrinsically Reactive or Flammable or Combustible Group J* – Poison Compressed Gases Group K* – Compatible Explosive or other highly Unstable Material Group L – Non-Reactive Flammable and Combustible, including solvents Group X* – Incompatible with ALL other storage groups The following is a list of chemicals and their compatibility storage codes. This is not a complete list of chemicals, but is provided to give examples of each storage group: Storage Group A 94‐75‐7 2,4‐D (2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 94‐82‐6 2,4‐DB 609-99-4 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 64‐19‐7 Acetic acid (Flammable liquid @ 102°F avoid alcohols, Amines, ox agents see SDS) 631-61-8 Acetic acid, Ammonium salt (Ammonium acetate) 108-24-7 Acetic anhydride (Flammable liquid @102°F avoid alcohols see SDS) 79‐10‐7 Acrylic acid Peroxide Former 65‐85‐0 Benzoic acid 98‐07‐7 Benzotrichloride 98‐88‐4 Benzoyl chloride 107-92-6 Butyric Acid 115‐28‐6 Chlorendic acid 79‐11‐8 Chloroacetic acid 627‐11‐2 Chloroethyl chloroformate 77‐92‐9 Citric acid 5949-29-1 Citric acid monohydrate 57-00-1 Creatine 20624-25-3
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid
    ical C eut are ac & m H Mickael, J Pharma Care Health Sys 2015, S3 r e a a h l 10.4172/2376-0419.S3-002 t DOI: P h f S o y Journal of l s a t n e r m u s o J ISSN: 2376-0419 Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems ReviewResearch Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Comparative Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid Diseases in Dogs and Cats--- What Should the Retail Pharmacist Filling Pet Prescriptions Understand? Marina Mickael, Eric Morris, Mollie M Roush and Inder Sehgal* Marshall University School of Pharmacy, West Virginia, USA Abstract Community pharmacies are increasingly receiving prescriptions from veterinarians for dogs and cats to receive human medications. However, retail pharmacists are not routinely trained in relevant aspects of veterinary-specific pharmacotherapy, such as, signs of improvement, time to improvement, drug administration techniques and potential adverse effects. Thyroid diseases in dogs and cats are treated with human-approved drugs that may be referred to pharmacies. Hypothyroidism is far more frequent in dogs, while hyperthyroidism is far more frequent in cats. Important comparative aspects of canine hypothyroidism pharmacotherapy can be summarized as follows: 1) Canine hypothyroid disease is similar to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in humans in many of its signs and is treated using levothyroxine; 2) The doses of levothyroxine given to dogs are strikingly higher than in people; 3) A reasonable therapeutic goal is resolution of symptoms in two weeks to two months and a normal total T4 value (≈0.4-3.7 µg/dL). Important comparative
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Data Sheet
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Preparation Date: 9/2/2015 Revision Date: 5/16/2018 Revision Number: G2 1. IDENTIFICATION Product identifier Product code: T1041 Product Name: THIOUREA, PRACTICAL Other means of identification Synonyms: 2-Thiopseudourea 2-Thiourea Isothiourea Thiocarbamide Thiocarbonic acid diamide Thiomocovina [Czech] Thiourea Thiuronium Urea, 2-thio- Urea, thio- Urea, 2-thio- CAS #: 62-56-6 RTECS # YU2800000 CI#: Not available Recommended use of the chemical and restrictions on use Recommended use: In photography. In pharmaceuticals. In pesticides. In textiles. Uses advised against No information available Supplier: Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp 14422 South San Pedro St. Gardena, CA 90248 (310) 516-8000 Order Online At: https://www.spectrumchemical.com Emergency telephone number Chemtrec 1-800-424-9300 Contact Person: Martin LaBenz (West Coast) Contact Person: Ibad Tirmiz (East Coast) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION Classification This chemical is considered hazardous according to the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200) Considered a dangerous substance or mixture according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Acute toxicity - Oral Category 3 Skin sensitization Category 1 Carcinogenicity Category 2 Reproductive toxicity Category 2 Label elements Product code: T1041 Product name: THIOUREA, 1 / 13 PRACTICAL Danger Hazard statements Toxic if swallowed May cause an allergic skin reaction Suspected of causing cancer Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) Not Applicable
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Thyroxine and Thiourea on Territorial Behavior in Cichlid Fish." (1973)
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 The ffecE t of Thyroxine and Thiourea on Territorial Behavior in Cichlid Fish. Peter Harry Spiliotis Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Spiliotis, Peter Harry, "The Effect of Thyroxine and Thiourea on Territorial Behavior in Cichlid Fish." (1973). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2573. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2573 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]