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Temporal and Spatial Flux Changes of Radiolarians in the Northwestern

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Temporal and Spatial Flux Changes of Radiolarians in the Northwestern ARTICLE IN PRESS Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 2240–2274 www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 Temporal and spatial flux changes of radiolarians in the northwestern Pacific Ocean during 1997–2000 Yusuke Okazakia,Ã, Kozo Takahashib, Jonaotaro Onoderab, Makio C. Hondac aOcean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Minamidai 1-15-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8639, Japan bDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan cJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Natsushima 2-15, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan Received 30 September 2003; accepted 28 July 2005 Available online 20 October 2005 Abstract In order to examine the radiolarian fluxes and evaluate their relationship to the physical and biological environments, time-series sediment traps were deployed at three stations (Stations 50N, KNOT, and 40N) in the northwestern North Pacific from 1997 to 2000. Station 50N (501N, 1651E, 3260 m) is located in the center of Western Subarctic Gyre (WSAG); Station KNOT (441N, 1551E, 2957 m) is located toward the margin of WSAG; and Station 40N (401N, 1651E, 2986 m) is located in the Subarctic Boundary. Total radiolaria fluxes at Station 40N showed higher values than those at the other two stations, and were mainly attributed to the influence of relatively high-temperature and high-salinity subtropical gyre waters. Correlation coefficients between total mass fluxes (mainly composed of diatoms) and radiolarian fluxes at three stations were relatively low. This is primarily because of the wide vertical distribution of radiolarians and various trophic patterns corresponding to their niche. Radiolarian species were classified according to their geographic water mass and vertical distributions based on previous studies using sediment samples. As a result, seasonal changes of radiolarian fluxes in each water mass showed patterns corresponding to particular controlling factors such as physical hydrography and food conditions. Among these patterns, temporal changes in radiolarian taxonomic composition in the upper layer (0–100 m) seemed to reflect well the sea-surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) changes, affected by El Nin˜o and La Nin˜a events, at Station 40N. Therefore, radiolarian assemblages can be used to reconstruct past SSTA changes and to understand the past El Nin˜o and La Nin˜a teleconnection in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension region. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Radiolaria; Sediment trap; Temporal flux variation; Western Subarctic Gyre; Subarctic Boundary; El Nin˜o; La Nin˜a 1. Introduction change and ecological environment. Therefore, a better knowledge of the present relationship be- Microplankton shells and skeletons have been tween the ecology of microplankton and the used as various proxies to reconstruct past climate physical and biological environmental conditions will improve our understanding of both paleocea- Ã Corresponding author at: Institute of Observational Research nography and present-day oceanography. Radiolar- for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan. ia are siliceous microzooplankton with high Tel.: +81 46 867 9515; fax: +81 46 867 9455. diversity that dwell in a wide range of depth zones E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Okazaki). from the surface water down to several thousand 0967-0645/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.07.006 ARTICLE IN PRESS Y. Okazaki et al. / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 2240–2274 2241 meters. Thus, they have a potential to be a proxy of 1993). However, paleoceanographic knowledge in various vertical water masses. this region is still meager mainly because of the Radiolaria are classified into two taxonomic carbonate dissolution caused by the shallow carbo- groups: Polycystina and Phaeodaria. The skeletons nate compensation depth (CCD). of polycystine radiolarians are often preserved in The northwestern Pacific Ocean is characterized the sediments, whereas phaeodarian radiolarians are by high primary production attributed to diatoms. easily dissolved in the water column because of their Therefore, the efficiency of the biological pump in skeletal constitution and thus are rarely preserved in this region is significantly high (Honda et al., 2002) the sediments (Takahashi et al., 1983). Recently, the and thus, important for the global carbon cycle. importance of the oscillation in the intermediate- There have been some previous taxon-quantitative water production rate during the Quaternary works on radiolarian flux in the subarctic North climate change has been recognized (e.g., Talley, Pacific using time-series sediment traps: the Alaskan 1999). Ganopolski et al. (1998) indicated the Gyre (Stations PAPA and C: Takahashi, 1987, expansion of the North Pacific Intermediate Water 1997), and the central subarctic Pacific (Station SA: (NPIW) formation in the north during the Last Fukumura and Takahashi, 2000). In the north- Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the oscillations in western Pacific, Bernstein et al. (1990) reported the the production of NPIW during the late Quaternary radiolarian fluxes at seven stations. However, they might have been influenced by the major climatic used free-drifting sediment traps and their sampling changes (Kennett et al., 2002). A part of the NPIW durations were only for ca. 24 h. originates in the Okhotsk Sea today (e.g., Talley, In this study we present the modern seasonal 1991; Freeland et al., 1998; Wong et al., 1998), and changes in the time-series radiolarian flux over a 2- the NPIW is distributed mainly between 300 and year period in the northwestern North Pacific and 700 m in the northwestern North Pacific (Talley, evaluate their relationships to the physical and 60°N Bering Sea Gyre Okhotsk KAMCHATKA Gyre East Kamchatka Current 50N 50° SAKHALIN Western Subarctic Gyre HOKKAIDO Oyashio Current KNOT 40° 40N Subarctic Boundary Kuroshio Extension 140°E 150° 160° 170° 180° Fig. 1. Map showing the locations of the three sediment trap stations in the northwestern North Pacific. General circulation patterns are also shown (Map drawn by ‘‘Online Map Creation’’). ARTICLE IN PRESS 2242 Y. Okazaki et al. / Deep-Sea Research II 52 (2005) 2240–2274 biological environmental conditions as an impor- Monthly hydrographic data from the sea surface tant step in reconstructing the past oceanographic to 1000 m depth at each sediment trap station were conditions. obtained from the World Ocean Atlas 1994 (Levitus and Boyer, 1994), and illustrated with the Ocean 2. Materials and methods Data View software package (Fig. 2; Schlitzer, 2002). Time-series sediment traps (McLane Mark 7G- 21) with 21 collecting cups (Honjo and Doherty, 3. Oceanographic setting 1988) were deployed at approximately 3000 m depths at three stations in the northwestern North The subarctic circulation system in the North Pacific (Stations 50N, KNOT, and 40N) from Pacific has a large-scale counterclockwise surface December 1997 to May 2000 (Fig. 1; Table 1). circulation characterized by low salinity (o34.0 psu) The trapping efficiency of the Mark 7G-21 is and relatively low temperature (ca. 4–12 1C) with a approximately 1, indicating an almost 100% collec- sharp halocline (ca. 150–200 m; Favorite et al., tion efficiency in the bathypelagic zone (at depths 1976). The subarctic circulation system has four 41500 m), based on 231Pa and 230Th (Yu et al., gyres from east to west: Alaskan Gyre, Bering Sea 2001). Their recovery, maintenance and redeploy- Gyre, Western Subarctic Gyre (WSAG), and ment were carried out during the cruises of the R.V. Okhotsk Sea Gyre (OSG). The features of the Mirai, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and WSAG water mass are as follows: (1) strong vertical Technology (JAMSTEC). mixing down to 150 m water depth caused by the Samples for radiolarian analyses were sieved cooling of the sea-surface water accompanied by through a stainless screen with 1 mm mesh to radiative atmospheric cooling during winter, (2) the remove larger plankton, and then split into an strong and stable stratification beneath the surface appropriate aliquot size ranging from 1/100 to layer resulting in a significant halocline, (3) the 1/132. The split samples were sieved through a sharp thermocline formation caused by heating of stainless steel screen with 63 mm mesh and filtered the sea-surface water accompanied by the rise of air through Gelmans membrane filters with a nominal temperature during summer. The most significant pore size of 0.45 mm. The filtered samples were characteristic of the WSAG is the presence of a washed with distilled water to remove salt, dried in temperature minimum (ca. 2–4 1C) subsurface layer an oven at 50 1C overnight, and then permanently (ca. 50–150 m) called the ‘‘dichothermal layer’’ mounted with Canada balsam on microslides. All (Nagata et al., 1992). The temperature maximum coarse-sized radiolarian skeletons (463 mm) on a layer below the dichothermal layer is also a microslide were counted with a light microscope and characteristic of the WSAG (Nagata et al., 1992). computed to derive radiolarian fluxes (No. radi- Below the dichothermal layer, the NPIW is defined olarians mÀ2 dayÀ1) at each station. Species identi- as the main salinity minimum in the subtropical fication of radiolarians was performed according to North Pacific at a density of 26.7–26.8sy (ca. the taxonomy of the following works: Nigrini 300–700 m; Talley, 1993). In the WSAG, the East (1970), Renz (1976), Bjørklund (1976), Boltovskoy Kamchatka Current flows southward along the and Riedel (1987), Takahashi (1991), Abelmann Kamchatka Peninsula (Fig. 1). A part of the East (1992b), Welling (1996), Nigrini and Moore (1979), Kamchatka Current flows into the Okhotsk Sea Bjørklund et al. (1998), and Nimmergut and through the passes in the northern Kuril Islands. Abelmann (2002). Diversity indices using the The Okhotsk Sea water plays a significant role in Shannon-Wiener log-base 2 formula (H: Shannon the water-mass formation and modification of the and Weaver, 1949) were used.
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