DOCSLIB.ORG

Tidal Exchange Through the Kuril Straits

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tidal Exchange Through the Kuril Straits 1622 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 30 Tidal Exchange through the Kuril Straits TOMOHIRO NAKAMURA,TOSHIYUKI AWAJI,TAKAKI HATAYAMA, AND KAZUNORI AKITOMO Department of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan TAKATOSHI TAKIZAWA Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan (Manuscript received 11 August 1998, in ®nal form 19 July 1999) ABSTRACT The tidal exchange between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Paci®c Ocean is studied numerically with particular emphasis on the predominant K1 barotropic component. The calculated harmonic constants of the K1 tide in and around the Okhotsk Sea agree well with those obtained from extensive tide gauge observations. The features of the simulated tidal ®elds are similar to those reported in the literature. Since the K1 tide is subinertial in the Okhotsk Sea, topographically trapped waves are effectively generated, contributing to strong tidal currents with a maximum amplitude of over 1.5 m s21 in the Kuril Straits. The structures of tide-induced mean ¯ows in most passages of the straits are characterized by ``bidirectional currents'' (in which the mean ¯ow exhibits a reversal in direction across the passages). This feature is clearly indicated in NOAA infrared imagery. The mean transport shows signi®cant net exchange of water via several straits in the Kuril Islands. A transport of about 5.0 Sv (1 6 3 21 Sv [ 10 m s ) toward the North Paci®c is produced by the K1 tide, primarily through the Bussol, Kruzenshterna, and Chetverty Straits. Analysis reveals that the bidirectional mean currents at shallow passages are produced through the well-known process of tidal recti®cation over variable bottom topography, whereas in deep passages such as Bussol Strait, propagating trapped waves along the islands are essential for generating the bidirectional mean currents. Particle tracking clearly demonstrates these features. The tidal current is therefore thought to play a major role in water exchange processes between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Paci®c. 1. Introduction from the Kuril Straits and that the con¯uence of the East Kamchatka Current and the discharge from the Okhotsk The Okhotsk Sea (Fig. 1) is separated from the north- Sea forms both the Oyashio current, which ¯ows along western Paci®c Ocean by the Kuril Islands and the sills the Kuril Islands as part of the western boundary current in the straits, almost all of which are shallower than 600 of the subarctic gyre, and the Subarctic Current to the m except for the Bussol (;2200 m) and Kruzenshterna east, thus indicating that the Okhotsk Sea is the most (;1500 m) Straits. However, the transport process be- likely source of low salinity water in the North Paci®c tween the Okhotsk Sea and the North Paci®c Ocean (WuÈst 1930; Favorite et al. 1976; Talley 1991). Kitani plays an important role not only in the local environment (1973) showed that in the northern Okhotsk Sea, the but also in determining the water properties of the North freezing of fresh surface waters can form cold saline Paci®c. The North Paci®c is the source of most of the waters as dense as 27.05 su, which still have lower water in the Okhotsk Sea. This in¯ow is thought to take salinity than the ambient waters at the same density. By place mainly through the northern part of the Kuril relating an analysis of historical hydrographic data to Straits, whose neighborhood remains ice free even in Kitani's (1973) result, Talley (1991) proposed that the the most severe winters (Reid 1965; Kawasaki and Kono North Paci®c at mid depth is ventilated through sea ice 1994). formation in the innermost part of the Okhotsk Sea and The Okhotsk Sea, on the other hand, is thought to local vertical mixing in the Kuril Straits. From potential have a signi®cant impact upon the North Paci®c. Pre- vorticity maps, Talley (1993) and Yasuda et al. (1996) vious studies in the northwest Paci®c found that a plume commented that the Okhotsk Sea supplies low salinity of low salinity water at 27.0 s extended to the south u water to the North Paci®c Intermediate Water (NPIW) characterized by a salinity minimum centered at 26.8 su. These conclusions were also con®rmed by recent Corresponding author address: Dr. Tomohiro Nakamura, Depart- studies. Warner et al. (1996) showed that the Okhotsk ment of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606 8502, Japan. Sea is an important location for the ventilation of the E-mail: [email protected] intermediate water of the North Paci®c based on chlo- q 2000 American Meteorological Society Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 05:31 PM UTC JULY 2000 NAKAMURA ET AL. 1623 FIG. 1. Model domain and topography. Contours are at 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 m. Symbols denote tide gauge locations for the International Hydrographic Of®ce (IHO) tidal harmonic constants edited by the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans. ro¯uorocarbons (CFCs) observations. Yasuda (1997) Straits. In fact, Stabeno et al. (1994) reported that only showed the presence of a pycnostad (i.e., a region of 1 of the 14 buoys that were transported along the Kuril low potential vorticity) at 26.8 su in the Okhotsk Sea Islands entered the Okhotsk Sea. This indicates that the and concluded that the low potential vorticity water Oyashio does not directly ¯ow into and out of the ¯owing out into the North Paci®c determines even the Okhotsk Sea. Moreover, Leonov (1960) and Moroshkin density of the NPIW. Thus, a clari®cation of the ex- (1966) mentioned that bidirectional currents occur in change processes through the Kuril Straits is indis- most passages. This picture is clearly seen in the NOAA- pensable for a better understanding of water mass for- 12 advanced very high-resolution radiometer imagery mation in the North Paci®c (such as the NPIW). (Fig. 2). Such current structure cannot be explained by Past studies regarded the current in the Okhotsk Sea large-scale wind-driven geostrophic ¯ow. as part of the cyclonic subarctic circulation, which pre- These observational results strongly suggest the im- dominantly ¯ows into the Okhotsk Sea through Kruz- portance of nongeostrophic components. In fact, tidal enshterna Strait and out through Bussol Strait. However, currents, especially diurnal, are dominant in and around recent observational studies suggest that there is great the Kuril Straits (e.g., Thomson et al. 1996), and their dif®culty in explaining this in/out¯ow in terms of geo- speeds reach a few knots. According to previous studies strophic balance. One reason for this is that the overall on tidal exchange (e.g., Huthnance 1973; Zimmerman surface dynamic height is higher in the Okhotsk Sea 1978; Awaji et al. 1980; Robinson 1981), such strong than in the northwestern North Paci®c (Kawasaki and tidal currents are expected to induce signi®cant mean Kono 1992). Another reason is that due to the weak transport, even if there are sills in the straits. Moreover, strati®cation, the Oyashio extends to such depths that tide-induced mean currents allow us to explain the bi- it tends to ¯ow along the continental shelf slope along directional structure of the (local) mean currents in the the Kuril Islands (2000;3000 m deep) and is most like- passages. ly unable to pass over the shallow sills in the Kuril Suzuki and Kanari (1986) performed a simulation of Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/30/21 05:31 PM UTC 1624 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY VOLUME 30 FIG. 2. Infrared image of the Kuril Straits taken from the NOAA-12 satellite on 21 September 1994. (Figure courtesy of Prof. S. Saitoh) the tidal ®eld in the Okhotsk Sea and showed that in diurnal tides are considerably smaller than the diurnal the Okhotsk Sea, 1) the K1 tide is dominant, M 2 is sec- tides in current speed, we describe the M2 tide only. ond, and the O1 component the third largest in elevation Section 2 of this paper describes the numerical model. amplitude; 2) diurnal tides propagate from east to west Section 3 is devoted to a description of the character- and have two amphidromic like points near the Soya istics of the calculated K1 and M2 tidal ®elds and their and Nemuro Straits; and 3) the semidiurnal tides are comparison with tide gauge observations. In section 4, propagating waves with two amphidromic points. tidal exchange is estimated from the Eulerian point of Though they provided many interesting results, the tidal view and the mechanism causing the transport is in- currents around the straits were not reproduced in suf- vestigated in section 5. The results are discussed in sec- ®ciently detailed structure or accuracy since Suzuki and tion 6 and are summarized in section 7. Kanari (1986) did not aim at estimating the transport through the Kuril Straits. 2. Model Thus, as a ®rst step toward understanding the trans- port process and estimating its magnitude, we have in- The model region shown in Fig. 1 covers the entire vestigated numerically the characteristics of the baro- Okhotsk Sea and part of the North Paci®c. The open tropic tides and tidal currents around the Okhotsk Sea. boundaries are set away from the Okhotsk Sea in order Investigation of barotropic tides may be a meaningful to reproduce tidal wave propagation from the North Pa- ®rst step since strati®cation in and around the Okhotsk ci®c, which is one of the major forcing factors for the Sea is weak. We have then estimated the mean transport tidal motion around the Okhotsk Sea, and to prevent the through the Kuril Straits and identi®ed the mechanism in¯uence of arti®cial disturbances generated at the open of tidal exchange.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PICES Sci. Rep. No. 2, 1995
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD vii Part 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1.0 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE OKHOTSK SEA AND KURIL REGION 3 1.1 Okhotsk Sea water mass modification 3 1.1.1Dense shelf water formation in the northwestern Okhotsk Sea 3 1.1.2Soya Current study 4 1.1.3East Sakhalin Current and anticyclonic Kuril Basin flow 4 1.1.4West Kamchatka Current 5 1.1.5Tides and sea level in the Okhotsk Sea 5 1.2 Influence of Okhotsk Sea waters on the subarctic Pacific and Oyashio 6 1.2.1Kuril Island strait transports (Bussol', Kruzenshtern and shallower straits) 6 1.2.2Kuril region currents: the East Kamchatka Current, the Oyashio and large eddies 7 1.2.3NPIW transport and formation rate in the Mixed Water Region 7 1.3 Sea ice analysis and forecasting 8 2.0 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 9 2.1 Hydrographic observations (bottle and CTD) 9 2.2 Direct current observations in the Okhotsk and Kuril region 11 2.3 Sea level measurements 12 2.4 Sea ice observations 12 2.5 Satellite observations 12 Part 2. REVIEW OF OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE OKHOTSK SEA AND OYASHIO REGION 15 1.0 GEOGRAPHY AND PECULIARITIES OF THE OKHOTSK SEA 16 2.0 SEA ICE IN THE OKHOTSK SEA 17 2.1 Sea ice observations in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.2 Ease of ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea 17 2.3 Seasonal and interannual variations of sea ice extent 19 2.3.1Gross features of the seasonal variation in the Okhotsk Sea 19 2.3.2Sea ice thickness 19 2.3.3Polynyas and open water 19 2.3.4Interannual variability 20 2.4 Sea ice off the coast of Hokkaido 21
    [Show full text]
  • ©Copyright 2011 Stephen Colby Phillips
    ©Copyright 2011 Stephen Colby Phillips Networked Glass: Lithic Raw Material Consumption and Social Networks in the Kuril Islands, Far Eastern Russia Stephen Colby Phillips A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2011 Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology University of Washington Abstract Networked Glass: Lithic Raw Material Consumption and Social Networks in the Kuril Islands, Far Eastern Russia Stephen Colby Phillips Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor J. Benjamin Fitzhugh Anthropology This research assesses the effects of environmental conditions on the strategic decisions of low-density foragers in regards to their stone tool raw material procurement and consumption behavior. Social as well as technological adaptations allow human groups to meet the challenges of environments that are circumscribed due to geographic isolation, low biodiversity, and the potential impacts of natural events. Efficient resource management and participation in social networks can be viewed within the framework of human behavioral ecology as optimal forms of behavior aimed at increasing the chances of successful adaptations to dynamic island environments. A lithic resource consumption behavioral model is constructed and predictions derived from the model are tested through the analysis of lithic flake debitage from artifact assemblages representing 2,100 years of human occupation in the Kuril Islands of Far Eastern Russia in the North Pacific Ocean. The relative proportions of debitage across lithic reduction sequence stages provides a measure of lithic reduction intensity, which is compared with the model predictions based on the environmental conditions and local availability of lithic resources in six archaeological sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidally Modified Western Boundary Current Drives Interbasin Exchange
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tidally modifed western boundary current drives interbasin exchange between the Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacifc Hung‑Wei Shu1,2*, Humio Mitsudera1, Kaihe Yamazaki2,3, Tomohiro Nakamura1, Takao Kawasaki4, Takuya Nakanowatari5, Hatsumi Nishikawa1,4 & Hideharu Sasaki6 The interbasin exchange between the Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacifc governs the intermediate water ventilation and fertilization of the nutrient‑rich subpolar Pacifc, and thus has an enormous infuence on the North Pacifc. However, the mechanism of this exchange is puzzling; current studies have not explained how the western boundary current (WBC) of the subarctic North Pacifc intrudes only partially into the Sea of Okhotsk. High‑resolution models often exhibit unrealistically small exchanges, as the WBC overshoots passing by deep straits and does not induce exchange fows. Therefore, partial intrusion cannot be solely explained by large‑scale, wind‑driven circulation. Here, we demonstrate that tidal forcing is the missing mechanism that drives the exchange by steering the WBC pathway. Upstream of the deep straits, tidally‑generated topographically trapped waves over a bank lead to cross‑slope upwelling. This upwelling enhances bottom pressure, thereby steering the WBC pathway toward the deep straits. The upwelling is identifed as the source of joint‑efect‑of‑ baroclinicity‑and‑relief (JEBAR) in the potential vorticity equation, which is caused by tidal oscillation instead of tidally‑enhanced vertical mixing. The WBC then hits the island chain and induces exchange fows. This tidal control of WBC pathways is applicable on subpolar and polar regions globally. Te water exchange between the Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacifc is an essential component of the over- turning circulation that ventilates the intermediate layer of the North Pacifc 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Source Evaluation of Archaeological Obsidian from the Kuril Islands of the Russian Far East Using Portable XRF
    Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (2009) 1256–1263 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Initial source evaluation of archaeological obsidian from the Kuril Islands of the Russian Far East using portable XRF S. Colby Phillips a,*, Robert J. Speakman b a University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, Box 353100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA b Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, USA article info abstract Article history: Obsidian artifacts recently have been recovered from 18 archaeological sites on eight islands across the Received 22 September 2008 Kuril Island archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean, suggesting a wide-ranging distribution of obsidian Received in revised form throughout the island chain over the last 2,500 years. Although there are no geologic sources of obsidian 7 January 2009 in the Kurils that are known to have been used prehistorically, sources exist in Hokkaido, Japan, and Accepted 9 January 2009 Kamchatka, Russia, the southern and northern geographic regions respectively from which obsidian may have entered the Kuril Islands. This paper reports on the initial sourcing attempt of Kuril Islands obsidian Keywords: through the analysis of 131 obsidian artifacts. Data from this research were generated through the Kuril Islands Obsidian application of portable XRF technology, and are used to address research questions concerning prehis- XRF toric mobility, exchange, and social networking in the Kuril Islands. Exchange networks Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Hokkaido, Kamchatka 1. Introduction the connections that these people had with social networks in other parts of northeast Asia. Data reported here contribute new During the past decade, a number of studies have detailed the information to archaeological obsidian studies in northeast Asia, obsidian sources and prehistoric obsidian use in northeast Asia and provide a basis for further research in the Kuril Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Islands of the Kuril Archipelago Theodore W
    Journal of Biogeography, 30, 1297–1310 Biodiversity and biogeography of the islands of the Kuril Archipelago Theodore W. Pietsch1*, Victor V. Bogatov2, Kunio Amaoka3, Yuri N. Zhuravlev2, Vyacheslav Y. Barkalov2, Sarah Gage4, Hideki Takahashi5, Arkady S. Lelej2, Sergey Y. Storozhenko2, Norobu Minakawa6, Daniel J. Bennett1, Trevor R. Anderson1, Masahiro Oˆ hara5, Larisa A. Prozorova2, Yasuhiro Kuwahara7, Sergey K. Kholin2, Mamoru Yabe3, Duane E. Stevenson8 and Erin L. MacDonald11School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, Far East Branch, Vladivostok, Russia, 3Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan, 4Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 5Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 6Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan, 7Hokkaido Abashiri Fisheries Experimental Station, Abashiri, Japan and 8Resource Assessment and Conservation Engineering Division, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA Abstract Aim Based on seven consecutive seasons of biotic survey and inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater plants and animals of the 30 major islands of the Kuril Archipelago, a description of the biodiversity and an analysis of the biogeography of this previously little known part of the world are provided. Location The Kuril Archipelago, a natural laboratory for investigations into the origin, subsequent evolution, and long-term maintenance of insular populations, forms the eastern boundary of the Okhotsk Sea, extending 1200 km between Hokkaido, Japan, and the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia. A chain of more than 56 islands, the system is only slightly smaller than the Hawaiian Islands, covering an area of 15,600 km2 and providing 2409 km of coastline.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Kuril Islands' Obsidian (2009)
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (2009) 1256–1263 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Initial source evaluation of archaeological obsidian from the Kuril Islands of the Russian Far East using portable XRF S. Colby Phillips a,*, Robert J. Speakman b a University of Washington, Department of Anthropology, Box 353100, Seattle, WA 98195, USA b Smithsonian Institution, Museum Conservation Institute, USA article info abstract Article history: Obsidian artifacts recently have been recovered from 18 archaeological sites on eight islands across the Received 22 September 2008 Kuril Island archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean, suggesting a wide-ranging distribution of obsidian Received in revised form throughout the island chain over the last 2,500 years. Although there are no geologic sources of obsidian 7 January 2009 in the Kurils that are known to have been used prehistorically, sources exist in Hokkaido, Japan, and Accepted 9 January 2009 Kamchatka, Russia, the southern and northern geographic regions respectively from which obsidian may have entered the Kuril Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Book 31 Oyashio Current.Indb
    (MPCBM*OUFSOBUJPOBM 8BUFST"TTFTTNFOU 0ZBTIJP$VSSFOU (*8"3FHJPOBMBTTFTTNFOU "MFLTFFW "7 ,ISBQDIFOLPW '' #BLMBOPW 1+ #MJOPW :( ,BDIVS "/ .FEWFEFWB *" .JOBLJS 1"BOE(%5JUPWB Global International Waters Assessment Regional assessments Other reports in this series: Russian Arctic – GIWA Regional assessment 1a Caribbean Sea/Small Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 3a Caribbean Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 4 Barents Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 11 Baltic Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 17 Caspian Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 23 Aral Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 24 Gulf of California/Colorado River Basin – GIWA Regional assessment 27 Yellow Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 34 East China Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 36 Patagonian Shelf – GIWA Regional assessment 38 Brazil Current – GIWA Regional assessment 39 Amazon Basin – GIWA Regional assessment 40b Canary Current – GIWA Regional assessment 41 Guinea Current – GIWA Regional assessment 42 Lake Chad Basin – GIWA Regional assessment 43 Benguela Current – GIWA Regional assessment 44 Indian Ocean Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 45b East African Rift Valley Lakes – GIWA Regional assessment 47 South China Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 54 Mekong River – GIWA Regional assessment 55 Sulu-Celebes (Sulawesi) Sea – GIWA Regional assessment 56 Indonesian Seas – GIWA Regional assessment 57 Pacifi c Islands – GIWA Regional assessment 62 Humboldt Current – GIWA Regional assessment 64 Global International Waters Assessment Regional assessment 31 Oyashio Current GIWA report production Series editor:
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Breaking of Large-Amplitude Internal Waves in the Urup Strait
    Progress in Oceanography 126 (2014) 109–120 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Oceanography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean Direct breaking of large-amplitude internal waves in the Urup Strait ⇑ Sachihiko Itoh a, , Yuki Tanaka b, Satoshi Osafune c, Ichiro Yasuda a, Masahiro Yagi a, Hitoshi Kaneko a, Shunsuke Konda a, Jun Nishioka d, Yuri. N. Volkov e a Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan b Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan c Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan d Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan e Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute, Vladivostok, Russia article info abstract Article history: Observations and model data have been analyzed for the Urup Strait, one of the Kuril Straits, focusing on Available online 6 May 2014 processes driving the extremely strong vertical mixing. Observations over 1 day on the Pacific side of the sill of the Urup Strait show the generation of a large-amplitude internal wave (LAIW), characterized by the depression of potential density surfaces caused by a strong off-sill flow. When the LAIW developed, the potential density surface of 26.7 rh was depressed downward by more than 300 m, and vertical mixing was markedly elevated within the 400-m-thick layer 26.6–26.7 rh, with a layer-mean (maximum) energy dissipation rate and vertical diffusivity of 1.2 Â 10À6 (7.9 Â 10À6 WkgÀ1) and 4.0 Â 10À1 (2.8 m2 sÀ1), respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Bridging Seismology and Geomorphology: Investigations of the 2006 and 2007 Kuril Island Tsunamis
    Bridging seismology and geomorphology: investigations of the 2006 and 2007 Kuril Island tsunamis Breanyn Tiel MacInnes A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2010 Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Earth and Space Sciences University of Washington Graduate School This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a doctoral dissertation by Breanyn Tiel MacInnes and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final examining committee have been made. Chair of the Supervisory Committee: ___________________________________________________ Joanne Bourgeois Reading Committee: __________________________________________________ Joanne Bourgeois __________________________________________________ Robert Weiss ___________________________________________________ Heidi B Houston Date:__________________________________ In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral degree at the University of Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of the dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for copying or reproduction of this dissertation may be referred to ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346, 1-800-521-0600, to whom the author has
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Islands of the Kuril Archipelago [Abstract]
    Stephen F. Austin State University SFA ScholarWorks Faculty Publications Biology 2003 Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Islands of the Kuril Archipelago [Abstract] Theodore W. Pietsch Victor V. Bogatov Kunio Amaoka Yuri N. Zhuravlev Vyacheslav Y. Barkalov See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/biology Part of the Biology Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Repository Citation Pietsch, Theodore W.; Bogatov, Victor V.; Amaoka, Kunio; Zhuravlev, Yuri N.; Barkalov, Vyacheslav Y.; Gage, Sarah; Takahashi, Hideki; Lelej, Arkady S.; Storozhenko, Sergey Y.; Minakawa, Noboru; Bennett, Daniel J.; Anderson, Trevor R.; Ôhara, Masahiro; Prozorova, Larisa A.; Kuwahara, Yasuhiro; Kholin, Sergey K.; Yabe, Mamoru; Stevenson, Duane E.; and MacDonald, Erin L., "Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Islands of the Kuril Archipelago [Abstract]" (2003). Faculty Publications. 79. https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/biology/79 This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Theodore W. Pietsch, Victor V. Bogatov, Kunio Amaoka, Yuri N. Zhuravlev, Vyacheslav Y. Barkalov, Sarah Gage, Hideki Takahashi, Arkady S. Lelej, Sergey Y. Storozhenko, Noboru Minakawa, Daniel J. Bennett, Trevor R. Anderson, Masahiro Ôhara, Larisa A. Prozorova, Yasuhiro Kuwahara, Sergey K. Kholin, Mamoru Yabe, Duane E. Stevenson, and Erin L. MacDonald This abstract is available at SFA ScholarWorks: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/biology/79 Biodiversity and biogeography of the islands of the Kuril Archipelago [Abstract] Based on seven consecutive seasons of biotic survey and inventory of the terrestrial and freshwater plants and animals of the 30 major islands of the Kuril Archipelago, a description of the biodiversity and an analysis of the biogeography of this previously little known part of the world are provided.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indigenous Ainu of Japan and the “Northern Territories” Dispute
    The Indigenous Ainu of Japan and the “Northern Territories” Dispute by Scott Harrison A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2007 © Scott Harrison 2007 Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This thesis re-examines the territorial dispute between Japan and Russia, the so-called “Northern Territories” issue, through a reinterpretation of the role of the indigenous Ainu of Japan. An exploration of Ainu history and historiography reveals that the long- standing emphasis on Wajin-based legitimacy of rule and annexation of northern areas was replaced by historical amnesia concerning the role and status of the Ainu. Discussion focuses on an interpretation of Ainu understandings of local, regional/national and international historical events. This approach underscores the importance of de-nationalising History by integrating the important perspectives of Indigeneity. It asserts, further, that the understanding of these events and processes require a broader disciplinary prism than that provided by the study of history. The preponderance of nation-based studies, and not only in the field of History, has seriously inhibited the analysis of historical phenomena involving Indigenous peoples, in this case the Ainu. The study of the Northern Territories issue offers, then, both a new perspective on the history of this important dispute and an illustration of the importance of broadening traditional academic studies in disciplines such as History, Anthropology, Ecology, Political Science, International Relations and Law to incorporate Indigenous perspectives and experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Resilience and the Population History of the Kuril Islands, Northwest Pacific: a Study in Complex Human Ecodynamics
    *Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 Resilience and the population history of the Kuril Islands, Northwest Pacific: A study in complex human ecodynamics 1* 2 1 3 Ben Fitzhugh , Erik Gjesfjeld , William Brown , Mark J. Hudson 1Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle 2Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles 3Research Institute for Sustainable Environments and Cultures, Nishikyushu University, Japan *To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: [email protected], Mailing Address: Dept. of Anthropology, Box 353100, Seattle, WA 98195-3100, USA Abstract Living in remote places can strain the adaptive capacities of human settlers. It can also protect communities from external social, political and economic forces. In this paper, we present an archaeological population history of the Kuril Islands. This string of small volcanic islands on the margins of the Northwest Pacific was occupied by maritime hunting, fishing and gathering communities from the mid-Holocene to recent centuries. We bring together (1) 380 new and previously published archaeological radiocarbon dates, (2) a new paleodemographic model based on a radiocarbon- timestamped temporal frequency distribution of archeological deposits, (3) recently published paleoclimate trends, and (4) recently published archaeological proxy evidence for changes in the extent of social networks. We demonstrate that, over the last two millennia, inhabitants of the Kuril Islands underwent dramatic demographic fluctuations. Explanations of these fluctuations are considered in the context of environmental hazards, social networks and the emergence of an East Asian “World System”, elucidating the tension between local and external adaptative strategies to social and ecological uncertainty. Results suggest that population resilience to local climate and environmental variability was achieved by virtue of social networks that maintained non-local support in times of crisis.
    [Show full text]