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A Survey of Water Masses in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bussol Strait

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A Survey of Water Masses in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bussol Strait A Survey of Water Masses in The Sea of Okhotsk and The Bussol Strait by Colin E. Taylor B.Sc. The University of British Columbia, 1986 A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree of Master Of Science in The Faculty Of Graduate Studies (Department of Physics) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard: The University of British Columbia December 1996 © C. E. Taylor, 1996 f In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree; that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. QL • Department of \j ^ c_S The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date 0,,. r u DE-6 (2/88) II Abstract In September of 1993, a World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) expedition to the Sea of Okhotsk collected hydrological data along a transect of the sea, located next to the northwest Pacific. Hydrological sampling was conducted at several stations over the Kuril Trench, and continued along a line passing through the Bussol Strait and across the Sea of Okhotsk to the continental mainland. The data collected on this voyage suggest that the Sea of Okhotsk plays only an indirect role in the formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and that much of the water in the Sea of Okhotsk has resided there for some time. An exchange of waters at depth over the Bussol Sill is also suggested. This paper will discuss the properties of the water masses in the Sea of Okhotsk with respect to the collected data and focus on the exchange across the Bussol Strait. The residence time of water masses and the effect of winter cooling will also be described. Table of Contents: Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Figures v Acknowledgement vii 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Physical Geography of the Sea of Okhotsk 1 1.2. Oceanographic Features of the Sea of Okhotsk 3 1.2.1. Sea Ice Formation 3 1.2.2. Currents in the Sea of Okhotsk Region 5 1.2.3. Tides 6 1.2.4. Water Properties 8 1.3. World Ocean Circulation Experiment Expedition 1993 9 1.3.1. World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) 9 1.3.2. North Pacific Intermediate Water 10 1.3.3. The 1993 Okhotsk Sea Expedition 11 2. Description of Data 13 2.1. Collection Methods 13 2.2. Data Processing 14 2.3. Overview of Data 15 3. Results 17 3.1. Water Masses in the Sea of Okhotsk 17 3.1.1. Surface Waters 18 3.1.2. the Deryugin Basin Water 20 3.1.3. Water Masses near the Bussol Sill 21 3.2. Water Properties 24 3.2.1. Chlorofluorocarbon Dating of Okhotsk Waters 24 3.2.2. The Okhotsk Gyre and the Bussol Eddy 26 iv 3.2.3. Tidal Mixing over the Bussol Sill 29 4. Discussion 33 References 34 Summary of Figures 37 Appendix A. - Using CFC's to date ocean water masses 78 Appendix B. - Niskin Bottle Salinity Data. 80 V List of Figures: Fig. 1: The Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacific 39 Fig. 2: Oceanographic features of Okhotsk Sea (Alfultis and 40 Martin, 1987) Fig. 3: The Kuril Islands and Straits from PICES 41 Fig. 3 Captions 42 Fig. 4: Bathymetry of Sea of Okhotsk from U.S. Naval 43 Oceanographic Office. Fig. 5: a) Development of Sea Ice over winter months (Japanese 44 Meteorological Agency, 1990) b) February sea ice extent 1973-76 (Parkinson, 1990) 45 c) Interannual sea ice cover as a % of total area from H. 46 Freeland, compiled with data sent by Alex Bychov, POI. Fig. 6: a) Circulation of SoO in summer by Watanabe 47 b) Circulation of SoO according to Leonov 48 c) Circulation of SoO according to Moroshkin 49 d) Estimates of surface currents from lida 50 (in knots: 1 knot = 0.514 m/s) e) The presence of the Bussol Eddy (Rogachev,1993) 51 f) Gyres of the North Pacific (Ohtani et al, 1991) 52 Fig. 7: a) Amplitudes of tidal components (Suzuki and Kanari) 53 b) Tidal components in the Kurils from Luchin 54 c) Tidal parameters near the Bussol Strait from Luchin 55 Fig. 8: Temperature distribution along north-south line at 56 approximately 150° E (Kitani, 1973) Fig. 9: WOCE survey lines in the Northwest Pacific 57 Fig. 10: Survey Stations of WOCE Expedition 9316 (Sept. 1993) 58 Fig. 11: NPIW low salinity intrusion from H. Freeland 59 - solid lines are 5, 6 and 7 degree isotherms vi - clashed lines are 26.7, 26.7 and 26.8 isopycnals Fig. 12 a) Potential temperature over the transect 60 b) Potential temperature for first 500 meters 61 Fig. 13 a) Salinity over the transect 62 b) Salinity for first 500 meters 63 Fig. 14 a) Potential Density over the transect 64 b) Potential Density for first 500 meters 65 Fig. 15 Profiles of S, T, 0 at various stations along the transect 66 Fig. 16 TS plot for above stations 67 Fig. 17 a) Temperature-salinity profiles for all 30 stations. 68 b) TS profiles divided into 3 regions 69 c) TS plots with density contours and freezing point. 70 Fig. 18 Potential Density Contour illustrating 3 regions 71 Fig. 19 Dissolved 02 contour plot 72 Fig. 20 Dissolved silicate contour plot 73 Fig. 21 Potential density near the Bussol Sill 74 Fig. 22 TS plot for depths below 1000 meters 75 Fig- 23 CFC age contours for the SoO. 76 Fig. 24 Dynamic heights relative to 1000 dBar surface for stations 77 where depth exceeds 1000 rri (stations 1 to 23) VII Acknowledgements: For my long-suffering wife, Angela and the other members of my family who helped along the way. 1 1. Introduction 1.1. Physical Geography of the Sea of Okhotsk The Sea of Okhotsk is located in the Northwest Pacific (figure 1); it is a marginal sea separated from the Pacific by the chain of Kuril Islands. The Kuril island chain runs northeast from the Japanese Island of Hokkaido to the southern tip of Kamchatka. The Sea of Okhotsk (SoO) is bordered by land on three sides. In the east, the Kamchatka Peninsula extends from the Kurils to the northeast corner of the SoO. The western border of the SoO is marked by Sakhalin Island, stretching 800 kilometers north-south along the flank. The northern shore of the SoO is outlined by the coast of continental Asia sweeping from the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula to the far western reaches of the sea. There are few large islands in the Sea of Okhotsk itself, the largest being the Shantarsky Island group, in Shantarsky Bay on the northwest continental shelf. In all, the SoO stretches from 43° to 63° north latitude and from 135° to 165° east longitude. The waters of the Sea of Okhotsk are separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Kuril Ridge (figure 2). There are many islands and straits along this span . There are both Russian and Japanese names for the oceanographic features (figure 3 + captions). On the Okhotsk side of the ridge, the sea floor drops into the Kuril Basin; on the Pacific side the depth increases more rapidly, falling into the Kuril Trench. Exchange between the two bodies of water is accomplished through the many straits. The Bussol Strait, in the middle of the island chain, has the deepest sill at about 2300 meters. To the north, the Kruzenshtern Strait is the second deepest 2 passage with a sill depth of 1400 meters. Other important straits include Friza and Nemuro Straits among the southern Kurils. These straits will be mentioned again later when currents and exchange are discussed. The Sea of Okhotsk is also connected to the Japan Sea by two shallow straits. The southern tip of Sakhalin Island and the northern end of Hokkaido are separated by the Soya Strait, about 42 kilometers wide and 55 meters deep. There is also a narrow strait between Sakhalin Island and the Tartarin Peninsula; the Tartar Strait is only 8 kilometers wide at its narrowest with a sill depth of 12 meters at low tide. The bathymetric features of the Sea of Okhotsk are shown on figures 2 and 4. It can be noted that the depth contours on these two plots are not entirely in agreement; this is an example of the lack of solid information about the Sea of Okhotsk. However, this discrepancy is minor and the main features are apparent on both graphics. The deepest part of the SoO, the Kuril Basin, is located in the southern portion of the sea and reaches a maximum depth of about 3200 m. The Deryugin Basin, located off the east coast of Sakhalin Island, drops to a depth of about 1700 meters. To the northeast, the shallow Tinro Basin parallels the Kamchatka coast. The sea also has a few notable rises. The Kashevorova Bank, in the northwest SoO, rises above 200 meters in depth. Two other rises, the Institute of Oceanology Rise and the Academy of Science Rise, lie between the Kuril and Deryugin Basins. The overall area of the SoO is about 1.5 million square kilometers and the average depth is approximately 800 meters.
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