NIST Conceptual Model Overview and Evolu&On
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NIST Conceptual Model Overview and Evoluon Copiously cribbed from presentaon by Erich W. Gunther Chairman and CTO EnerNex Corporaon, SGIP Administrator Why Use a Model and Tools? • Systems are Becoming More Complex • Scale and Scope of Next Generaon Equipment – Thousands to Millions of Pieces of Field Equipment – Diverse Physical Media – Equipment Supplied by Mulple Providers – More Sophiscated Control and Management • Need to Manage and Document Systems: – Inial Requirements and Designs – Life Cycle Management • Open Standards Drives Need for Well Managed Equipment Interfaces and Integraon Conceptual Model: Core Principles • The NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model – A framework for discussing the characteriscs, uses, behavior, interfaces, requirements and standards of the Smart Grid – System of Systems – mulple architectures • General Concepts – Loose Coupling ‐ bilateral and mullateral transacons can occur without elaborate pre‐arrangement – Layered Systems – a collecon of conceptually similar funcons that provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below. – Shallow Integraon ‐ avoids deep knowledge of the managed or configured components • Interface Related – Symmetry ‐ each acon can run both ways – Transparency ‐ transparent and auditable chain of transacons – Composion ‐ the building of complex interfaces from simpler interfaces – Cyber Security ‐ managed over the life‐cycle of the systems deployed; fundamentally about managing risk; commensurate with the vulnerabilies and exposures from any given applicaon; considered at the me the applicaon requirements are being developed since the domain experts are in the best posion to understand what is at stake. Conceptual Model – Views as a Tool Levels of the Conceptual Model Use Cases: Paths Through the Model Conceptual Reference Model Source: NIST Smart Grid Framework Demand Response – Example Only! IEC 61970 IEC 61968 1b. Register MultiSpeak Customer ebXML OpenADR SOAP 2b. Announce REST Price Event 4a. HTTP Billing Cycle 1a. Enroll Customer 2a. Market Price 3b. Record Change Participation 4b. Send Bill 2c. Distribute Interface ZigBee SE Price Event Message WiFi 1a. BACnet Sequence Number HomePlug Example Standards 3a. Report Ethernet Usage 2e. 2d. Reduce Local ANSI C12 ANSI C12 Usage Stages: Price SONET BPL 1. Enrollment Event WDM Cellular 2. Event Frame Relay WiMAX 3. Monitoring WiMAX Proprietary 4. Billing Source: EnerNex A brief overview of the Smart Grid Current State of the Industry – according to Zigbee/Homeplug Current State Utility Requirements Fragmented Standards Efforts HAN standard definitions and clear path to certification IPSO ® HomePlug HAN Standards and Certifications proprietary Certification Joint Utility Z-Wave Leadership Common Comprehensive Many Moving Pieces Solution Minimal collaboration between industry There is an opportunity to align around resulting in proprietary processes to each a common comprehensive solution utility . Fragmented standards . Timing is good . No common end-to-end system definition . Standards bodies are open to utility engagement . No comprehensive certification process . Pick the best minimum solution Factoid for the Internet Community • Internet Protocol Suite seen as – “Complex” • Many oponal protocols • Not engineered to AMI needs – “Threatening” • Business issues – “let’s not Osborne the business” • Technical issues – not easily used in exisng architecture and yet pressed by us and some ulies • To make progress, we need to show flexibility – Make a building network a collecon of 6lowpan and 6lowpan‐like networks plus Ethernet/WiFi/WiMax sensors • MAC/PHY independence – Let vendor EMS manage our systems • The enre market is about management – Provide soluons that solve problems they are concerned about Important observaons on communicaons architecture • All conversaon are peer to peer – Actor reads sensor (request/response) – Sensor announces asynchronous events – Publish/Subscribe announcments – Command given to controller • Somemes these are “configuraon” – Such as downloading cerficates, rate tables, microcode, etc • Oen these are simply protocol exchanges – Command to reduce load temporarily – Current state Important requirements placed on communicaons architecture • Current base specificaon: – ANSI C12.19/22 OSI ACSE/ROSE on underlying architecture – Oen “1, 2, 7”, which is to say applicaon on link layer – IPv4 used in some places • Basic stack use I’m recommending: – IPv4/IPv6, emphasis on IPv6 – Transport such as UDP, TCP, NORM, etc. • Note that CoRe is recommending a UDP‐based Resul HTTP/UDP • Zigbee is demonstrang ulity of TCP for the purpose – TLS or IPsec – Simple encoding such as XML • Security requirements include – Idenficaon/Authencaon of communicang peers – Authorizaon regarding instrucons given – Signatures on some data – Encrypon of some exchanges Possible direcons • Global perspecve – Many places in the world deploying technology • US perspecve: – There is $billions on the table to be spent in the US over the next four years • Current status – Vendors are excited, want to sell what they have • Generally proprietary, oen Applicaon‐on‐MAC/PHY – Ulies are worried, want to buy things they understand – ARIN to USG: “there aren’t IPv4 addresses to use…” Backup Slides Use Case Management Hundreds of All using different relevant Use Cases nomenclature for to review same things How to determine what to reuse? Turris Babel hp://toweroabel.391.org/athanasiuskircher.htm Operations Energy Market Clearinghouse 6 ISO/RTO DMS Power System 18 1 Applications 13 Markets Distribution 2 11 SCADA Service Provider 12 14 Aggregator/Energy Services rd 3 3 Party Company Metering/Billing/ 19 Utility Back Office 8 Public or AMI Private Network 4 Network 17 Electric Transportation Use Cases: Actors and ESI/HAN Logical Interfaces 15 Gateway PEV: Plug-in Electric Vehicle Meter 20 ISO: Independent System Operator 5 RTO: Regional Transmission Operator 21 23 ESI: Energy Services Interface - Gateway EMS: Energy Management System (optional) Submeter/ Customer EUMD: End Use Measurement Device 22 EUMD 9 EMS EVSE: Electric Vehicle Service Element Communicaons Associaon / Connector 10 Key: ID 7 Actor Actor # EVSE/PEV 1 2 Customer Logical Interfaces The “GWAC Stack” Underneath Organizational: Policy, Business Objectives, Business Procedures Informational: Business Context, Semantic Understanding Technical: Syntactic Interoperability, Network Interoperability, Basic Connectivity Cross-Cutting Issues: Security, Resource Identification, Time Synch, etc. Source: EnerNex GWAC Stack – Levels of Interoperability First 16 NIST Framework Standards 1 AMI-SEC System Security Requirements 2 ANSI C12.19 End Device (Meter) Tables 3 BACnet Building Automation & Control Net 4 DNP3 – Distributed Network Protocol 5 IEC 60870-6 – Inter-Control Center 6 IEC 61850 – Comms Nets in Substations 7 IEC 61968/61970 – Common Info Model 8 IEC 62351 – Data Comms Security 9 IEEE C37.118 - Synchrophasors 10 IEEE 1547 – Distributed Resources 11 IEEE 1686 – IED Cyber Security 12 NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection 13 NIST SP 800-53/82 Fed Info Sys Security 14 Open Automated Demand Response 15 Open Home Area Network Requirements 16 ZigBee/HomePlug Smart Energy Profile Conceptual Model as Architectural View Informaon Who are the models stakeholders and parcipants in the the Smart Grid How do the applicaons of Smart Grid work Represents the scope of Smart Where do logical Grid interfaces applicaons reside within products Which core technologies and standards comprise the Smart Grid NIST Interoperability Knowledge Base Word Documents IKB Importers IKB IKB Exporters XMI Database Spreadsheets Model Usage • Please use the model! Ask us for the PPT! • Intended to be adopted widely as a consistent means of discussing and analyzing the smart grid and its applicaons • Example – The IEEE PES will use the model as a means to: – Organize the IEEE PES smart grid web site – Ensure topic coverage for new publicaon – Transacons on Smart Grid – Organize smart grid symposia topics and sessions – Categorize inventory of exisng standards and projects – Categorize a smart grid bibliography and reference set Panel Discussion – “LA 15” DOE / NIST / UCAIug / ASAP‐SG Effort US DOE FFRDC’s Service Provider Transmission Operations Distribution 1 5 SCADA/EMS Aggregator / 4 Distribution Retail Energy 23 DA Field 9 SCADA 17 Provider DMS Devices Applications 8 44 22 41 6 18 7 14 Billing 24 MDMS OMS 11 45 LMS / Field Crew 13 GIS/WMS 19 Third Party 26 10 DRMS Tool 12 16 2 15 20 AMI 25 CIS 42 Headend Public or 27 40 21 Private AMI Web Local Network Network 30 Connectio 29 Customer n 39 28 Energy Market Energy Services Customer Clearinghouse 32 Metering Interface/ HAN 31 EMS Gateway 3 37 35 43 36 Customer 33 Sub-Meter 34 Appliances RTO/ISO Customer DER 46 Electric 38 Markets Vehicle Customer AMI Systems Use Cases: Actors, AMI: Advanced Metering Infrastructure DRMS: Demand Response Management System LMS: Load Management System SCADA: Supervisory Control and MDMS: Meter Data Management System GIS: Geographic Information System Logical Interfaces, and Networks Data Acquisition DMS: Distribution Management System CIS: Customer Information System WMS: Work Management System EMS: Energy Management System OMS: Outage Management System Service Provider Operations Distribution 24 MDMS 10 11 OMS 18 Billing Field Crew Tool 26 25 22 AMI Headend 12 CIS 20 Third Party/ Vendor DRMS/ LMS 39 30 Local Connectio AMI Network Web 27 n 42 Public or 29