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Abstracts of the 92Nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science

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Abstracts of the 92Nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science Abstracts Contributed Papers (Oral and Poster) Colloquia Workshops 92nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Horticultural Science 40th Annual Congress of the Canadian Society for Horticultural Science Montréal, Québec, Canada 30 July–3 August 1995 The Abstracts that follow are arranged by type of 8 COLLOQUIUM 1 (Abstr. 001–005) session (Colloquia first, then Orals, Posters, Work- Genome Mapping of Horticultural Crops shops). The Poster abstract numbers correspond to the Poster Board number at which the Poster will be presented. 001 Progress in Prunus Mapping and Application of Molecular Markers to Germplasm Improvement To determine when a paper is to be presented, Vance Baird*, Dept. of Horticulture, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29634-0375. check the session number in the Program Sched- Prunus, which includes peach/nectarine, almond, apricot, cherry, and plum, is a large and economically important genus in the family Rosaceae. The size and ule or the Conference at a Glance charts. The long generation time of these tree crops have hampered improvement through Author presenting the paper is indicated by an classical breeding and long-term selection programs. With the advent of DNA- based molecular diagnostics, an exciting era in germplasm improvement has asterisk. dawned. Efforts are underway, notably in the United States (e.g., California, Michi- gan, North Carolina, and South Carolina) and the European Community (e.g., England, France, Italy, and Spain), to apply the tools of molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection to this important genus. The objective of these projects is to develop molecular linkage maps of sufficient marker density to tag pheno- typic trait loci of agronomic importance. These include traits controlled by single genes (e.g., flower color, compatibility, flesh color, pest resistance), as well as more-complex, quantitative traits (e.g., cold hardiness, tree architecture, sugar content). An immediate outcome of these mapping efforts has been the develop- ment of DNA “fingerprints,” allowing for the discrimination of cultivars—both 748 HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 30(4), JULY 1995 scion and rootstock. The maps will be used by breeders and molecular biologists 005 to monitor gene introgression from wild species into elite lines, for marker-as- Molecular Markers and Mapping in Bulb Onion, A Forgotten sisted selection of desired trait combinations, and for map-based cloning of spe- Monocot cific genes. The molecular markers used in these mapping projects include RFLPs, Michael J. Havey*, USDA/ARS, Dept. of Horticulture, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madi- RAPDs, and microsatellites. Each has their appropriate applications and advan- son, WI 53706. tages depending upon the resources at hand and the project’s specific goals. Although always among the top five vegetables in value, little genetic infor- mation has been published on the bulb onion. Genetic and molecular analyses 002 are hampered by the plant’s biennial nature, severe inbreeding depression, and The Application of Genetic Diagnostics to Plant Genome Analy- huge genome. Research is underway to construct a low-density genetic map of sis and Plant Breeding onion based on RFLPs, AFLPs, and RAPDs. Among open-pollinated populations J.M. Vogel*1, A. Rafalski1, M. Morgante2, G. Taramino1, W. Powell3, M. Hanafey1, (OPPs), levels on DNA polymorphisms were in agreement with those of other and S.V. Tingey1, 1Agricultural Products, E.I. Dupont de Nemours, P.O. Box 80402, outcrossing diploid species. However, we identified little putative-allelic diver- Wilmington, DE 19880-0402; 2Universita Di Udine, Dip Di ProduzioneVegetale, sity among the OPPs (1.9 polymorphic bands per polymorphic probe–enzyme Via Delle Scienze 208, Udine, I-33100, Italy; 3Scottish Crop Research Ins., combination) supporting a bottleneck during the domestication of onion. Our Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA Scotland, United Kingdom. segregating family is from the cross of two diverse inbreds and will be used to DNA-based diagnostics are now well-established as a means to assay diver- map quantitative trait loci conditioning phenotypically correlated production (ma- sity at the locus, chromosome, and whole-genome levels. As technology has turity, storability, and firmness), consumer-preference (pungency, flavor, and bulb advanced, DNA sequence-based assays have become easier to use, more effi- shape), and health-enhancing (anti-platelet aggregation) attributes of onion. We cient at screening for nucleotide sequence-based polymorphisms, and available are also attempting to tag chromosome regions controlling relatively simply in- to a wider cross-section of the research community. A review of the use of mo- herited traits that are difficult or expensive to characterize classically. lecular markers in several different areas of genetics and plant breeding will be presented, as well as a discussion about their advantages and limitations. Recent advances in several areas of technology development and laboratory automation will also be presented, including a summary of direct comparison of different 49 COLLOQUIUM 2 (Abstr. 006–011) DNA marker systems against a common set of soybean cultivars. Biological Control Approaches for 003 Successful Stand Establishment Progress of Apple Genetic Mapping in Europe Graham J.King*, Breeding & Genetics Dept., Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom. 006 The progress of the European Apple Genome Mapping Project will be de- scribed. Five populations segregating for a range of agronomic genes have been Biological Seed Treatments Nancy W. Callan*1 and Don E. Mathre2, 1Western Agricultural Research Center, established in six European countries. Isozyme systems, RFLPs, RAPDs, and Montana State Univ., Corvallis, MT 59828; 2Dept. of Plant Pathology, Montana other PCR-based markers are being used to construct a unified genetic linkage State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717. map. Genotypic and phenotypic measurements have been precisely defined and Biological seed treatment offers a safe, environmentally responsible option standardized among participants. Phenotypic measurements for many agronomic for protection of seeds and seedlings from attack by soilborne pathogens. Most traits are being replicated in different geographical locations over several years. effective biological seed treatments have used either bacterial or fungal agents. Statistical and genetic analyses are aimed at defining components of genetic varia- The efficacy of a biological seed treatment depends upon the ability of the biocontrol tion that account for “genes” manipulated by apple breeders. The segregation of agent to compete and function on the seed and in the rhizosphere under diverse fungal and insect resistance genes, tree habit, juvenility, budbreak, and many conditions of soil pH, nutrient level, moisture, temperature, and disease pres- fruit characters has been scored. Markers have been identified linked to and flanking sure. Seed treatment performance may be improved through application and for- scab and mildew resistance genes. RAPD markers have been converted to codomi- mulation technology. An example of this is the bio-priming seed treatment, a nant PCR-based markers for selection purposes. The JoinMap program has been combination of seed priming and inoculation with Pseudomonas aureofaciens extended for linkage analysis of crosses between heterozygous parents. A method AB254, which was originally developed for protection of sh-2 sweet corn from for mapping QTLs in outcrossing species has been developed, together with soft- Pythium ultimum seed decay. Bio-priming has been evaluated for protection of ware that is able to contend with dominant markers and missing data. Associated seed of sweet corn and other crops under a range of soil environmental conditions. research is being carried out on the genetics and diversity of fungal resistance genes, fruit quality, and the socioeconomic aspects of apple production. The re- 007 lational database, APPLE-STORE, has been designed and implemented for com- bined management of agronomic and genetic information. Synteny of linkage Factors Affecting Suppressiveness of Composts to Plant Dis- groups between Malus and Prunus has been established. eases H.A.J. Hoitink*1 and A.G. Stone2, 1Dept. of Plant Pathology and 2Graduate Pro- 004 gram in Environmental Sciences, OARDC, The Ohio State Univ., Wooster, OH Genetic Studies in Pea and Apple: The Yin and Yang of Map- 44691. Many factors affect the potential for composts to provide biological control of ping in Plants diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. Heat exposure during composting N.F. Weeden*, Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, NYSAES, Cornell Univ., Geneva, kills or inactivates pathogens and weed seeds if the process is monitored prop- NY 14456. erly. Unfortunately, most beneficial microorganisms also are killed by this heat Linkage maps consisting primarily of molecular markers have been constructed treatment. Conditions must be provided after peak heating that enhance natural in pea and apple. Different approaches have been taken to generate these maps. recolonization of composts by biocontrol agents. The raw feedstock, the environ- For pea, F and recombinant inbred populations have been used to study segre- 2 ment in which the compost is produced, as well as conditions during curing and gating loci, and a critical factor has been the selection of sufficiently divergent utilization, determine the potential for recolonization by this microflora and the inbred parents
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