REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION HWC PERMIT 2237 / CASE NUMBER 130701TS06 KNYSNA EASTERN HEADS 1

JANUARY 2016

PERMIT HOLDERS

Dr. Thalassa Matthews, IZIKO The South African Museum, Natural History Department, 25 Queen Victoria Street, Cape Town, 8001,

Dr. Naomi Cleghorn, University of Texas at Arlington, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, 601 S. Nedderman Dr., Suite 430, Arlington, Texas, 76019, USA

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INTRODUCTION

The archaeological site at Knysna Eastern Heads Cave 1 (KEH 1, see Figure 1) was identified in 2012, and excavated under HWC permit 2237 beginning in December of 2013. To date, a total of nine weeks of excavation have been completed – primarily in July and August of 2015. The study of KEH 1 is a multidisciplinary project involving research scientists from South Africa, the , , , , and . In addition, more than a dozen students from four countries, including South Africa, have participated in the associated research and fieldwork. The KEH-1 project is funded through grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, the Templeton Foundation, the University of Texas at Arlington, and private U.S. donors. Initial results from test excavations have been presented at conferences and workshops in the U.S. and South Africa, and the first peer review publication on the site is currently under review with the open access journal . A copy of that paper will be submitted to Heritage Western Cape as soon as it is accepted for publication. In the current report, we summarize excavations, on-going analyses, and site stratigraphy, and provide a general overview of finds.

Figure 1: Map showing the location of KEH 1 together with other MSA and LSA localities.

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Figure 2: KEH 1 during 2015 excavation

OVERVIEW OF KEH 1

KEH 1 is a south-facing coastal cave located about 23 m above mean sea level on the south coast of South Africa, a short distance east of the Knysna Heads (Figure 2). The site is the highest of four adjacent and rockshelters cut by wave action and erosion into an escarpment of Table Mountain Sandstone. The visible interior of KEH 1 includes a single chamber, about 10 m wide by about 5 m high at the mouth, and about 20 m long from the mouth to the back wall. Sediments within the cave are at least 5 m thick and include dense archaeological accumulations. A steep active erosional slope of about 35° exposes the stratigraphic sequence of sediments across the western half of the cave mouth. Our goal in excavating KEH 1 is to develop a high resolution temporal sequence to understand adaptation to Late Pleistocene environmental change along the southern coast. Initial AMS radiocarbon results from four charcoal samples date the excavated portion of the site between ~ 44 kya and ~ 19 kya (calibrated). This period (particularly between 45 and 25 kya) is relatively poorly documented in the archaeological record of the Western Cape. In fact, KEH 1 is the only such sequence from the current coast and therefore provides a unique window onto forager behavior on the now submerged Agulhas Bank.

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EXCAVATION OVERVIEW

Excavation at KEH 1 occurred in three phases between 2013 and 2015. The first two excavations (December 30th, 2013 to January 14th, 2014 and July 1st to July 7th, 2014; hereafter referred to as the 2014 excavations) were short tests focused on developing a long sequence through the western section of the erosional face. The goal was to obtain initial dates, find distributions, general technological characteristics, and an understanding of the stratigraphic sequence. Our preliminary conclusions were that the tested portion of the sequence dated from ~44 kya to ~19 kya, sampling the poorly known period of the MSA/LSA transition, and thus the site merited more intensive investigation. For this reason, we conducted a slightly larger excavation from July 13th to August 21st, 2015. The goals of the 2015 excavation were to connect sections of the long western sequence that we were unable to bridge in 2014, to develop a dense sequence of AMS dates, to undertake a micromorphology analysis of sediments, to increase lithic and faunal sample sizes, and to expand the excavation to the east to investigate the horizontal distribution of and related features.

Excavation procedures followed standards originally developed over more than a decade of excavation at the Pinnacle Point locality in . Multiple total stations and a GPS base station and RTK rover system were used to map the topography in and around the cave. Control points established outside the cave linked the excavation grid to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) system, Zone 34 South, and ellipsoidal heights were converted to orthometric heights using the Trignet INTGEOID (SAGeoid2010) ellipsoidal conversion utility. The UTM grid was thus used as the 1m2 excavation grid for KEH 1 (Figure 3). Thirteen permanent control points within the cave were used to establish total station orientation and three-dimensional position for all data. All archaeological data were collected and analyzed using ESRI ArcGIS and Microsoft ACCESS databases.

Figure 3: Plan of KEH 1 showing location of excavation and UTM grid.

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Figure 4: Profile of cave interior and area of excavation (in ) along A – A’ grid line shown in Figure 3.

Using the natural erosional slope at the mouth of the cave, we were able to sample vertically through the area of interest without undercutting or disturbing a stratigraphically higher shell component. The 2 m by 0.5 m excavation area is parallel to the dip of the slope (cutting directly into this face), and exposed 1.7 m of vertical section in steps (Figure 4). In 2015, we opened a second excavation area 1.5 meters east of the original section (see Figure 3). The eastern area is 1m by 0.5m and is oriented perpendicular to the dip the slope – thus providing more information about the spatial distribution of features within the upper part of the stratigraphy. Both the western vertical section and the wider eastern exposure are located within the mouth of the cave, and we were therefore able to use natural light for most of the excavation. Excavators also used 10W High Power 600LM LED handheld lamps to check sediment characteristics.

The site was excavated stratigraphically within quadrants of the grid. Stratigraphic Units (or SU, within a grid square) and Lots (within a quadrant of a square) were identified on the basis of sediment characteristics (e.g., color, texture, and natural inclusions) as as find density. For particularly thick, homogenous portions of the deposit, stratigraphic control was retained by arbitrarily dividing units into 5 cm horizontal spits when archaeological finds were present, and 10 cm spits when sediments were sterile. The base of each SU was record by total station and photographically recorded in the section profile. High resolution photographs were taken mid-way through the excavation of each Lot.

All finds (without size limit) were recorded in situ using a total station and were then collected in barcode-labeled bags. All sediments were wet sieved using graduated screens (10mm, 3mm, and 1.5mm sieve sizes), with the exception of some sediment samples from the 2015 excavation that have been reserved for future floatation processing. Finds recovered by sieve are currently being sorted at the Diaz Museum in Mossel Bay and at Dr. Jayne Wilkins’ laboratory at the University of Cape Town. Small sediment samples of ~100g were collected from each Lot in order to retain an archive of sediment characteristics. In addition to artifacts and faunal specimens, collected finds included charcoal (which is well-preserved at the site) and small samples of sediment from areas retained for phytolith analysis. In 2014, charcoal samples were exported for AMS analysis under SAHRA permit number 1279

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(Case ID 4151). In August 2015, six small (~10 cm by 15 cm) micromorphology samples were collected by Dr. Ximena Villagran (Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) and later exported for analysis under SAHRA permit number 2109 (Case ID 7996).

STRATIGRAPHY

There are three distinct accumulation components within the cave (visible in the erosional slope): an upper shell midden (a shell-supported matrix), a rock fall layer, and an underlying deposit that includes anthropogenic material. Table 1 presents a hierarchical overview of the major depositional units within the cave. The dense shell midden (hereafter, the Upper Component) is between 1 and 2 meters deep, and forms the modern floor of the cave chamber. In the interior chamber of the cave, five scooped-out circular features, 1.5 to 2 m in diameter and about 30 cm deep appear to be old excavations into the Upper Component. The process that produced these features is not clear, but is more likely to be biogenic than geogenic. The rings are too large to be drip-related and we observed that the cave ceiling is relatively dry even during periods of high humidity. Therefore, we speculate that these features may be anthropogenic excavations, and related to occupation of the cave or to 19th century antiquarian activities (pers. comm. Judy Sealy and Tim Maggs, August 10th, 2015). A modern campfire structure within the cave attests to the continued use of this site by Knysna residents.

Table 1: Summary stratigraphic scheme of KEH 1

Site Components Aggregates Subaggregates Upper Component (UC) Shell midden Rock fall OBS-Upper Orange Brown Sandy (OBS) OBS-1 OBS-2 DHA-Upper Lower Component (LC) Dense Hearth Aggregate (DHA) DHA-Lower DHA-Shelly DBS-Upper Dark Brown Spally (DBS) DBS-Lower

Upper Component and Rock Fall

The Upper Component shell midden stratigraphy is exposed in a 25 cm deep cut near the top of the erosional slope at the mouth of the cave. This may be a natural drip given its proximity to the cave mouth. However, the feature is comprised of two vertical cuts that meet at a right angle. This raises the possibility that the feature may be the result of prior archaeological investigation that remains, to our knowledge, unpublished. This cut exposes at least one clear in situ combustion feature that appears to be the dense charcoal layer of a small campfire. This feature is 20 cm wide and is located approximately 5 cm below the surface.

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Rockfall Layer

OBS Upper

OBS 1

OBS 2

DHA Upper

DHA Lower

DHA Shelly

DBS Upper

DBS Lower

Base of Excavation

Figure 5: Composite photo of long section (western excavated area) from end of 2014 season. Subaggregate divisions shown.

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A rock fall layer stratigraphically underlies the shell midden at about 22 m asl. These large, roughly rectangular blocks range in size from about 30 cm to 50 cm in width and 10 cm to 40 cm in height. These lie horizontally within the deposit, and are exposed by the erosional slope at the cave mouth.

Lower Component

The depositional component below the rock fall (hereafter, the Lower Component) differs significantly from the Upper Component in that it is not a shell-supported matrix. Sediments range from light colored and sandy to dark and clay-rich, and include a very thick (up to 50 cm) and laterally extensive (up to 4 m) sequence of anthropogenic combustion features. Our 2014 excavations extended down from the base of the rock fall into the Lower Component. Figure 5 is a composite photo illustrating the entirety of the excavated sequence on the north wall of the test excavation in the Lower Component. We have tentatively defined three distinct aggregation units. These are (from top to bottom) the Orange Brown Sandy (OBS), the Dense Hearth Aggregate (DHA), and the Dark Brown Spally (DBS). Excavated volume of sediment, density of (plotted) finds, and the relative representation of different types of finds vary through this section (Table 2).

Orange Brown Sandy (OBS) Aggregate

The OBS is comprised of light colored, sandy sediments, ~ 33 cm thick, with only three clear stratigraphic changes (designated as subaggregates OBS-upper, OBS1, and OBS2 in descending order). These subaggregates are internally homogenous and were thus dug in 5 cm spits within the natural stratigraphic boundaries.

The major subaggregates within OBS are approximately horizontally bedded. The contact between OBS-Upper and OBS1 is very slightly dipping 6° east and 4° north (toward the cave interior), and OBS1 also dips north at about 4°. Otherwise, the contacts between these stratigraphic units dip less than 3° in any direction. The OBS matrix includes some medium to large roof spall (up to 10 cm in length), few artifacts, and a very dense microfaunal accumulation in OBS-2.

The upper layer of this aggregate (OBS-Upper) is a 10 cm thick unit with slightly darker and nearly sterile sediments. This is underlain by a lighter colored deposit (OBS-1), about 14 cm thick, with charcoal, bone, and lithic finds at low concentrations. Finds, particularly charcoal, increase in density with depth. The contact between OBS-1 and the underlying OBS-2 subaggregates is demarcated by an increase in find density (including more charcoal) and a thin grey lens (possibly representing a very brief occupation). OBS-2 is about 9 cm thick with finds including charcoal, fire modified rocks, bone, lithics, ostrich eggshell fragments, and at least one ostrich eggshell bead. An extremely dense accumulation of microfauna (> 1400 specimens per .02 m3 sediment) in this subaggregate suggests a small predator regularly used the site during this period.

Dense Hearth Aggregate (DHA)

The DHA is comprised of a deep (approximately 68 cm thick) sequence of stratified hearth features, or near-hearth sediment, and represents a significant period of anthropogenic accumulation. Hearth features include black combustion lenses, thick white ash deposits, and very thin rubified layers (i.e., layers of clayey sediment of a distinctly reddish hue, created by heat). Near-hearth sediments are characteristically dark grey, with a significant amount of charcoal fragments, and a clayey consistency.

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Find density (as yet, estimated from plotted finds only), particularly lithic and charcoal density, is about ten times higher in the DHA than in either of the other aggregates.

Within the long section excavation area, there are minimally five distinct hearths comprised of multiple combustion components in stratigraphic sequence. These are small (less than 30 cm wide) bowl-shaped features that appear to lie horizontally. This hearth sequence is grouped into two subaggregates, DHA-Upper and DHA-Lower, to distinguish these from the underlying DHA-Shelly subaggregate. DHA-Upper and Lower are currently distinguished from each other only by a 20 cm vertical gap in the area of excavation, and may in fact be a single subaggregate.

Matrix composition in the DHA-Upper and DHA-Lower varies by hearth component type, and ranges from a very fine, clayey texture among the white ash and black charcoal units, with conglomerates in the white ash, to a silty or medium sandy texture in the dark grey to dark brown units that appear to represent near-hearth sediments. Roof spall is medium sized (up to 5cm in length), and not very abundant throughout most of these units.

Below DHA-Lower, the DHA-Shelly is comprised of a 20 cm sequence of dark grey to black units that, although very rich in charcoal, lack clearly defined hearth features. The sediment matrix varies from fine silt to a medium sand, includes a relatively low quantity of medium sized roof spall (up to 5cm in length) compared to the underlying spall-rich aggregate, and like the over-lying DHA units, has a high density of archaeological finds. This subaggregate is unique in its relatively high concentrations of shell fragments. This is the only unit excavated that includes a significant quantity of shell, although concentrations are not dense enough to describe this as a shell-supported matrix.

Although visually distinct due to the lack of hearths, DHA-Shelly is grouped with the hearth sequences based on matrix similarity. Like the units above, it appears to contain a very strong anthropogenic signal. Sediment in this subaggregate are almost black. This is likely due to a high concentration of organic matter, possibly in the form of charcoal from hearths as yet unexcavated. Further excavation would clarify the degree of continuity between DHA-Shelly and the overlying hearths of the DHA Upper and Lower.

Dark Brown Spally (DBS) Aggregate

The DBS is distinguished from the overlying DHA by the former’s abundant roof spall, lighter color, and lower find density. The aggregate is excavated to about 63 cm, but appears to continue below the current base of excavation. Despite the thickness of the DBS, only two distinct stratigraphic changes, indicated by slight color differences, were apparent during excavation. Most of the aggregate was therefore excavated in 5 or 10 cm spits, depending on the presence of archaeological finds. The DBS is nominally divided into two subaggregates (DBS-Upper and DBS-Lower) based on the division between upper and lower stepped excavation units. With further excavation, we hope to identify more meaningful divisions within the DBS.

The DBS matrix is comprised of dark brown sediments varying from fine to medium sand, with a high density of medium to large (5 to 10 cm) roof spall. Although the abundance of roof spall and absence of clear stratification throughout much of this unit suggest that it could be colluvial in origin, clast orientation and excavator observations support a largely planar and horizontal accumulation of materials that is not consistent with a debris flow.

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There is limited evidence of human activity in the DBS, and lithic density is low. Although no hearth structures were identified, small (< 1 cm) charcoal fragments were common, and particularly abundant in the upper layers of this aggregate. It is possible that some of this carbonized material is derived from the overlying DHA. However, AMS dates (Table 3) indicate that the DBS charcoal is considerably older than charcoal from the DHA-Shelly.

Figure 6: Distribution of finds by type within the excavated long section (see Figure 4). Approximate vertical extent of stratigraphic aggregates is shown for reference.

RECOVERED MATERIALS & ANALYTICAL PROGRESS

Intensive excavation and find plotting procedures produced more than 12,000 recorded finds from about .41 cubic meters of sediment (Table 2). All plotted finds excavated through the 2015 season have been coded and sorted by general find type (e.g., lithic, fauna, microfauna, wood charcoal, shell, , and OES) and by lot number (provenience). In addition to the in situ finds, all sieved sediments are currently being sorted by personnel at MAPCRM in Mossel Bay and by UCT honors student, Ayanda Mdludlu in Dr. Jayne Wilkin’s laboratory in Cape Town. Once sorted, labeled, and added to the existing in situ finds database, sieved material will also be divided by find type in preparation for specialist analysis. Results of AMS analysis are provided in Table 3.

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Table 2: Distribution of finds and excavated sediment volume at KEH 1, 2014 and 2015 seasons combined.

Sediment Sediment Total

Subaggregate / Volume Volume Plotted Vertebrate Lithic Plotted

Context c2 m2 Finds Fauna Microfauna Shellfish Artifact Ochre OES Charcoal Other

OBS Upper 8719 0.0087 12 1 -- 1 2 -- -- 3 5 OBS 1 29939 0.0299 35 6 12 -- 7 -- -- 9 1 OBS 2 65230 0.0652 3918 503 2074 22 775 1 32 262 249 DHA Upper 46528 0.0465 5607 2199 332 210 1694 23 110 604 435 DHA Lower 493 0.0005 119 12 -- 20 6 -- -- 13 68 DHA Shelly 11862 0.0119 1145 253 2 305 209 -- -- 20 356 DBS Upper 115219 0.1152 1057 49 3 27 168 2 17 438 353 DBS Lower 18817 0.0188 81 -- 1 3 3 -- -- 38 36 Cleaning / Emergency Shot 120742 0.1207 65 13 1 3 6 -- -- 15 -- Total 417550 0.4176 12039 3036 2425 591 2870 26 159 1402 1503

Table 3: Accelerated Mass Spectrometry dates for KEH 1.

Lab sample Stratigraphic Unit δ13C Radiocarbon code Material Subaggregate / Lot # (0/00) Age +/- Calibrated Age BP* Beta - 372224 Charcoal OBS-2 T14F2 / 9 -24.4 15870 70 18890 - 19308 UGMAS - 17170 Charcoal DHA-Upper T14R / 23 -23.7 19480 40 23138 - 23625 UGMAS - 17169 Charcoal DHA-Shelly T14Q / 22 -24.7 27650 70 31172 - 31539 Beta - 372225 Charcoal DBS-Upper T14L / 16 -24.7 41560 760 43579 - 46436

*Calibration by OxCal 4.2 (Ramsey, 2014), using the ShCal13 calibration curve, 2 Sigma calibrated results (95.4% probability).

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Specialist Analysis Progress

Each class of materials will undergo analysis by a relevant expert, and some of these analyses have already begun. We anticipate producing a series of publications based on these specialized analyses within the next two years.

Lithics: The senior researcher directing is Dr. Jayne Wilkins (University of Cape Town). Mr. Christopher Shelton (M.A., University of Texas at Arlington) completed a pilot analysis of 300 lithics, the results of which are included in Cleghorn et al. (under review). Dr. Benjamin Schoville (University of Arizona) will complete both a general analysis and edge damage analysis in March and April of 2016.

Fauna: Dr. Naomi Cleghorn (University of Texas at Arlington) will undertake faunal analysis together with a small team of students in June and July of 2016. Dr. Judy Sealy (University of Cape Town) has agreed to undertake isotopic analyses of the fauna in order to track environmental variables.

Microfauna: Dr. Thalassa Matthews (IZIKO) has already analyzed most of the plotted microfaunal specimens. She will continue to add to this dataset in the first half of 2016.

Shell: Dr. Antoinetta Jerardino (Pompeu Fabra University) has analyzed 350 of the shell specimens, and will examine the remaining specimens in South Africa in 2016.

Ochre and OES: We are in the process of identifying lead investigators for ochre and OES analyses. These materials will be sourced, and the OES will provide additional dating information.

Phytolith: Dr. Rosa Albert (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) will supervise the analysis of the phytolith samples from KEH 1. We hope to begin this analysis in 2016 or early 2017. We will submit an application for a SAHRA export permit in spring 2016 for the export of samples to Spain.

Wood Charcoal/AMS dating: As noted above, we have already dated four charcoal samples (under a SAHRA export permit) with Beta and the University of . Dr. Thomas Higham and Dr. Katerina Douka (Oxford University) have agreed to collaborate on the future AMS dating of charcoal. We intend to submit at least 24 additional samples for dating in 2016, and will submit an application for a related SAHRA export permit in January, 2016. We are also currently searching for an expert in ancient wood charcoal analysis in order to identify the wood used at the site.

OSL Dating: Dr. Zenobia Jacobs (University of Wollongong) has agreed to undertake OSL dating of KEH 1 stratigraphy. Sampling and dosimetry measurements will be taken during the 2016 field season.

Micromorphology: Dr. Ximena Villagran (Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil) collected six samples for analysis in 2015. These are currently being prepared by Spectrum Petrographics in the US, and will be sent on to Dr. Villagran for analysis in the spring of 2016 (under a SAHRA permit).

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CONCLUSIONS & PLANS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Our initial investigation of the KEH 1 site provided a basic stratigraphic and chronological framework, initial environmental and site use data from ongoing faunal analyses, and a preliminary understanding of the technological phases represented at the site.

Pilot lithic data show a decrease in lithic size from the lowest excavated levels up through the OBS 2 subaggregate. In addition, there is a clear shift in raw material use between DHA Shelly and DHA Upper, from quartzite to quartz and more fine-grained materials. These observations, in conjunction with the AMS dates, suggest that the site samples the early LSA. Occasional finds of large MSA-like prepared core pieces on the path below the site (clearly eroded from some higher context) indicate that earlier MSA is most likely present somewhere below our current excavation. Given the high elevation and excellent preservation of materials and strata, it is highly possible then that the site preserves a full MSA to LSA sequence.

Few archaeological localities can be used to investigate the transition from the MSA to the LSA in the Cape Floral Zone of the Western Cape, in part because very few sites preserve deposits dating between 50 kya to 30 kya (Mitchell, 2008). This time period is better represented in the inland eastern and northern regions of South Africa, at sites like Sibudu, Umhlatuzana, and , among several others (Jacobs, Wintle, Duller, Roberts, & Wadley, 2008; Lombard, Wadley, Jacobs, Mohapi, & Roberts, 2010; Villa et al., 2012). In the Western Cape, only Boomplaas, Putslaagte 8, and now, KEH 1 sample this critical period (Deacon, 1979; Mackay, Jacobs, Steele, & Orton, 2015). KEH 1, is a unique and valuable addition to this group for at least two reasons. First, it is the only site with evidence for coastal foraging during the early LSA (preliminary mollusk analysis suggests the shore was briefly within 5 km prior to 32 kya). Although Klasies, Pinnacle Point, and Blombos contain earlier evidence of such foraging (Deacon & Wurz, 2005; Jerardino & Marean, 2010), almost nothing is known about how this earlier strategy relates to the intensive foraging behavior of the Holocene (after 11,700 years ago). Second, the KEH 1 site was clearly occupied through a period of drastic landscape change, as the shoreline moved close to the site around 40 kya, and then retreated up to 75 km away by the later occupation at ~23 kya (based on a shoreline distance model developed by Dr. Erich Fisher for the Knysna region, and similar to that published for Mossel Bay in Fisher et al. (2010)). The site therefore offers an excellent and unique opportunity to investigate human responses to critical resource and environmental changes over a relatively short period of time holding location constant.

KEH 1 also provides an opportunity to develop a regional archaeology of this time period. It may be compared directly to Boomplaas, which not only overlaps in time of occupation but is located only ~150 km northwest of KEH 1. In addition, KEH 1’s upper sequence (from ~23 to 19 kya) overlaps with that at , only ~30 km east. It is plausible that the group using KEH 1 shared a social network with these other sites. If the MSA is discovered in deeper levels of the site, the site may also be compared with the upper levels of Pinnacle Point 5/6, 80 km to the west.

In future research we plan to focus on the following goals:

1. Complete the excavation of the current long section DHA aggregate. The density of finds and complexity of hearth features in this aggregate has limited the rate at which we can excavate, and thus there is still a small gap of unexcavated area between the DHA Upper and DHA Lower. We would like to not only bridge this gap, but also more fully expose the hearth sequence in this important section.

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2. Extend the depth of the excavation both below and above the current long section. Above the OBS, we need to know the relationship of excavated sediments to the upper (shell midden) component in order to understand the later development of the site, particularly as it may relate to Nelson Bay Cave during this part of the sequence. Below the DBS aggregate, there are still several meters of unexcavated deposit. It is possible that MSA materials (like those occasionally encountered in the erosional debris below the site) are derived from these deeper sediments. Obtaining a well-dated sequence that connects the late MSA and early LSA will provide invaluable insight into this transition in the Western Cape. This will also allow us to make a regional connection with Pinnacle Point.

3. Develop an OSL chronology to overlap with and extend the range of our AMS chronology. By using two independent overlapping approaches to dating the site, we can greatly strengthen our resulting chronology. This will be particularly important in developing regional comparisons among multiple sites.

4. Open a slightly larger area of investigation across the DHA aggregate. As its name implies, this aggregate contains numerous hearths arranged across at least 4 horizontal and 0.5 vertical meters. We do not intend, at this time, to excavate the full extent of this material, but we would like to examine the arrangement of these feature across a 2 square meter sample area.

5. Continue to improve the conservation and stabilization of the site. In 2015, we were able to stabilize several areas of active natural erosion using military-grade sandbags.

PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS ON KEH 1 RESEARCH (Under Review) Cleghorn, N., Shelton, C., & Fisher, E. Knysna Eastern Heads Cave 1: A New locality in the Western Cape, South Africa. Submitted to PaleoAnthropology. (54 pages) 2016 Peart, D., Watson, S., Keller, H. and Cleghorn, N. Variation in Site Use through Time: Find distribution at Knysna Eastern Heads Cave 1, (Western Cape, South Africa), from Marine Isotope Stage 3 through the Last Glacial Maximum. Abstract submitted for the 81st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Orlando, April 6 – 10, 2016. 2015 Cleghorn, N. The Future of the Knysna Archaeology Project. Paper presented at the meeting of the Paleoscape II Workshop, The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, April 19th, 2015. 2015 Cleghorn, N., Matthews, T., & Shelton, C. The Blind Spot: An Early Later Stone Age perspective on the Agulhas Bank from Knysna Eastern Heads Cave 1, South Africa. Paper presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco, April 18th. 2015 Cleghorn, N. Shifting shorelines and changing landscapes: human strategies in the Late Pleistocene on the southern coast of South Africa. Invited Colloquium Presentation in the UTA Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Geosciences Program. March 19th, 2015. 2014 Cleghorn, N. New Stone Age Localities in Knysna, Western Cape, South Africa. Paper presented at the Paleoscape II workshop, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa. July 5th- 11th. 2014 Cleghorn, N. & Shelton, C. A new Stone Age site near the Knysna Eastern Heads, Western Cape, South Africa Paper presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin, TX, April 23 – 27. 2014 Cleghorn, N., Wilkins, J., Shelton, C., Schoville, B., Richardson, L., & Phillips, L. New Stone Age localities near the Knysna Heads, Western Cape, South Africa. Poster presented at the 23rd Annual

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Meetings of the Paleoanthropology Society, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, April 8-9. Poster available on-line at: http://www.paleoanthro.org/meetings/2014/ 2014 Cleghorn, N. New Stone Age Localities in Knysna, Western Cape, South Africa. Invited presentation for the SACP4 archaeological project, Pinnacle Point, South Africa, May 21st, 2014. 2014 Cleghorn, N. The Origin of the Human Mind and the Stone Age of South Africa. Invited Presentation to the Tarrant County Archaeological Society. March 13th, 2014. FUNDING OBTAINED FOR PAST & CONTINUING RESEARCH 2015 – 2017 “Long Term Human Response to Sea Level Change” National Science Foundation Grant, Cleghorn, N. (P.I.) 2014 – 2016 “Investigating a rare Early Later Stone Age site at Knysna, South Africa” Cleghorn, N. (P.I.) Leakey Foundation Grant 2013 – 2017 “The Evolutionary Foundations of Human Uniqueness” Templeton Foundation Grant to Institute of Human Origins (ASU), Cleghorn, N. (Senior Researcher) 2013 – 2014 “The origin of modern human behavior and cognition in coastal Southern Africa” UTA Research Enhancement Program Grant, Cleghorn, N. (P.I.)

REFERENCES CITED Deacon, H. J. (1979). Excavations at Boomplaas cave ‐ a sequence through the upper Pleistocene and Holocene in South Africa. World Archaeology, 10(3), 241–257. http://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1979.9979735 Deacon, H. J., & Wurz, S. (2005). A Late Pleistocene archive of life at the coast, Klasies River. In (pp. 130–149). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Fisher, E. C., Bar-Matthews, M., Jerardino, A., & Marean, C. W. (2010). Middle and Late Pleistocene paleoscape modeling along the southern coast of South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(11-12), 1382–1398. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.015 Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A. G., Duller, G. A. T., Roberts, R. G., & Wadley, L. (2008). New ages for the post- , late and final at Sibudu, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(7), 1790–1807. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.028 Jerardino, A., & Marean, C. W. (2010). Shellfish gathering, marine paleoecology and modern human behavior: perspectives from cave PP13B, Pinnacle Point, South Africa. Journal of , 59(3–4), 412–424. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.003 Lombard, M., Wadley, L., Jacobs, Z., Mohapi, M., & Roberts, R. G. (2010). Still Bay and serrated points from Umhlatuzana , Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(7), 1773–1784. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.015 Mackay, A., Jacobs, Z., Steele, T. E., & Orton, J. (2015). Pleistocene Archaeology and Chronology of Putslaagte 8 (PL8) Rockshelter, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of African Archaeology Vol, 13(1), 1. Mitchell, P. (2008). Developing the archaeology of Marine Isotope Stage 3. Goodwin Series, 10, 52–65. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/40650019 Ramsey, C. B. (2014). Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. Retrieved November 1, 2014, from https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/embed.php?File= Villa, P., Soriano, S., Tsanova, T., Degano, I., Higham, T. F. G., d’Errico, F., … Beaumont, P. B. (2012). Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(33), 13208–13213. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202629109

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