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Imperial Senate: American Legislative Debates on Empire, 1898-1917 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-09 Imperial senate: American Legislative Debates on Empire, 1898-1917 Sheehan, John M. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37715 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DISSERTATION IMPERIAL SENATE: AMERICAN LEGISLATIVE DEBATES ON EMPIRE, 1898–1917 by John M. Sheehan September 2013 Dissertation Supervisor: Daniel Moran Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2013 Dissertation 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS IMPERIAL SENATE: AMERICAN LEGISLATIVE DEBATES ON EMPIRE, 1898–1917 6. AUTHOR(S) John M. Sheehan 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. government. IRB protocol number ____N/A ____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) In 1898, the United States forced Spain to release the colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. Over the next 20 years, the United States Senate debated whether to keep, how to govern, and finally how to set some of those territories free while making others permanent possessions of the republic. These debates reveal a legislature, and by extension a nation, reevaluating its basic principles and changing place in the world. A review of international relations and domestic politics preceding the Spanish-American War establishes a pattern of legislative deference. Examination of pivotal debates spanning the post-war American imperial period shows how the Senate broke that pattern by seeking an expanded foreign policy role. Each inquiry highlights the effects of partisanship and domestic politics on ostensibly international matters. It is well known that the Senate failed to assert its foreign policy authority over the executive. Yet its efforts to do so casts light on the politics of the period, on how decisions about the acquisition and fate of America’s colonies were justified, and on how deeply contested these issue actually were. After extensive debate, the Senate deliberately chose imperialism. This paper explains how and why it did so. 14. SUBJECT TERMS American imperialism, Spanish-American War, Cuba, Puerto Rico, 15. NUMBER OF Philippines, Guam, Senate Debates on Imperialism, Foraker Act, Treaty of Paris, Jones Act, Platt PAGES Amendment, Teller Amendment, Jones-Shafroth Act, Army Appropriations Act of 1901, westward 249 expansion, organic acts, and organized non-incorporated territories. 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited IMPERIAL SENATE: AMERICAN LEGISLATIVE DEBATES ON EMPIRE, 1898–1917 John M. Sheehan Commander, United States Navy B.S., San Jose State University, 1988 M.A., Colombia College, 2002 M.A., United States Naval War College, 2004 M.A., George Mason University, 2007 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SECURITY STUDIES from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2013 Author: __________________________________________________ John M. Sheehan Approved by: ______________________ _______________________ Professor Daniel Moran Professor David Anderson Department of National Security Affairs Department of National Security Dissertation Supervisor Affairs ______________________ _______________________ Professor Donald Abenheim Professor Ryan Gingeras Department of National Security Affairs Department of National Security Affairs ______________________ LTC Richard Hoffman, USA (Ret.) Director, Center for Civil-Military Relations Approved by: _________________________________________________________ Mohammed Hafez, Chair, Department of National Security Affairs Approved by: _________________________________________________________ Douglas Moses, Vice Provost for Academic Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT In 1898, the United States forced Spain to release the colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. Over the next 20 years, the United States Senate debated whether to keep, how to govern, and finally how to set some of those territories free while making others permanent possessions of the republic. These debates reveal a legislature, and by extension a nation, reevaluating its basic principles and changing place in the world. A review of international relations and domestic politics preceding the Spanish- American War establishes a pattern of legislative deference. Examination of pivotal debates spanning the post-war American imperial period shows how the Senate broke that pattern by seeking an expanded foreign policy role. Each inquiry highlights the effects of partisanship and domestic politics on ostensibly international matters. It is well known that the Senate failed to assert its foreign policy authority over the executive. Yet its efforts to do so casts light on the politics of the period, on how decisions about the acquisition and fate of America’s colonies were justified, and on how deeply contested these issue actually were. After extensive debate, the Senate deliberately chose imperialism. This paper explains how and why it did so. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. THE ROAD TO EMPIRE...........................................................................................1 A. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................3 1. Military Histories .................................................................................5 2. Political Histories .................................................................................7 3. Social and Cultural Histories ..............................................................8 4. Diplomatic and Foreign Policy Histories .........................................10 B. OPPORTUNITIES AND OUTLINE ...........................................................14 II. A DIFFERENT TYPE OF SENATE IN A DIFFERENT SORT OF TIME ........21 A. A PATTERN OF LEGISLATIVE DEFERENCE ......................................22 B. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS THAT SHAPED THE 55TH CONGRESS SENATE...................................................................................34 III. THE SENATE OF THE 55TH UNITED STATES CONGRESS ...........................41 A. HOW THE 55TH UNITED STATES CONGRESS SENATE WAS DIFFERENT ..................................................................................................41 B. COMPOSITION OF THE 55TH CONGRESS SENATE: THE DEMOCRATIC AND MINOR PARTY SENATORS ...............................44 C. COMPOSITION OF THE 55TH CONGRESS SENATE: THE REPUBLICAN SENATORS ........................................................................47 D. THE EBB AND FLOW OF PARTISAN SOLIDARITY ...........................52 E. READING THE CONGRESSIONAL RECORD .......................................53 IV. LURING THE ISSUE INTO THE LIGHT: PREPARATORY SENATE DELIBERATIONS ON CUBA .................................................................................55 A. BUILDUP TO A FIT OF IMPERIALISM ..................................................56 B. THE CALM VOICE SPEAKS THE LOUDEST ........................................62 C. FOUR ATTEMPTS TO FRAME THE ARGUMENT...............................66 D. A STUDIED LACK OF CLARITY: MCKINLEY FURTHER MUDDIES THE TURBID WATERS ..........................................................68 E. A FRACTURED COMMITTEE RENDERS A DISJOINTED REPORT .........................................................................................................72 V. SIX FACETS OF THE SENATE DELIBERATIONS ON INTERVENTION IN CUBA .....................................................................................................................79 A. ROLES: “WHO CAN ACT?” ......................................................................80
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