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FOLSOM: New Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill

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FOLSOM: New Investigations of a Classic Paleoindian Bison Kill FOLSOM: new investigations of a classic Paleoindian bison kill David J. Meltzer Department of Anthropology, SMU Dallas, TX 75275-0336 PREFACE 1. INTRODUCTION: THE FOLSOM PALEOINDIAN SITE A synopsis of earlier work 3 Why go back to Folsom? 8 A framework for re-investigation 10 Folsom Paleoindians: open questions and unresolved issues 12 Probing the history of archaeology 32 The SMU/QUEST Folsom project: a brief summary 34 Plan for the volume 35 2. FOLSOM AND THE HUMAN ANTIQUITY CONTROVERSY IN AMERICA Who’s buried in Grant’s tomb? 1 Background to controversy 5 Forerunners to Folsom: two creeks, one toad 11 Snake Creek 11 Lone Wolf Creek 13 Frederick 16 Credible or incredible? 20 Folsom, 1908 – 1928 22 Why Folsom? 31 Some are more equal than others 34 History repeats itself 41 What Folsom wrought 42 Conclusions 44 Epilogue: the elephant in the room 47 3. SITUATING THE SITE AND SETTING THE ECOLOGICAL STAGE Regional geology and geological history 2 Glacial activity 8 Soils and sediments 9 Hydrology 9 Drainages, topography, and site approaches 12 Present climate 15 Thinking about hunter-gatherer land use 20 Modern flora 22 Modern fauna 30 Bison diet and its isotopic implications 32 Historic and modern land use patterns 37 What has been learned from the modern site setting … 38 … and what this suggests of late Pleistocene environments and adaptations 39 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGNS, METHODS, AND RESULTS The Colorado and American Museum investigations 2 The 1926 and 1927 seasons 2 The 1928 season 8 Fieldwork at Folsom, 1929-1996 16 The SMU/QUEST investigations 19 The Folsom site as it appeared prior to our investigations 19 Field strategies, tactics, and guiding results, 1997-1999 21 Collections research 35 2000-2004 field activities 37 5. GEOLOGY, PALEOTOPOGRAPHY, STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY, with V.T. Holliday Initial efforts to resolve Folsom's age 1 Establishing a stratigraphic framework: The Folsom Ecology Project 8 Recent investigations into the geology of the Folsom site 11 Geological and geophysical methods 11 Mapping bedrock and reconstructing paleotopography 14 Maneuvering for the bison kill 17 Site stratigraphy and the geological context of the bison bonebed 20 Radiocarbon dating and geochronology 33 Summary: The Quaternary geology of the Folsom site 42 6. LATE GLACIAL CLIMATE AND ECOLOGY, with contributions by M. Balakrishnan, L.S. Cummings, B. Jacobs, C. Nepstad-Thornberry, and J. Theler Reconstructing Folsom paleoenvironments 6 The pollen core from Bellisle Lake (with B. Jacobs) 7 Pollen and charcoal from the Folsom bonebed (with L. S. Cummings, and C. 19 Nepstad-Thornberry) Land snails: taxa, distribution, and habitats (with J. Theler) 28 Land snails: carbon and oxygen stable isotopes (with M. Balakrishnan) 40 Bison bone: carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes 48 Summary: The Late Glacial environment of Folsom 58 7. THE FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGE AND BISON BONEBED TAPHONOMY, with L.C. Todd, with a contribution by A. Winkler Early views of the Folsom 'bone quarry' 1 Questions of bison taxonomy 2 The structure of the bone bed 9 Taphonomy and bone preservation 11 Numerical matters I 13 Bison killing, butchering, and processing 14 On the utility of the collections from the original investigations 15 A new look at an old bison bonebed 16 Assessing the sample 16 Exploring the taphonomic history of the Folsom bison bonebed 19 The Folsom bison herd: age, sex, season of death 38 Numerical matters II 40 Segmentation and use of the carcasses by Folsom hunters 43 The non-bison remains from Folsom (with A. Winkler) 47 Summary: The Folsom bison bonebed 50 8. ARTIFACTS, TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION, AND MOBILITY Folsom projectile points – first impressions 2 Important points about Folsoms 3 Folsom manufacture and technology 6 Defining a point type / defining a culture 8 A tally of fluted points recovered, 1926-1928 10 Other classes of artifacts from Folsom 12 Was a cache of Folsom points found nearby? 13 Investigating Folsom assemblage variability 15 Assembling an analytical sample 15 Patterns in lithic raw material procurement 20 Morphology and morphometrics of Folsom projectile points 26 Folsom point hafting 30 Projectile point life histories 34 Patterns and processes of breakage 42 Loss and discard 48 Other tools from the Folsom site 51 Summary: The Folsom artifact assemblage 53 9. FOLSOM: FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY Answered and unanswered questions 1 Folsom in historical context 2 The Paleoindian occupation at Folsom: some conclusions 5 Coda 28 .
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