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IAQ Solutions and Technologies: Review and Selection for Protocol Development Sultan, Z

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IAQ Solutions and Technologies: Review and Selection for Protocol Development Sultan, Z NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC IAQ solutions and technologies: review and selection for protocol development Sultan, Z. M.; Magee, R. J.; Nilsson, G. For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. https://doi.org/10.4224/20374466 NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC: https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=62f6a2d4-f1c8-47eb-9780-b184957e8805 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=62f6a2d4-f1c8-47eb-9780-b184957e8805 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected]. http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/irc IAQ Solutions and Technologies: Review and Selection for Protocol Development NRCC- 54495 Sultan, Z.M.; Magee, R.J.; Nilsson, G. March 2011 The material in this document is covered by the provisions of the Copyright Act, by Canadian laws, policies, regulations and international agreements. Such provisions serve to identify the information source and, in specific instances, to prohibit reproduction of materials without written permission. For more information visit http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showtdm/cs/C-42 Les renseignements dans ce document sont protégés par la Loi sur le droit d'auteur, par les lois, les politiques et les règlements du Canada et des accords internationaux. Ces dispositions permettent d'identifier la source de l'information et, dans certains cas, d'interdire la copie de documents sans permission écrite. Pour obtenir de plus amples renseignements : http://lois.justice.gc.ca/fr/showtdm/cs/C-42 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 6 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 8 2.1 Technology review: Literature and Environmental Scan 8 2.2 Description of IAQ Solutions and Technologies 8 2.3 Criteria for selection of IAQ Solutions Technologies 8 2.3.1 Merit and Feasibility Criteria 8 2.3.2 IAQ Solution Technology (IAQST) Evaluation Matrix 13 3 RESULTS 14 3.1 Characterization of IAQ solutions and technologies 14 3.1.1 Source removal/reduction IAQSTs 16 3.1.2 Exposure reduction IAQSTs 16 3.1.3 IAQ solutions, their technologies and target pollutants. 17 3.2 IAQST Performance Indices 20 3.2.1 Efficiencies of IAQSTs 21 3.2.2 Effectiveness of IAQSTs 24 3.3 Health Benefits of IAQSTs 26 3.3.1 Professional Cleaning 27 3.3.2 Portable air cleaners, filtration systems and HRVs 28 3.4 Health Benefits of IAQSTs 29 3.5 Protocols applicable to IAQSTs 33 3.5.1 Performance evaluation protocols 33 3.5.2 Safety, health and environmental related protocols 37 3.6 IAQSTs Ranking and Selection for Protocol Development 39 3.6.1 Summary of IAQST Technology Review, Environmental Scan and Evaluation Matrix 39 3.6.2 IAQST Ranking and Selection 40 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 42 5 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX A 56 A.1 Residential Applications 56 A.1.1 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units HEPA or mechanical filters (particles) 56 A.1.2 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units ESP or electrostatic precipitators (particles) 58 A.1.3 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (Gas Phase Sorption) 60 A.1.4 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (Ion Generation) 62 A.1.5 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (PCO - Photocatalytic oxidation) 64 A.1.6 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (Portable Ozone Generators) 66 A.1.7 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (Germicidal UV) 68 3 | Page A.1.8 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (Hybrid technologies) 70 A.1.9 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Mechanical, HEPA) 72 A.1.10 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Electret, charged media) 74 A.1.11 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Electrostatic precipitation) 76 A.1.12 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Ion generators) 78 A.1.13 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Germicidal UV 80 A.1.14 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Anti-microbial coated filters 82 A.1.15 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Gas phase (sorption) 84 A.1.16 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Gas phase (photocatalytic oxidation) 86 A.1.17 HRV & ERV 88 A.1.18 Professional Cleaning – Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning 90 A.1.19 Professional Cleaning – Water Damage Restoration and Mold Remediation 92 A.1.20 Professional Cleaning – General Duct Cleaning 94 A.1.21 Professional Cleaning – General Duct Cleaning with Biodecontamination 96 A.1.22 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning- Ozone 98 A.1.23 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning- Hydrogen Peroxide Vapors 100 A.1.24 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning - Aerosolized Chlorine Dioxide 102 A.1.25 Indoor Passive Panels – Activated carbon media on indoor wall 104 A.1.26 Indoor Passive Panels – Leaching anti-microbial coating on indoor wall 106 A.1.27 Indoor Passive Panels – Non-leaching anti-microbial coating on indoor wall 108 A.1.28 Indoor Passive Panels – PCO (photocatalytic oxidation) coating on indoor wall 110 A.2 Commercial Applications 112 A.2.1 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Mechanical, HEPA) 112 A.2.2 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Electret, Charged media) 114 A.2.3 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Electrostatic precipitation) 116 A.2.4 In-Duct Filtration Systems - Particulate matter (Ion generators) 118 A.2.5 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Germicidal UV 120 A.2.6 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Anti-microbial coated filters 122 A.2.7 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Gas phase (sorption) 124 A.2.8 In-Duct Filtration Systems – Gas phase (photocatalytic oxidation) 126 A.2.9 Desiccant Wheel-Dry 128 A.2.10 Desiccant Wheel-Wet 130 A.2.11 HRV & ERV 132 A.2.12 Professional Cleaning – Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning 134 A.2.13 Professional Cleaning – Water Damage Restoration and Mold Remediation 136 A.2.14 Professional Cleaning – General Duct Cleaning 138 A.2.15 Professional Cleaning – General Duct Cleaning with Biodecontamination 140 A.2.16 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning- Ozone 142 A.2.17 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning- Hydrogen Peroxide Vapors 144 A.2.18 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning- Aerosolized Chlorine Dioxide 146 A.2.19 Building Disinfection via Chemical Cleaning- Aerosolized Methyl Bromiode 148 A.2.20 Indoor Passive Panels – Activated carbon media on indoor wall 150 A.2.21 Indoor Passive Panels – Leaching anti-microbial coating on indoor wall 152 A.2.22 Indoor Passive Panels – Non-leaching anti-microbial coating on indoor wall 154 4 | Page A.2.23 Indoor Passive Panels – PCO (photocatalytic oxidation) coating on indoor wall 156 APPENDIX B 158 IAQ SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES BACKGROUND INFORMATION 158 IAQ Solutions 158 Portable Air Cleaners – Room units (PAC) 158 Filtration System – In Duct Units (FS) 159 Professional Cleaning (PCL) 160 Air-to-Air Exchanger 163 Building Disinfection (BD) 166 Indoor Passive Panel (PP) 166 IAQ Technologies 167 Mechanical Filters 167 Electronic Air Cleaners 168 Gas-Phase Sorption 170 PCO - Photocatalytic Oxidation 171 Germicidal UV 171 Anti-Microbial Coating 172 Biofiltration 172 5 | Page 1 Introduction The NRC-IRC Indoor Air Research and Development Initiative, part of the Federal Government’s Clean Air Agenda, takes a multi-faceted approach to improving indoor air quality (IAQ) in the built construction sector. One important subtask involves the development of detailed protocols for assessing the impact of technologies/ devices that claim to enhance IAQ. This research task will review, identify, develop and validate effective protocols that might be adopted by industry to improve “indoor air quality solutions and technologies” (IAQSTs), and how they are installed, used and maintained in buildings. These IAQSTs may range in scope from residential heat recovery ventilator (HRV) systems, to single room particle filtration units to Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)-mounted air modification systems in commercial buildings. Although, IAQSTs have been advocated and adopted for the purpose of controlling indoor air pollutants in commercial and residential buildings, little research has been conducted on current status and performance. The purpose of this document is to: 1) provide the current state-of-the-art knowledge on available IAQSTs; 2) aid the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) members to review current/developing technologies; and 3) select candidates deemed most promising or most in need of detailed evaluation protocol development. It is envisaged that three to four IAQSTs (depending on technology complexity) will be selected in consultation with TAC for full test protocol development. Much of what we do in a day takes place indoors. In buildings, the quality of the air we breathe depends on various processes that influence indoor pollutant exposures. These processes include ventilation, pollutants source strengths control and other removal mechanisms such as deposition and air cleaning. Dilution of indoor pollutants by ventilation is the most widely applied strategy to reduce exposure and provide good indoor air quality. However, this approach may not be the most energy efficient strategy and applicable in some situations (e.g.
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