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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting THE CONTEMPORARY BLACK PRESS: AN EXPLORATORY QUALITATIVE STUDY OF JOURNALISTS’ PERCEIVED SHARED PROFESSIONAL VALUES, NEWSROOM COMMUNITY ROLE, AND SELF-EMPOWERMENT By EARLESHA T. BUTLER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Earlesha T. Butler This dissertation is dedicated to Yvonne M. Croston, a former director of the McNair Scholars Program at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock, and an important influencer in a higher educational foundation. Additionally, she fought and believed in me and my ability to earn a Ph.D. when no one else did and gave me confidence to excel and attain academic achievement beyond my imagination. For these reasons, I honor her. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 Corinthians 15:10 states: “But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace which was bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I labored more abundantly than they all; yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me.” I am thankful for God’s divine order or plan for my life, which led me to this phase of my life, during which I was given an opportunity to earn a doctoral degree. I would like to thank all of my dissertation committee members: Drs. Bernell Tripp, Huan Chen, Jasmine McNealy, and Sharon Austin. Without your support and expertise, I would not have been able to successfully navigate the Ph.D. experience nor would I have been able to complete this dissertation. I have deep gratitude for my chair, Dr. Bernell E. Tripp, for the support and dedication she has given me throughout my doctoral career. Thank you for always being there when I most needed you and for your words of support and encouragement, which inspired and motivated me throughout my doctoral experience. You have made me a better person and scholar. I also want to thank Dr. Vanessa Shelton whose research on the African American Press inspired this dissertation work and for taking my phone calls when I questioned if what I was doing made sense or not. I would not have had this opportunity without your support as well. Thank you for being a strong example of a scholar whom I could look to for guidance. I would also like to thank the 36 journalists, editors, and publishers of the National Newspaper Publishers Association who participated in this study. Your professional and life experiences and openness to me as a scholar made this study possible. Thank you for your time, expertise, knowledge, and wisdom that you have shared with me. 4 I also would like to thank the UF Graduate School, specifically the Office of Graduate Diversity Initiatives, for providing me financial support and opportunities to network as I worked to complete my doctoral degree. I would also like to thank my dear friend Ms. Lynsey Saunders for being there when I needed someone to talk to about the challenges and frustrations that come with being a doctoral student. Thank you for being a sincere friend who kept me grounded and provided perspective when I needed it. I also would like to thank Program Assistant Jody Hedge and everyone from the UF College of Journalism and Communications who worked with me to train and give me valuable information that led to the completion of this degree. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Shelia Butler and Andre Butler, who supported me and gave me invaluable wisdom to navigate this portion of my life. I also would like to thank my other family members, whom I am unable to name because it is too many, who have always been in my corner no matter where I was or what I was doing. The contributions of close and distant family members along with friends have brought me this far and instilled in me a sense of gratitude that humbles me as I navigate life with persistence. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 20 State of the Black Press.......................................................................................... 20 Black Press Journalists as Community ................................................................... 23 Interpretive Community Theory ........................................................................ 30 Interaction .................................................................................................. 33 Virtual interaction ....................................................................................... 35 Community engagement ............................................................................ 36 Journalist community engagement ............................................................ 37 Empowerment ............................................................................................ 38 Empowerment theory ................................................................................. 40 Empowerment and Black Press Journalists ..................................................... 41 Journalist unity ........................................................................................... 43 Shared professional values ........................................................................ 44 Mainstream Newsroom Integration ......................................................................... 45 Black Press Past and Present ................................................................................ 46 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 51 3 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................... 54 Method Summary ................................................................................................... 54 Usage of Qualitative Research ............................................................................... 55 Assumptions of Qualitative Research ..................................................................... 57 Qualitative Research Paradigm .............................................................................. 59 Phenomenology ...................................................................................................... 61 Participants ............................................................................................................. 62 Demographic of Participants ................................................................................... 63 Data Collection Process .......................................................................................... 64 Interview Number and Sampling Method ................................................................ 65 Semi-Structured Interview Guide ............................................................................ 66 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 69 Strategies to Validate Findings ............................................................................... 71 6 Trustworthiness ................................................................................................ 72 Credibility .......................................................................................................... 72 Prolonged Engagement .................................................................................... 72 Triangulation ..................................................................................................... 73 Peer Debriefing ................................................................................................ 74 Member Checking ............................................................................................ 74 Transferability ................................................................................................... 75 Confirmability .................................................................................................... 76 Dependability .................................................................................................... 76 Personal Bias Acknowledgement ..................................................................... 77 4 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 82 Themes ................................................................................................................... 83 Need for a Black Press ........................................................................................... 83 Reporting of ‘Positive News’ ................................................................................... 84 Traditional Media Convenience .............................................................................. 88 Black Press as Community Service Organ ............................................................. 88 Black Press as a Community
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