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Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-Border Co-Operation in Northern Europe

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Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-Border Co-Operation in Northern Europe Projet SWOT 2_Mise en page 1 24/02/10 11:36 Page1 SWOT 2 SWOT 2 Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in Northern Europe This study is one in a series of three prepared by ISIG - Istituto di Sociologia Co-operation Europe Northern for Cross-border in Planning and Analysis Internazionale di Gorizia (Institute of International Sociology of Gorizia), Italy at the request of the Council of Europe. Its purpose is to provide a scientific assessment of the state of cross-border co-operation between European states in the geographical area of Northern Europe. It provides, among others, an overview of the geographic, economic, infrastructural and historic characteristics of the area and its inherent Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) for cross-border co-operation. Some strategies for action by the member states concerned are proposed. This study was financed by Lithuania. Institute of International Sociology ISIG Gorizia Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-Border Co-operation in Northern Europe Prepared by Institute of International Sociology of Gorizia (ISIG) for the Council of Europe SERIES 1. Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in Central European Countries 2. Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in Northern Europe 3. Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-border Co-operation in South Eastern Europe LEGAL DISCLAIMER: Although every care has been taken to ensure that the data collected are accurate, no responsibility can be accepted for the consequences of factual errors and inaccuracies. The views expressed in this document are those of its author and not those of the Council of Europe or any of its organs. REPRODUCTION OF MATERIAL © Council of Europe Reproduction of material from this publication is authorised for private use and for informational and educational uses relating to the Council of Europe’s work. This authorisation is subject to the condition that the source be indicated and no charge be made for the reproduction. Persons wishing to make some use other than those specified above, including commercial use, of the information in this publication are asked to apply for prior written authorisation to the Council of Europe, Directorate of Democratic Institutions. Foreword This study has been prepared by ISIG - Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di Gorizia (Institute of International Sociology of Gorizia), Italy at the request of the Council of Europe. Its purpose is to provide a scientific assessment of the state of cross-border co-operation between European states in the geographical area of Northern Europe. It applies the so-called SWOT methodology according to the specific parameters developed by ISIG to assess the extent and depth ot cross-border co- operation thus giving both a quantitative and qualitative appraisal. This is followed by the identification of the most appropriate “strategy” recommended in order to achieve the best possible cross-border co-operation (removing obstacles, skipping threats, exploiting opportunities, healing weaknesses). The interest of the Council of Europe for transfrontier co-operation dates back to the 1980’s with the adoption of the European Outline Convention on Transfrontioer Co-operation between Territorial Authorities or Communities (Madrid Convention). In the subsequent years, the Council of Europe, through its intergovernmental committees – the European Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (CDLR) and the Committee of Experts on Transfrontier Co-operation (LR- TC) – and various assistance and capacity buinding activities has actively promoted the adoption of the most suitable measures and policies to encourage and facilitate cross-border co-operation between local and regional authorities. A first SWOT analysis of cross-border co-operation between South-eastern European states was published in 2005, in the framework of the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe. (An updated version is being prepared and will be published shortly in this series.) It was made possible by a voluntary contribution from Belgium. Subsequently, it was felt appropriate that a similar study of cross-border co-operation between Central European states be prepared and further on another study of cross-border co-operation between Northern European states was launched, also at the request of the Council of Europe. This latter study has benefitted from a financial contribution of Lithuania. This report is based on data collated in 2007-2008 and analysed in 2009. Prior to its publication, it has been circulated among the members of the CDLR for comments and revised in the light of the remarks made. However, the report has not been approved or validated by any Council of Europe intergovernmental body. Its contents and opinions therefore are those of its authors and not those of the Council of Europe. In releasing this report, the Council of Europe wishes to put at the disposal of its member states an additional tool for assessing the state of cross-border co-operation between themselves and thus taking the appropriate policy measures in order to achieve the goal of a “ever closer union” between them that the Statute of the Council of Europe, to which they have subscribed, advocates (Article 1). Swot Analysis and Planning for Cross-Border Co-operation in Northern Europe1 1 The relationships between Poland and Belarus and Poland and Ukraine are examined in another SWOT analysis entitled “SWOT Analysis and Planning for Cross-Border Co-operation in Central European Countries”. Contents Page Part I 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Cross-border cooperation: theoretical elements and internal/external functional aspects .... 2 2.1. Internal dimensions and indicators ....................................................................................... 3 2.2. External dimensions and indicators...................................................................................... 5 2.3. Measurement of indicators ................................................................................................... 6 2.4. SWOT analysis methodological process .............................................................................. 6 2.5. Action strategies ................................................................................................................... 7 2.6. Euroregions .......................................................................................................................... 9 3. Measurement of the conceptual dimensions of cooperation in the fourteen cross-border areas of the Northern European region. ............................................................................ 11 4. SWOT variables for the fourteen cross-border areas of the Northern European region. ................................................................................................................................................ 35 4.1 Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Belarus and Latvia .................... 35 4.2. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Belarus and Lithuania ............... 38 4.3. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Belarus and Russia ................... 40 4.4 Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Latvia .................... 42 4.5. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Finland .................. 45 4.6. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Russia .................... 47 4.7. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Finland and Russia ................... 51 4.8. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Lithuania and Poland ................ 53 4.9. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Lithuania and Russia/Kaliningrad ............................................................................................................................................ 55 4.10. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Latvia and Lithuania ................. 57 4.11. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Latvia and Russi ....................... 59 4.12. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Norway and Russia ................... 63 4.13. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Poland and Russia/Kaliningrad 65 4.14. Prospects for “good” cross-border cooperation between Russia and Ukraine ................... 67 5. Overview of strategies and institutional policies leading to effective cross-border cooperation ............................................................................................................................ 69 References ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Part II: Cross-border co-operation in individual border areas ................................................... 77 1. RUSSIA – LITHUANIA .............................................................................................................. 77 Geographical and historical background ........................................................................................ 77 Economic and infrastructural characteristics ................................................................................. 80 Cross-border declarations and agreements ...................................................................................
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