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By Fuwad Bashir Awan a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

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By Fuwad Bashir Awan a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy CAPITAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD A Spirituality Based Model of Personality Assessment for Managers in Relation to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Paranoia; and the Moderating Role of Workplace Spirituality by Fuwad Bashir Awan A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Management & Social Sciences Department of Management Sciences 2018 i A Spirituality Based Model of Personality Assessment for Managers in Relation to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Paranoia; and the Moderating Role of Workplace Spirituality By Fuwad Bashir Awan (PM091016) Dr. Syed Muhammad Fazal e Hasan Tasmanian School of Business and Economics University of Tasmania Dr. NAIL_ OZTAS¸¨ School of Economics and Administrative Sciences Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Dr. Aisha Akbar (Thesis Supervisor) Dr. Sajid Bashir (Head, Department of Management Sciences) Dr. Arshad Hassan (Dean, Faculty of Management & Social Sciences) DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES CAPITAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISLAMABAD 2018 ii Copyright c 2018 by Fuwad Bashir Awan All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the author. iii I dedicate this thesis first of all to my Spiritual Teacher and Mentor, Hazrat Khawaja Shamsud-din-Azeemi, who made me understand the meaning and objec- tive of life. Without his guidance, I would've been unable to explore and understand such a complex phenomenon of spirituality. Furthermore I dedicate it to my parents, supervisor, wife and daughters who helped me throughout this cumbersome task and kept me motivated. In the end I dedicate it to the whole humanity, as it is very humble effort to explore the role and significance of spirituality in one's life ,and there is still lot to explore. The coming generations will work further on it and the concept will progress towards helping humanity in getting peace of mind and enable them to know fullest of their potential. vii List of Publications It is certified that following publication(s) has been made out of the research work that has been carried out for this thesis:- 1. Bashir, F., & Akbar, A., (2016). The Impact of Spirituality of Managers on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and the Mediating Role of Paranoia. Journal of Islamic Business and Management, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2016. Fuwad Bashir Awan (PM091016) viii Acknowledgements I first of all acknowledge the important role of my supervisor Dr. Aisha Akbar in making me understand the research as well as her contribution throughout the thesis till the finalization of the manuscript. I am really thankful to and appreciate the role of Mr. Abdul-Whaeed Azeemi, whose clarity on the subject as a spirituality practitioner made lot many things clearer. He has a strong influence on my life regarding handling many issues whether they are daily life related or spiritual ones. I further acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Hassan Rasool, Dr. Saman Attiq, Dr. Mehdi Raza Naqvi, Dr. Ismail Ramey, Shabbar Hussain, Fraz Ahmad, for their help in various aspects. ix Abstract Personality is a very broad and complex phenomenon which has been vastly studied in different domains from diverse perspectives and there is no single perspective where all researchers have a consensus. There are many personality related traits, attitudes and behaviors of organizational concern, but in case of personality, the models are again mainly borrowed from psychology. The major limitation of the models is that they measure the personality in bits and pieces rather than taking a holistic view. Here we need a basic or ontological dimension to take an integrated view of personality. Spirituality as per many scholars is an ontological dimension of personality. The researchers in psychology in general and in management sciences in specific are now giving attention to the subject. The individual as well as the workplace spirituality are very well researched topics now a days. The current study has focused on the exploration of spirituality as a pivotal phenomenon in assessing human personality through its psychometric capabilities. So spirituality can be a phenomenon where the personality can be gauged holistically as personality traits, attitudes and behavioral outcomes can be predicted through it. This will help the organizations to select, develop and retain appropriate employees in a more meaningful way. The theory suggested that the spirituality can be gauged from low to high with different attitudinal, behavioral and transcendental consequences. After extensive literature review of spirituality across different religions especially incorporating the eastern philosophy, which was missing part in current manage- ment science literature, a theory and a definition of spirituality was established which was further used as a basis to develop a scale. For this very purpose, in the first study a tool was developed keeping in view the definition of spirituality, and then its validity as well as the reliability were tested. Furthermore to authenticate the validity of the spiritual phenomenon and its psychometric capabilities, the instrument was tested with certain variables related to employees' personality. In this regard the variables taken constituted an attitude that is Job Satisfaction, a behavior that is OCB and a personality disorder that is Paranoia. To test the role x of WPS in nurturing the spirituality at employee level, it was taken as a moderator in the research model. In the first study, the items were collected from multiple sources and an exhaustive list was developed and then by using grounded theory approach the a list of 30 finalized items was developed. Further the instrument was pilot tested on a sample of 100 students and then it was finally tested on a sample of 430 individuals. After reliability analysis the items with unacceptable loadings were eliminated and the list was reduced to 18 items. In the second study, a sample of 600 respondents was selected from 30 cross sec- toral organizations. Out of the sample 530 were useful having no missing values. To analyze the data correlation, regression, and SEM techniques were used. The results supported all the hypothesis in general and hence the findings suggested that the low vs. high spirituality have their respective implications, such as em- ployees with high spirituality are more satisfied, high in exhibiting OCB and were less paranoid. Workplace spirituality also moderated the relation between IV and DVs. Furthermore the study has multiple contributions for literature as very fruitful implications for the practitioners while selecting, retaining employees and enhancing their performance. Keywords: Spirituality, Personality, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Paranoia, Workplace Spirituality. Contents Author's Declarationv Plagiarism Undertaking vi List of Publications vii Acknowledgements viii Abstract ix List of Figures xviii List of Tables xix 1 Introduction1 1.1 Role, Importance and Complexity of Personality Assessment for Organizations...............2 1.2 Role of Spirituality in Personality Assessment...............................3 1.3 Materialistic Advancement and Spiritual Neurosis.................................3 1.4 Personality Disorders and Spiritual Needs..............4 1.5 Spirituality and Management Sciences................5 1.6 Global Spirituality Model.......................6 1.7 Measuring Spirituality.........................8 1.8 Spirituality in Relation to Attitudes, Behaviors and Personality Disorders.................. 10 1.9 Research Gap.............................. 10 1.10 Problem Statement........................... 11 1.11 Research Objectives........................... 12 1.12 Research Questions........................... 13 1.13 Significance of the Study........................ 14 1.13.1 Theoretical Significance.................... 16 1.13.2 Practical Significance...................... 16 xi xii 1.14 Definition of Key Terms........................ 17 1.15 Structure of the Thesis......................... 19 2 Literature Review 20 2.1 Introduction............................... 20 2.2 Personality............................... 24 2.2.1 Freudian School......................... 24 2.2.2 Carl Jung, the Collective Unconscious Perspective...... 25 2.2.3 Maslow, the Humanistic Approach.............. 26 2.2.4 Frankl about Conscience.................... 27 2.2.5 Other Scholars......................... 28 2.2.6 Integrated Personality..................... 28 2.3 The Issues with Current Civilizations and their Mental Paradigms. 31 2.4 Why Positive Psychology?....................... 32 2.5 Spirituality............................... 33 2.5.1 Spirituality in Management Sciences............. 35 2.5.2 Other Facets of Spirituality.................. 36 2.5.2.1 Applied vs. Pure Spirituality............ 37 2.5.2.2 Complexity and Disagreements due to Vastness of the Concept...................... 37 2.5.2.3 Insufficiencies in the Current Management Literature 40 2.5.2.4 Soul and Breath................... 41 2.5.2.5 Self-actualization and Spirituality in Management Sciences........................ 42 2.5.2.6 Spirituality and Health................ 43 2.5.3 Spirituality, A Cross-Cultural Perspective.......... 45 2.5.3.1 Eastern vs. Western Spiritual Orientation....
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