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Any duplication, reproduction, or modification of this material without express written consent from Asbury Theological Seminary and/or the original publisher is prohibited. Contact B.L. Fisher Library Asbury Theological Seminary 204 N. Lexington Ave. Wilmore, KY 40390 B.L. Fisher Library’s Digital Content place.asburyseminary.edu Asbury Theological Seminary 205 North Lexington Avenue 800.2ASBURY Wilmore, Kentucky 40390 asburyseminary.edu ABSTRACT HYMN SINGING AS A CATALYST FOR SPIRITUAL REVITALIZATION AMONG JAPANESE CHURCHES: STRENGTHENING THE HEART TO PRAISE AND PROCLAIM by Hatoko Inoue Over the past several decades, the stagnation and lifelessness of Japanese Christians' faith has been reflected in congregational hymn singing. The majority of hymnbooks contain hymns that have been written in the US and England, and people are singing the translated texts without fully understanding the meanings behind the texts. The Japanese language necessitates more syllables to say one word than the English language, and half of the meaning often gets lost in translation (Karatsu 33; Tenda 53; Toda and Nagafuji 115-16; Yokosaka 39-41 ). The translated hymn texts have hardly been contextualized or inculturated, and congregations are left with ambiguity and uncertainty (Kraft etal. 17). The purpose of the research was to evaluate the cognitive and affective changes of the workshop participants of the Aral Christ Church in Tokyo, Japan, as a result of six Singing God's Story workshops. The study was conducted to help Japanese Christians rediscover the significance of messages spoken through hymns that are often lost in translation. The triangulated, explanatory, mixed-method design utilized a series of pre- and postintervention questionnaires, a final questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and a series of researcher field notes. The findings suggest that the participants came to have greater cognitive and affective response towards the hvmns and the messages spoken through the h\mns as a result of the six workshops. Participants expressed changes in their understanding of the h\mn l\rics that unraveled the disparities or the gaps between the original texts (genshi). the translated texts (yakushi), and the Japanese translation of the original texts in full (wayaku). The participants came to have a new and deeper understanding of the lyrics, including the theological terms and the bungo (classical Japanese) words and phrases. The increased understanding of the Krics enriched their understanding of the biblical messages, theologies, and spiritualty behind the h\ mns. In addition, the increase in the know ledge prompted them to have a desire to share the knowledge vv ith others or to hav e grow ing concern for others vv ho may not understand the meaning of the 1\ rics. Participants also expressed changes in their affectiv e response as a result of the stud} of the l\ rics and the stories behind the h\ mns, especially in relation to the hymn v\ Titers' sufferings. The participants came to hav e a much greater affect toward the hv mns through the w-ayaku that prov ided the full translation of the original texts in Japanese and also through the stud) of the bungo words and phrases. The studv of the hymn writers* sufferings and crises deepened their affect towards the hymns. DISSERTATION APPROVAL This is to certify that the dissertation entitled HYMN SINGING AS A CATALYST FOR SPIRITUAL REVITALIZATION AMONG JAPANESE CHURCHES: STRENGTHENING THE HEART TO PRAISE AND PROCLAIM presented by Hatoko Inoue has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for the DOCTOR OF MINISTRY degree at Asbury Theological Seminary March 26, 2015 Date March 26, 2015 Date March 26, 2015 Representative, Doctor of Ministry Program Date March 26, 2015 Dean of the Beeson Center Date HYMN SINGING AS A CATALYST FOR SPIRITUAL REVITALIZATION AMONG JAPANESE CHURCHES: STRENGTHENING THE HEART TO PRAISE AND PROCLAIM A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Asbury Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Ministry by Hatoko Inoue May 2015 �2015 Hatoko Inoue ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x GLOSSARY xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xii CHAPTER 1 PROBLEM 1 Introduction I Purpose 3 Research Questions 4 Research Question #1 4 Research Question #2 4 Research Question #3 4 Research Question #4 4 Definition of Terms 4 Hymns 5 Traditional and Contemporary 5 Cognitive Response 5 Affective Response 6 Ministry Intervention 6 Context 7 Methodology 1 2 Participants 1 2 iii Instrumentation 13 Variables 13 Data Collection 14 Data Analysis 14 Generalizability 15 Biblical and Theological Foundation 15 Overview 25 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE 26 Introduction 26 Biblical and Historical Foundations of Hymn Singing 27 Hymn Singing in the New Testament Church 27 Historical Background of Hymn Singing and Writing 30 Conclusion 33 Music in Worship 33 Congregational Songs in Worship 34 Musical Styles of the Congregational Songs 38 Unsettled Arguments over Musical Styles 47 Conclusion 49 Cognitive and Affective Growth through Worship and Hymn Singing 49 Worship with Spirit and Mind 51 Religious Reformation 52 Scientific Research 55 Conclusion 56 iv Spiritual Growth through Worship and Hymn Singing 57 Language of Faith 57 Influence of Repetition 58 Spiritual Discipline of Attentiveness 61 Conclusion 63 Early Methodist Hymnody 63 Historical Background of the Methodist Hymnody 63 Characteristics of the Wesleyan Hymns 66 Conclusion 73 Japanese Hymnody 73 Historical Background and Characteristics of the Seika 74 Critical Issues in Japanese Hymnody 77 Conclusion 82 Research Design 83 Summary 84 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 87 Problem and Purpose 87 Research Questions 87 Research Question #1 87 Research Question #2 88 Research Question #3 88 Research Question #4 89 Population and Participants 90 V Design of the Study 90 Instrumentation 92 Expert Review 93 Variables 94 Validity 96 Data Collection 96 Data Analysis 98 Ethical Procedures 99 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS 1 00 Problem and Purpose 1 00 Participants 101 Research Question #1 106 Quantitative Pre- and Postintervention Questionnaire Results 107 Qualitative Postintervention Questionnaire, Semi-Structured Interview, and Transcribed Data Results 1 1 0 Research Question #2 Ill Quantitative Preintervention Questionnaire Results 1 12 Qualitative Semi-Structured Interview, Transcribed Data, and Researcher Participant Observation Journal Results 1 1 3 Research Question #3 114 Quantitative and Qualitative Pre- to Postintervention Questionnaire and Final Questionnaire Comparison 1 15 Lyrics 1 1 7 Wayaku 1 1 8 Bungo 119 vi Hymn Writers 121 God 122 The Word 123 Christian Life 123 Hymn Story 124 Others 125 Research Question #4 125 Quantitative Pre- to Postintervention Questionnaire and Final Questionnaire Comparison 126 Lyrics 129 The Word 129 Wayaku 130 Bungo 130 Qualitative Postintervention Questionnaire, Final Questionnaire, Semi-Structured Interview. Researcher Participant Observation Journal, and Transcribed Data Results 131 Summary of Major Findings 1 33 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 134 Major Findings 134 Changes Observed in Cognitive Responses 135 Changes Observed in Affective Responses 140 Implications of the Findings 146 Limitations of the Study 147 Unexpected Observations 149 vii Traditional and Contemporary Hymns 149 Age Range of Those Who Do Not Understand the Bungo Expressions..! 50 Positive Response 151 Grasp in the Participants' Understanding and Affect 152 Recommendations 1 52 Paradigm of the Study 1 53 Attentiveness towards Difficult Words and Phrases 154 Necessity for Music in Worship Class 156 Postscript 157 APPENDIXES A. Singing God's Story: Preintervention Questionnaires 159 B. Singing God's Story: Postintervention Questionnaires 171 C. Singing God's Story: Final Questionnaire 183 D. Singing God's Story: Semi-Structured Interview Questions 186 E. Singing God's Story: Workshop Outline 187 WORKS CITED 193 WORKS CONSULTED 205 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2. 1 . Text for What a Friend We Have in Jesus 78 ix LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 4. 1 . Number of participants who attended workshops 101 Figure 4.2. Gender of participants 102 Figure 4.3. Age groups of participants 102 Figure 4.4. Years participants first went to church 103 Figure 4.5. Length of participants' walk as Christians 104 Figure 4.6. Years participants first heard any Christian hymns or songs 105 Figure 4.7. How some participants first heard Christian hymns or songs 106 Figure 4.8. Percentage of participants' familiarity with the hymns 107 Figure 4.9. Average years