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Canada's 4Th National Report to The Canada’s 4th National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Cover Photo: From “The Forests of Canada” collection, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Services, 2003 i Preface Canada’s 4th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is submitted in accordance with the Conference of Parties decision VIII/14. This report has been developed in accordance with the guidance provided in the Reporting Guidelines for the 4th National Report. As requested in the reporting guidelines, the fourth national report is organized around four main chapters, and includes a separate annex on implementation of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the Programme of Work on Protected Areas. The four main chapters are: 1. Chapter I: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats. 2. Chapter II: Current Status of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans. 3. Chapter III: Sub-national Planning and Mainstreaming of Biodiversity. 4. Chapter IV: Conclusions - Progress Towards the 2010 Target. The Ecosystem Status and Trends Report (ESTR) being developed under the Canadian Councils of Resource Ministers (CCRM) is the primary source of information for Chapter I. ESTR is the first product of the Biodiversity Outcomes Framework, approved by CCRM Ministers in 2006 and will provide a baseline assessment of ecosystem status and trends for future reporting. Status and trends in Chapter I are linked to the CBD’s global framework of goals and targets for assessing progress towards the 2010 target to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss. This will facilitate use of the information by the CBD Secretariat. The Biodiversity Outcomes Framework approved by Ministers in October 2006 provides the organizing framework for reporting on status and trends in Chapter 1 and implementation of national biodiversity strategies in Chapter II. This will enable the establishment of a relationship between actions taken, desired outcomes and biodiversity status and trends. Chapter 3 addresses the “mainstreaming” of biodiversity in Canada and includes examples of the growing number of players addressing biodiversity on a diversity of fronts. Chapter 4 includes a self assessment of Canada’s progress towards the 2010 target as requested in the CBD guidelines including lessons learned and future directions. Input to the content and format of the report has been obtained over the past several months from federal and provincial governments as well as a cross-section of non-government interests in Canada. With an aim to be illustrative, rather than comprehensive, this report highlights only a selection of biodiversity initiatives being undertaken within Canada. ii Table of Contents Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................1 The Nature of Canada’s Biodiversity............................................................................1 Biodiversity’s Contribution to the Health and Wealth of Canadians and the Sustainability of Canada’s Natural Capital ...................................................................1 Chapter 1: Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats ....................................................3 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................3 1.1 Outcome : Healthy and Intact Ecosystems ........................................................................4 CBD Goal 1: Promote the Conservation of the Biological Diversity of Ecosystems, Habitats and Biomes ..............................................................................................................................4 1.1.1. Indicator: Protected Areas..................................................................................4 1.1.2. Indicator: Deforestation and Newly Planted Forest Area....................................6 1.1.3 Indicator: Conversion of Grasslands ...................................................................7 1.1.4. Indicator: Change in Tundra Climate Group.......................................................8 1.1.5. Indicator: Decline in Summer Sea Ice in the Arctic ............................................9 1.1.6 Indicator: Historical Loss of Wetlands ...............................................................10 1.1.7. Indicator: Loss of Wetlands since the 1970s....................................................11 1.1.8. Indicator: Changes in River Flow in Natural Rivers, 1970 to 2005 ...................12 1.1.9. Indicator: West Coast Marine Community Dynamics. Strait of Georgia Coho Survivals and Fishery Exploitation..............................................................................13 1.1.10. Indicator: East Coast Marine Community Dynamics - Change in Dominant Species in Newfoundland and Labrador.....................................................................14 1.2. Outcome : Viable Populations of Species .......................................................................15 CBD Goal 2: Promote the Conservation of Species Diversity................................................15 1.2.1. Indicator: Species Status..................................................................................15 1.2.2. Indicator: Landbird Populations........................................................................16 1.2.3. Indicator: Seabird Populations..........................................................................18 1.2.4. Indicator: Imperilled Freshwater and Diadromous Fish ....................................19 1.2.5. Indicator: Mammal Example, Caribou Trends ..................................................20 1.3. Outcome: Genetic Resources and Adaptive Potential ....................................................23 CBD Goal 3: Promote the Conservation of Genetic Diversity ................................................23 1.3.1. Indicator: Size of Ground Fish on the Scotian Shelf.........................................23 1.4. Outcome : Sustainable Use of Biological Resources......................................................24 CBD Goal : Promote Sustainable Use and Consumption. .....................................................24 1.4.1. Indicator: Sustainable Forestry Certification.....................................................24 1.4.2. Indicator: Wildlife Habitat Capacity on Agricultural Land..................................25 iii 1.4.3. Indicator: Sustainable Management on Agricultural Land ................................26 1.4.4. Indicator: Sustainable Fisheries Management .................................................26 1.4 Sub-Outcome: Sustainable Use of Biological Resources - Availability of Local and Indigenous Knowledge Innovations and Practices Associated with Ecosystem, Species and Genetic Resources.................................................................................................................27 CBD Goal 9: Maintain Socio-Cultural Diversity of Indigenous and Local Communities .........27 1.4.5. Indicator: Knowledge of Aboriginal Languages ................................................27 1.5. Cross-Cutting Threats .....................................................................................................29 CBD Goal 5: Pressures from Habitat Loss, Land use Change and Degradation and Unsustainable Water use are Reduced..................................................................................29 1.5.1. Indicator: Expansion of Urban Land .................................................................29 CBD Goal 6: Control Threats from Invasive Alien Species ....................................................30 1.5.2. Indicator: Invasive Alien Species in the Great Lakes .......................................30 CBD Goal 7a: Address Challenges to Biodiversity from Pollution..........................................31 1.5.3. Indicator: Lake Acidification..............................................................................31 1.5.4. Indicator: Contaminants in Biota.......................................................................32 CBD Goal 7b: Address Challenges to Biodiversity from Climate Change..............................34 1.5.5. Indicator: Change in Temperature....................................................................34 1.5.6. Indicator: Change in Spring Precipitation .........................................................35 1.5.7. Indicator: Change in Net Primary Production ...................................................36 1.5.8. Indicator: Thawing Permafrost..........................................................................37 1.5.9. Indicator: Fire....................................................................................................39 1.5.10. Indicator: Changes in Glaciers and Ice Caps .................................................40 Chapter 2: Implementing Canada’s Biodiversity Strategies and Achieving Biodiversity Outcomes.............................................................................................................................................42 2.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................42 Governance of Biodiversity in Canada .......................................................................44 2.1. Outcome - Healthy and Diverse Ecosystems..................................................................45
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