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Modernist Realisms in Close up and Life and Letters To-Day, 1927-1939

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Modernist Realisms in Close up and Life and Letters To-Day, 1927-1939 CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Royal Holloway - Pure 1 Rethinking the Real: Modernist Realisms in Close Up and Life and Letters To-day, 1927-1939 Sarah May Ling Chadfield Thesis submitted to Royal Holloway, University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 2 Declaration of Authorship I, Sarah May Ling Chadfield, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. 23 September 2016 3 Abstract This thesis analyses the work of the POOL group – Kenneth Macpherson, Bryher, H.D., and Robert Herring, with the addition of Muriel Rukeyser – in terms of the modernist realisms that were emerging in the context of the journals Close Up (1927-1933) and Life and Letters To-day (1935-1950). Starting from the premise that the modern age was concerned with representing new forms of reality, it is argued that writers’ invocations of ‘the real’ signal those points in modernism where meanings coalesce. The thesis has four chapters. The first three argue that the real was a central concept in Close Up: Macpherson and Bryher believed that films had the potential to capture ‘real’ psychology, and often expressed this through idiosyncratic psychoanalytic readings of cinema; while H.D. thought that film, like other artworks, could loosen the binds of a singular reality and allow access to multiple realities simultaneously. These ideas were articulated and reconfigured in their writings for both journals and their other works from the period. The final chapter examines Robert Herring’s editorship of Life and Letters To-day, and argues that the group’s understanding of the real changed in the context of the 1930s. With the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, Herring attempted to shock his readers’ conscience by publishing often-graphic first hand accounts of the fighting. The young poet Muriel Rukeyser provided the journal with its first eyewitness account from Spain, a text that demonstrates the challenges of writing a personal account of political events while asserting their historical significance. Across these four chapters this thesis aims to show that modernism and realism were in dialogue, and that critical understandings of the POOL group are enriched by bringing these terms together. 4 ‘I like pictures’, people say, ‘but I like to see the real thing’. Meaning the play. Well, to borrow a phrase from the back of the dictionary, chacun à son goût, only don’t let us get into a metaphysical discussion of reality. Kenneth Macpherson, 1927. 5 Contents Introduction........................................................................................................6 Modernist Realisms: Interactions Between Modernism and Realism....6 Close Up..................................................................................................32 Life and Letters To-day...........................................................................47 Chapter Summaries................................................................................68 Chapter 1: Macpherson’s Psychological Realism................................................72 The Centrality of Realism: ‘As Is’.............................................................76 Experiments in the Real: Wing-Beat, Foothills, and Monkey’s Moon.....93 Reading Borderline as ‘Realist’..............................................................103 Chapter 2: Bryher: Uncovering the Real............................................................120 Constructing Reality: Civilians and Close Up..........................................121 Apprehending ‘Absolute Truth’: Film Problems of Soviet Russia...........140 The Failure of Sight: ‘Manchester’.........................................................155 Chapter 3: H.D.’s Multiple Shifting Realisms.....................................................175 The Real in H.D.’s Film Writing..............................................................180 ‘The realism of white lightning, of the “radium ray”’: Nights................199 Faceted Realities: ‘Ear-ring’...................................................................216 Chapter 4: Robert Herring and Muriel Rukeyser’s Spanish Civil War................236 An ‘envious capacity to be various’: Life and Letters To-day.................238 Reporting the Real: ‘Barcelona, 1936’...................................................266 ‘It isn’t a novel and I won’t make it compose like one’: Savage Coast..278 Conclusion.........................................................................................................291 Works Consulted...............................................................................................302 6 Introduction Modernist realisms: Interactions Between Modernism and Realism This section maps out the term ‘modernist realisms’, the central critical lens of this thesis.1 It begins with a brief overview of realism in relation to other systems of knowledge before outlining the way ‘realism’ and ‘modernism’ have been understood in recent literary history. While modernism has at times been seen as involving a decisive break from earlier realist movements, I show that modernist experiments with form, designed to capture the various experiences of life in the modern age, nevertheless reveal an inherently realist impulse. I then examine the way in which the medium of film informed these debates. By exploring the critical implications of placing modernism and realism together, this section lays the ground for the rest of this thesis, in which I show various forms of modernist realism, or more broadly claims concerning the ‘real’, at work in the output of the POOL group. Terry Lovell outlines three major theories of knowledge: empiricism, conventionalism and realism. In order to situate realism, I will begin by outlining some of the assumptions of empiricism and conventionalism. Empiricism posits 1 The term is suggested in Esther Leslie’s chapter ‘Interrupted Dialogues of Realism and Modernism: “The fact of new forms of life, already born and active”’, in Adventures in Realism, ed. and intro. by Matthew Beaumont (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007), pp. 125-41. Leslie’s discussion of modernist realisms considers the fate of realism in experimental works, particularly from the political Left. 7 a real world that is ‘independent of consciousness and theory’.2 However, that world is only accessible through the knowing subject and the perceptive apparatus that constructs its sense of the world. Because empiricism reduces ontology to epistemology –‘what is to what can be known’ – the notion of an objective reality is fundamentally flawed and when scrutinised, comes undone.3 Lovell notes that early, rationalist critics of empiricism approached this difficulty in a positive manner by proclaiming ‘an active and necessary part for the mind in the construction of knowledge’.4 For the rationalist ‘knowledge was not a reflection in consciousness of the real world, but something actively constructed through the use of mental constructs – concepts, theories, methodological rules etc’.5 All empiricist theories have to account in some way for this difficulty, that the data of sensory experience is filtered through the limitations and syntheses of a perceptual system (a fact which, as Jonathan Crary shows, became increasingly apparent to nineteenth-century science).6 Earlier forms of empiricism responded by ‘treating theoretical terms as coded summaries of empirical knowledge’, that is as a form of neutrally inductive knowledge; and subsequently ‘as convenient or necessary fictions, useful in generating empirical knowledge, but not in themselves entailing any reality- claim’.7 2 Terry Lovell, Pictures of Reality: Aesthetics, Politics, Pleasure (London: British Film Institute, 1980), p. 10. 3 Ibid., p. 11. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid., p. 12. 6 See Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1993). 7 Lovell, p. 12. 8 At the other end of the spectrum, conventionalists claim that humans construct reality in their attempts to describe it: ‘[e]xperience is never directly given, conceptless’ so there is no such thing as a ‘neutral observation language’.8 For Kant, famously, ‘the understanding does not draw its (a priori) laws from nature, but prescribes them to it’.9 For Thomas Kuhn, writing in the wake of Poincaré’s modern conventionalism, ‘sense-perception itself depends on theory’ and so ‘knowledge cannot be validated by an appeal to experience because the very terms of our experience presuppose certain knowledge- claims, and beg the questions which they are supposed to resolve’.10 For Kuhn, the sciences have ruling paradigms – particular interpretations of reality – that are generally accepted within certain disciplines until new paradigms replace them: ‘like dictators, each is overthrown in due course and replaced after the coup by a new despot.’11 In conventionalism then, as Lovell notes, ‘the world is in effect constructed in and by theory. given that there is no rational procedure for choosing between theories, relativism is the inevitable result. ’12 Modern epistemological realism in Lovell’s account sits somewhere between empiricism and conventionalism: it ‘retains the empiricist insistence that the real world cannot be reduced to language or to theory, but is independent of both, and yet knowable’; however, it also accepts the conventionalist view ‘that knowledge is socially
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