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School of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of History, Archaeology & Political Studies Transformation of Cattle

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School of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of History, Archaeology & Political Studies Transformation of Cattle SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY & POLITICAL STUDIES TRANSFORMATION OF CATTLE RUSTLING IN WEST POKOT COUNTY, KENYA 1895-2000 LOMOYWARA KORIR MESHACK, MA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JULY 2018 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university Lomoywara Korir Meshack, MA Signature......................................................Date........................................................ Name: Lomoywara Korir Meshack C82/12596/2009 This thesis has been submitted for the review with our approval as University supervisors Name: Prof. H.A. Mwanzi Signature...................................Date..................................... Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies Name: Dr. P.W. Kakai Signature………………………...Date…………………….. Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife, Eva Chepyatich and my sons Melvin Rutto and Daniel Poriot, for allowing me to take a lot of time away from them in order to concentrate on the thesis. Also withstanding difficult financial times during the entire period of study. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply indebted to my supervisors, Prof. H.A. Mwanzi and Dr. Pius W. Kakai for their professionalism, patience and mature guidance that I received from them. Their comments and corrections were a big push in shaping this thesis in the right direction. May God reward you abundantly. I am deeply grateful to my wife Eva Chepyatich and children: Melvin Rutto and Daniel Poriot for withstanding the difficult financial times during my studies and also for not spending quality time with them. I am also thankful to my brothers and sisters Shadrack, David, Amos, Leah and Irene for support and encouragement. Lastly, my dear parents Vincent Lomoywara and Eliza Lomoywara for their continuous moral support throughout this journey. iii ABSTRACT This study focused on the transformation of cattle rustling in West Pokot County, Kenya in the period 1895-2000. The study aimed at identifying the main causes of cattle rustling in West Pokot County prior to 1895, establish the impact of cattle rustling on the people’s livelihoods in West Pokot County over time, discussing the weapons used in cattle rustling in West Pokot County, to establish means of ensuring people in West Pokot County did not keep arms and suggesting ways of managing cattle rustling in west Pokot County. In carrying out this study, attempts were made to test the following premises: There were many causes of cattle rustling in West Pokot County, Cattle rustling impacted on the livelihoods of people in West Pokot County, the type of weapons used in cattle rustling were changing over time, peace could be restored through awareness and conflict prevention. The study used both primary and secondary method of data collection. Primary methods included interviews and review of archival sources. Secondary data was collected from books, newspapers, reports, journals, magazines and research papers in order to get detailed information on the history of cattle rustling in West Pokot County. The theory used in this study was Cultural-Ecological Theory. Key findings included commercialization of conflict, joint raids, use of modern technology on raids, introduction of new actors to the conflict, seasons for cattle raids changed from time to time and displacement of population by cattle rustling. The study came up with recommendations on how to manage cattle rustling. They included establishing a fund to cushion pastoralists against harsh climatic conditions, mapping of entry and exit points of small arms and light weapons, initiating alternative sources of livelihoods, provision of security by the state and provision of universal education. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.......................................................................................................... i DEDICATION............................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS .............................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xi 1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................1 1.1 Background to the study ..........................................................................................1 1.2. Statement of the problem ........................................................................................3 1.3. Objectives of the study............................................................................................4 1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................4 1.3.2. Specific Objectives ..............................................................................................4 1.4. Research Premises ..................................................................................................4 1.5. Justification and Significance .................................................................................5 1.6. Scope and Limitations.............................................................................................6 1.7. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ......................................................7 1.7.1 Review of Related Literature ................................................................................7 1.7.2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................18 1.7.2.1 Cultural-Ecological Theory .............................................................................18 1.8 Methodology ..........................................................................................................20 1.8.1 Research Design..................................................................................................20 1.8.2 Variables of Analysis ..........................................................................................20 1.8.3 Site Description ...................................................................................................21 1.8.4 Study Population .................................................................................................22 1.8.5 Sampling Techniques and sample size ...............................................................23 1.8.6 Research Instruments ..........................................................................................24 1.8.7 Pilot Study ...........................................................................................................24 1.8.8 Validity and Reliability. ......................................................................................25 1.8.9 Data collection procedure ...................................................................................25 1.8.10 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................27 1.8.11 Data Management and Ethical Considerations .................................................27 2.0. CHAPTER TWO: MIGRATION, PEOPLING AND GEOGRAPHY OF WEST POKOT...........................................................................................................28 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................28 2.2 History and Cultural Relations...............................................................................40 2.3 Historical background of pastoralists’ economy and cattle rustling ......................41 v 2.4 The Colonial State Policies on the Pokot ...............................................................43 2.5 The Role of Post-Colonial Government Policies and Programs ............................45 3.0 CHAPTER THREE: PRE-COLONIAL CATTLE RUSTLING PRACTICES ........ 49 3.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................49 3.2 Historical background: Communal Relations in the Period 1894-1910 ................50 3.3 Reasons for Cattle Rustling ...................................................................................63 3.3.1 Replenishing Depleted Resources.......................................................................63 3.3.2 Traditional Pastoralists Cultural Values and Practices .......................................65 3.3.3 Early Proliferation of Small Arms ......................................................................66 3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................66 4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: TRENDS IN CATTLE RUSTLING; COLONIAL PHASE ........................................................................................................................68 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................68 4.2 Administrative History and Causes
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