Saturation Diving

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Saturation Diving Saturati on diving Contents Market Market 3 Saturation diving IHC Hytech - Saturation diving 4 Reliable partner for efficient saturation diving solutions Products 4 6 Decompression chambers 10 Containerised systems 11 Handling systems 12 Heaters, chillers and scrubbers 13 Control panels 14 Communication and lighting 15 High-quality components 16 Personal gear 18 IHC Life-cycle support 7 Saturation diving Wet bell handling system New technologies refurbishment of existing saturation diving systems. A third Business concepts of diving operations have changed category of smaller single-bell DSVs is needed for inspections significantly over the past few decades. What may once have etc. IHC Hytech’s qualified specialists extensively support been considered a r ecord-breaking dive has become a daily their shipbuilding colleagues at Royal IHC in the integration routine exercise. The North Sea is emerging as one of the of third-party-supplied saturation diving equipment. The world’s largest oil fields, but one that guards its treasures company’s strapline – “we keep you breathing” – underlines well. Diving conditions are among the worst encountered in the focus of IHC Hytech. professional diving. Therefore, new technologies are required to perform safer and more efficient operations. Based on Safety and regulations years of experience in the field, IHC Hytech develops new Increasingly stringent regulations have consequences for all concepts for safe and efficient (saturation) diving solutions. parties involved in saturating diving. As a reliable supplier of saturation diving solutions, IHC Hytech is well aware of how New generation of vessels its customers have to comply with legislation. Due to its vast Current developments in the exploration and production experience in this field, IHC Hytech has become an authority 8 sector require a new generation of diving support vessels. on this area of the business and can advise on the best and safest solutions to meet specific requirements. It is also The key factors to be considered are multifunctionality, opti- actively involved in the development of regulations. mal efficiency and worldwide usability. IHC and IHC Hytech’s solutions are designed to support professional diving inte- IHC Hytech understands that its customers don’t want to gration, mission control and de-risking. spend too much time on paperwork. Its equipment and systems are provided with the right certificates ex works. Positive outlook This means that a faster time to market off new-build or The offshore market is improving and the pre-salt oil fields refurbished DSVs is possible, which therefore reduces costs development in Brazil is playing a significant role in this and risks for customers. upward trend. The offshore oil and gas markets are also developing elsewhere in the world. This provides a greater demand for high-end or mid-range twin-bell Diving Support Vessels (DSV). There is also a growing need for more Source image front page: Oceanwide Safety at Sea 16 2 IHC Hytech IHC Hytech 3 IHC Hytech – Saturati on diving bijschrift IHC Hytech strives to deliver the best value to its customers. It is a partner of choice for innovati ve, sustainable and integrated Reliable partner for effi cient hyperbaric systems and saturati on diving equipment such as Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Lifeboats. IHC Hytech’s soluti ons are reliable, effi cient and fl exible to the demands of challenging hyperbaric diving projects. With its extensive knowledge and saturati on diving soluti ons in-house design capabiliti es, IHC Hytech ensures compliance with the latest technological developments, strictest safety regulati ons and most stringent environmental standards. Reliable IHC Hytech excels at managing the complexity inherent within the development and producti on of these systems. Each project is approached with care, creati vity and adaptability, so that customers can depend on delivery within the terms of the agreement. IHC Hytech is Royal IHC’s in-house specialist in high-quality diving systems and equipment. With a broad customer base that includes various navies, governmental organisati ons, salvage companies and inshore/off shore diving contractors (both domesti c and internati onal), it has extensive experience in designing and manufacturing safe and reliable diving equipment. IHC is able to integrate diving systems from every reputable supplier. Partnership Specifi c demands require bespoke designs. IHC Hytech provides cost-eff ecti ve products, not only when newly acquired, but also throughout their working lives. The IHC Hytech team works closely with the customer and becomes an extension of their organisati on, so that both parti es can complement each other’s experti se. It can, for example, advise on the design, regulati ons and structure of the project. This reduces risk and cost to create a smoother process, which leads to bett er results. Effi cient soluti ons IHC Hytech constructs bespoke systems and equipment to meet customer-specifi c requirements, as well as standard products, soluti ons and systems with a ready-to-build design. Conducti ng business in an off shore environment is oft en turbulent. Technical and fi nancial risks are signifi cant, and margins are constantly fl uctuati ng. The diff erence between profi t and loss for an owner or operator of technological systems is greatly infl uenced by the producti vity of these long-term investments. Effi ciency, reliability, durability and safety are key factors to success. IHC Hytech understands its customers’ needs and has the ability to provide innovati ve and effi cient soluti ons for a variety of hyperbaric projects. 4 IHC Hytech IHC Hytech 5 Products bijschrift SPHL saturation chamber Inside a self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat 6 IHC Hytech IHC Hytech 7 Products Decompression chambers Inside a typical tunnelling saturati on chamber Integrati on of SAT-system Mini SAT-system IHC Hytech off ers a wide range of advanced equipment to The interior and exterior of the chambers are covered with a Self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboats saturated the canisters are exchanged with fresh unused ones ensure that its customers’ deep diving operati ons can be special coati ng. Working pressures usually range from 50, 70 Oceanwide Safety at Sea in Rott erdam is the global market through a so-called ‘medical lock’, which also serves for the carried out safely and eff ecti vely. This includes saturati on or 100 metres of seawater (msw) for surface-supplied diving leader of self propelled hyperbaric lifeboats (SPHL) and exchange of other supplies. A contaminati on scrubber and a diving equipment such as self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboats acti viti es for air and mixed gas operati ons. Deep tunnelling IHC Hytech is its strategic partner for the duplex chamber and hyperbaric toilet completes the outf it. and decompression chambers that allow prolonged saturati on systems with working depths of 100, 150 or 200 all associated life-support equipment. occupati on, such as the high-end deep tunnelling chambers. msw can be provided. Chambers for self-propelled hyperbaric The outside of the evacuati on chamber, accessible through lifeboats with working pressures of up to 400msw can, It is mandatory for Diving Support Vessels (DSV) to be the lifeboat’s passageway, is crammed with control and The decompression chambers built by IHC Hytech are however, also be provided for saturati on diving operati ons. equipped with adequate and dedicated safety equipment monitoring equipment by which the crew can tend the divers considered to be market leading and suitable for any to allow for the evacuati on of divers under pressure in life- and operate the chamber. To guarantee simplicity, safety applicati on. They are the result of divers working together IHC Hytech also delivers escape trunks in various dimensions, threatening situati ons. The principle of the SPHL is the and reliability, it consists of auxiliary redundant independent with skilled design teams, mixing seasoned experience with connecti ons fl anges and clamping systems with interlocks. For installati on of an independent autonomous saturati on system valves, pressure regulators, manometers, couplings and so on fresh perspecti ves. The company believes that decompression integrati on in existi ng systems, the chambers can be supplied chamber, i.e. a saturati on diving evacuati on chamber, in a – highly appealing to those who grew up before the computer chambers should be easy to operate in order to avoid possible with connecti on fl anges to fi t any bell or auxiliary chamber. standard self-propelled and SOLAS-approved GPR hull that games’ era. It’s testament to the quality of IHC Hytech that errors or losing precious ti me. That’s why high-quality The support skid can be used to integrate the breathing is otherwise normally equipped with a propulsion system, every component as depicted in this picture is documented, components are used to avoid unnecessary maintenance. gas cylinders required to provide maximum operati onal cooling system, hot water plant, navigati on control and certi fi ed, approved and traceable during its whole lifeti me. This increases the durability of the decompression chamber. independence. The pressure hull has a number of spare monitoring equipment, food/water supply and medical aid penetrators that allow additi onal systems to be installed. A kits. The evacuati on chamber, suitable for 12, 18 or 24 divers A life-support package (fl y-away package) for a SPHL provides IHC Hytech manufactures decompression chambers in various large-size medical lock is a standard feature. View ports allow at working pressures specifi ed up to 400 metres of seawater, the essenti al services to a hyperbaric rescue chamber/SPHL types of materials and confi gurati ons: aluminium, steel, observati on of both compartments. is accessible through a lock in the bott om of the lifeboat. This when evacuated from the mother vessel (DSV). For more duplex, stati onary, mobile or transportable.
Recommended publications
  • FILE COPY Scripps Institution of Oceanography TABLE of CONTENTS
    Marine Physical Laboratory The Scientific Research Support Potential of the Submersible MARITAL/A 3GST9 Andreas B. Rechnitzer (Viking Oceanographics, 1345 Lomita Road, El Cajon, California 92020). MPL TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 420 April1990 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. University of California, San Diego FILE COPY Scripps Institution of Oceanography TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH 4 BACKGROUND 6 THE MARITALIA 3GST9 7 NATIONAL OCEAN RESEARCH THRUSTS 9 SIO SCIENTIFIC WORKSHOP 12 DISCUSSION 13 2 I I 1111 I SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT SAFETY CERTIFICATION 29 CONCLUSIONS 30 ACKNO~EDGEMENTS 31 REFERENCES 32 APPENDIX A, OCEANLAB CONCEPT REVIEW 34 APPENDIX B, SIO MARITALIA 3GST9 WORKSHOP April13, 1989 36 APPENDIX C, SCIENTISTS INTERESTED IN USE OF 3GST9 38 APPENDIX D, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AREAS .. 41 APPENDIX E, INSTRUMENTATION OPTIONS 45 3 II I1111---·--------------- The Scientific Research Support Potential of the Submersible MARITALIA 3GST9 INTRODUCTION Deep submergence facilities are now considered to be a vital component of the U. S. Navy fleet and the National Oceanographic Laboratory System facilities inventory. Scientific use of manned submersible systems is now routinely applied to a broad range of scientific disciplines. Advancements in deep submergence technologies continue to require evaluation and assessment for their scientific support potential. This study report assesses the scientific support potential of a specific new diver lockout submersible, the MARITALIA (3GST9), that may be added to the
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Operating Procedures for Scientific Diving
    Standard Operating Procedures for Scientific Diving The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas Texas 78373 Amended January 9, 2020 1 This standard operating procedure is derived in large part from the American Academy of Underwater Sciences standard for scientific diving, published in March of 2019. FOREWORD “Since 1951 the scientific diving community has endeavored to promote safe, effective diving through self-imposed diver training and education programs. Over the years, manuals for diving safety have been circulated between organizations, revised and modified for local implementation, and have resulted in an enviable safety record. This document represents the minimal safety standards for scientific diving at the present day. As diving science progresses so must this standard, and it is the responsibility of every member of the Academy to see that it always reflects state of the art, safe diving practice.” American Academy of Underwater Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Academy thanks the numerous dedicated individual and organizational members for their contributions and editorial comments in the production of these standards. Revision History Approved by AAUS BOD December 2018 Available at www.aaus.org/About/Diving Standards 2 Table of Contents Volume 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Section 1.00 GENERAL POLICY ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • DNVGL-OS-E402 Diving Systems
    OFFSHORE STANDARDS DNVGL-OS-E402 Edition January 2017 Diving systems The content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by DNV GL AS ("DNV GL"). The user accepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV GL and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certification and/or verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on the basis of and/or pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV GL's prior written consent. DNV GL is not responsible for the consequences arising from any use of this document by others. The electronic pdf version of this document, available free of charge from http://www.dnvgl.com, is the officially binding version. DNV GL AS FOREWORD DNV GL offshore standards contain technical requirements, principles and acceptance criteria related to classification of offshore units. © DNV GL AS January 2017 Any comments may be sent by e-mail to [email protected] This service document has been prepared based on available knowledge, technology and/or information at the time of issuance of this document. The use of this document by others than DNV GL is at the user's sole risk. DNV GL does not accept any liability or responsibility for loss or damages resulting from any use of this document. CHANGES – CURRENT This document supersedes DNV-OS-E402 Offshore standard for Diving systems, October 2010 and DNV-DS- E403 Standard for Surface Diving Systems, July 2012 Changes in this document are highlighted in red colour.
    [Show full text]
  • Ear Disorders in Scuba Divers
    Review Ear Disorders in Scuba Divers MH Azizi Abstract Academy of Medical History of underwater diving dates back to antiquity. Breath-hold technique in diving was Sciences of the IR Iran, known to the ancient nations. However, deep diving progressed only in the early decades of Tehran, Iran the 19th century as the result of advancements in efficient underwater technologies which subsequently led to invention of sophisticated sets of scuba diving in the 20th century. Currently, diving is performed for various purposes including commercial, recreational, mili- tary, underwater construction, oil industry, underwater archeology and scientific assessment of marine life. By increasing popularity of underwater diving, dive-related medical conditions gradually became more evident and created a new challenge for the health care profession- als, so that eventually, a specialty the so-called “diving medicine” was established. Most of the diving-associated disorders appear in the head and neck. The most common of all occupational disorders associated with diving are otologic diseases. External otitis has been reported as the most common otolaryngologic problem in underwater divers. Exostosis of the external ear canal may be formed in divers as the result of prolonged diving in cold waters. Other disorders of the ear and paranasal sinuses in underwater divers are caused by barometric pressure change (i.e., barotraumas), and to a lesser extent by decompression sickness. Barotrauma of the middle ear is the most prevalent barotrauma in divers. The inner ear barotraumas, though important, is less common. The present paper is a brief overview of diving-related ear disorders particularly in scuba div- ers.
    [Show full text]
  • Why an Underwater Habitat? Underwater Habitats Are Useful Because They Provide a Permanent Working Area for Aquanauts (Divers) W
    [Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting of the pull quote text box.] Abstract What are the different types of Underwater Habitat and how do they differ? What is the Technology used in Underwater Habitats? Underwater habitats are useful study environments for researchers including marine biologists, There are three main types of underwater habitat that are distinguished from one psychologists studying the effects of prolonged periods of isolation in extreme environments, another by how they deal with water and air pressure. The first type, open To access an underwater lab, divers sometimes swim or take submersibles and physiologists studying how life adapts to different pressures. The technologies used and pressure, has an air pressure inside that is equal to the water pressure outside. which then dock with the facility. Shallow habitats may even be accessed by data gleaned from these studies have applications in space research, and in the future Decompression is required for divers returning to the surface from this type of climbing a ladder or taking an elevator. Deep-sea labs have been taken by crane underwater habitats can be used for industrial activity such as mining the deep sea, and facility, but they are able to go in and out of the laboratory on diving missions with from a boat and placed in the sea. In those labs deep underwater, it becomes expansion of these technologies extends humanity’s reach across earth’s biosphere into its relative ease, due to the fact that they don’t need to acclimate to differing dangerous to breathe in the same air as on the surface because the nitrogen oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Saturation Diving Is Used for Deep Salvage Or Recovery Using U.S
    CHAPTER 15 6DWXUDWLRQ'LYLQJ 15-1 INTRODUCTION 15-1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize divers with U.S. Navy satu- ration diving systems and deep diving equipment. 15-1.2 Scope. Saturation diving is used for deep salvage or recovery using U.S. Navy deep diving systems or equipment. These systems and equipment are designed to support personnel at depths to 1000 fsw for extended periods of time. SECTION ONE — DEEP DIVING SYSTEMS 15-2 APPLICATIONS The Deep Diving System (DDS) is a versatile tool in diving and its application is extensive. Most of today’s systems employ a multilock deck decompression chamber (DDC) and a personnel transfer capsule (PTC). Non-Saturation Diving. Non-saturation diving can be accomplished with the PTC pressurized to a planned depth. This mode of operation has limited real time application and therefore is seldom used in the U.S. Navy. Saturation Diving. Underwater projects that demand extensive bottom time (i.e., large construction projects, submarine rescue, and salvage) are best con- ducted with a DDS in the saturation mode. Conventional Diving Support. The DDC portion of a saturation system can be employed as a recompression chamber in support of conventional, surface- supplied diving operations. 15-3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A SATURATION DIVE SYSTEM The configuration and the specific equipment composing a deep diving system vary greatly based primarily on the type mission for which it is designed. Modern systems however, have similar major components that perform the same functions despite their actual complexity. Major components include a PTC, a PTC handling system, and a DDC.
    [Show full text]
  • ( [The Ad Id="41"]
    Trending Disruption and Resilience (https://mechanixillustrated.technicacuriosa.com/2018/06/23/disruption-and-resilience/) 0 (https://mechanixillustrated.technicacuriosa.com/2018/06/23/disruption-and-r Account (https://technicacuriosa.com?go_tesilience/#respond)o_user_login=1) (https://technicacuriosa.com/) (https://popularelectronics.technicacuriosa.com/) SWITCH CHANNELS HERE (https://popularastronomy.technicacuriosa.com/) (https://mechanixillustrated.technicacuriosa.com/) [the_ad id="41"] ABOUT (HTTPS://MECHANIXILLUSTRATED.TECHNICACURIOSA.COM/ABOUT/) CONTRIBUTE SUBSCRIBE (HTTP://TECHNICACURIOSA.COM/?SUBSCRIBE_TO_CHANNEL=1) CONTACT (HTTPS://MECHANIXILLUSTRATED.TECHNICACURIOSA.COM/CONTACT/) Moonshots book cover World-changing Secrets of the Entrepreneurial Mindset Revealed: Learn how curiosity, imagination, and exponential possibility are enabling life without limits. (https://amzn.to/2QyL925) Diving Tech (https://mechanixillustrated.technicacuriosa.com/category/diving-tech/) 0 (https://mechanixillustrated.technicacuriosa.com/2018/04/23/navy-diver-future/#respond) THE NAVY DIVER OF THE FUTURE (HTTPS://MECHANIXILLUSTRATED.TECHNICACURIOSA.COM/2018/04/23/NAVY- DIVER-FUTURE/) And the Recent Efforts in Returning Mankind to the Deep Sea By Bhargav Gajjar (https://mechanixillustrated.technicacuriosa.com/author/bgajjar/) SEALAB I, II, and III were experimental high pressure, underwater habitats developed by the United States Navy in the late 1960s to prove the viability of saturation diving. The program illuminated the path towards extended human life in the last frontier—the deep sea. Figure 1. US Navy Sea Lab II Crew. Former astronaut Scott Carpenter, Team One leader, is second from left in the front row. In so-called saturation diving, the divers live in a pressurized environment, a hyperbaric environment on the surface, or an ambient pressure underwater habitat. These habitats may be maintained for up to several weeks. However, aquanauts working in these conditions are gradually decompressed to surface pressure only once, at the end of their tour of duty.
    [Show full text]
  • "Aquarius" Undersea Habitat As an Analog for Long- Duration Space Flight
    Source of Acquisiti on NASA Jolmson Space Center The NEEMO Project: A Report on how NASA Utilizes the "Aquarius" Undersea Habitat as an Analog for Long- Duration Space Flight. Bill ToddlUnited Space Alliance Marc Reagan/NASA NEEMO Project Leads Spaceflight Training, NASAJJSC October, 2003 Abstract NEEMO is the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations, a cooperative project between NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NEEMO was created and is managed by the Mission Operations Directorate at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. On the NOAA side, the National Undersea Research Center (NURC) in Key Largo, FL, with the help of the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, manages and operates the Aquarius Program. NEEMO was developed by astronaut training specialists to utilize an undersea research habitat as a multi-objective mission analog for long-duration space flight. Each mission was designed to expose astronauts to extreme environments for training purposes and to research crew behavior, habitability, and space analog life sciences. All of this was done much in the model of a space mission utilizing specific crew procedures, mission rules and timelines. Objectives of the missions were very diverse and contained many of the typical space mission type activities such as EV As (also known as extra vehicular activities), in-habitat science and research, and educational, public outreach, and media events. Five missions, dubbed NEEMO 1-5, were conducted between October 2001 and July 2003, the longest of which (NEEMO 5) lasted 14 days. History of NASA Undersea Research Participation The concept ofliving and working in an undersea habitat as an analog for space flight is not a new one.
    [Show full text]
  • Ui 2019 Product Categories
    UNDERWATER UNDERWATER INTERVENTION INTERVENTION Morial Convention Center Hall E 2019 New Orleans, LA | February 5-7, 2019 www.underwaterintervention.com UI 2019 PRODUCT CATEGORIES 1000 UNDERWATER SERVICES 3140 Propulsion Systems 1005 AUV Operators/Contractors 3145 Remotely Operated Vehicles 1010 Bridges and Dams 3150 Saturation Diving Systems 1015 Commercial Diving 3155 Slip Rings 1020 Commercial Diving Consultant 3160 Sub Sea Cutting Tools 1025 Commercial Diving Contractors 3165 Thrusters - ROV, AUV 1030 Marine Construction 3170 Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges 1035 Pile Repair/Pile Cleaning 3175 Underwater Flotation 1040 ROV Operators/Contractors 3180 Underwater Imaging Systems 3185 Underwater Inspection Equipment 2000 EDUCATION & TRAINING 3190 Underwater Lighting 2005 Commercial Diving Schools 3193 Underwater Welding 2010 Regulations and Safety 3195 Unmanned Surface Vessels 2015 Training and New Technologies 3200 Welding & Burning Equipment 3000 EQUIPMENT 4000 PRODUCTS & SERVICES 3005 Acoustic Positioning 4005 Corrosion Control & Sealing 3010 Actuators - Linear & Rotary 4010 Decommissioning 3015 Anchors 4015 Diver Communications 3020 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles 4020 Equipment Repair & Refurbishment 3025 Cables, Hoses and Umbilicals 4025 Excavation 3030 Cameras/Photography/Monitors 4030 Fiberglass Forms 3035 Cavidyne Blasters 4035 Grouts & Adhesives 3040 Commercial Diving Equipment Rentals 4040 Infection Control 3045 Commercial Diving Equipment Sales 4045 Infection Prevention 3050 Compressors 4050 Metal Detection 3055 Control Systems 4055
    [Show full text]
  • Saturation Diving Chamber Hygiene
    The Diving Medical Advisory Committee DMAC, Eighth Floor, 52 Grosvenor Gardens, London SW1W 0AU, UK www.dmac-diving.org Tel: +44 (0) 20 7824 5520 [email protected] Saturation Diving Chamber Hygiene DMAC 26 Rev. 1 – January 2016 Supersedes DMAC 26 dated June 1995, which is now withdrawn 1 Introduction Infection is the most frequent medical problem encountered during saturation diving. The closed environment, with raised temperature and humidity as well as hyperoxia contribute to enhanced microbial growth. Superficial infections, especially of the external ear canal and of soft tissues following minor wounds, are particularly common. Research has suggested that a significant source of microbial contamination in the chamber environment is the fresh water supply and sea water. Other sources may include equipment, food and materials introduced into the chamber. It is believed that the divers themselves are not normally significant contributors to the introduction of infections or the spreading of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Thus, measures to prevent infections can include control of microbial growth in water supplies and equipment. This guidance note considers those few microbes of particular relevance to saturation diving (certain bacteria, and, to a lesser extent, some fungi and viruses) and describes measures to prevent/discourage infection by them. This guidance note will be updated as further relevant research and knowledge concerning microbes becomes available. 2 Microbes and Saturation Diving 2.1 Bacteria Predominant among the many microbes present in a saturation system environment are Gram-negative bacteria – principally the pseudomonas and the coliform (e.g. proteus, klebsiella and E. coli) groups. The pseudomonas group is a natural inhabitant of fresh and sea water, and can thus readily enter a saturation system.
    [Show full text]
  • Concepts of Underwater Experimentation
    Helgol~inder wiss. Meeresunters. 24, 54-77 (1973) Concepts of underwater experimentation J. A. OTT I, Zoologisches Institut, Universitlit Wien; Wien, Austria KURZFASSUNG: Konzepte der Unterwasser-Experimentation. In den letzten zehn Jahren sind Unterwasseruntersuchungen zu einem nicht mehr wegzudenkenden und wichtigen Be- standteil marinbiologischer Forschungen geworden. Die technische Entwicklung dieser methodo- logisch definierten Disziplin ftihrte yore Schwimm- und Ger~tetauchen zu Tauchbooten, Un- terwasserh2iusern und ferngesteuerten Fahrzeugen. Die Anwendungsbereiche umfassen Be- obachtung und Aufsammlung bis zur genauen Messung und Probennahme fiir 5kologische Un- tersudaungen. Echte experimentelle Arbeit wird jedoch noch immer fast ausschlieglich iln La- bora~orium durchgef~ihrt. Daher ist Experimentation no& immer auf eine begrenzte Auswahl an ,haltbaren" Organismen, eine begrenzte Zahl simulierbarer und kontrollierbarer Faktoren und insbesonders an einen begrenzten Komplexit~itsgrad der Untersuchungsobjekte gebunden. Dies ist um so bedauerlicher, als sich in der Okologie immer deutlicher die Notwendigkeit yon Systemanalysen abzeidmet. Der gegenw~rtige Standard in Unterwasserbeobachtung und Daten- gewinnung und die Entwi&lung yon Muitivariatentechniken ma&t es m~Sglich, die ,,kontrol- lierten Bedingungen" im Laboratorinm - die zu oi~ eine gef~ihrliche Vereinfachung sind - durch die ,,gemessenen Bedingungen" in situ zu ersetzen. Die Dringlichkeit experimenteller Arbeit an 6kotogischen Systemen kann nicht genug betont werden in einer Zeit, in der wir versuchen miissen, mit den Einfli~ssen unserer Zivilisation auf die natfirlichen Lebensriiume fertigzuwerden, Voraussagen treffen und Modelte entwickeln zu kSnnen. INTRODUCTION The "International He lgoland Symposium 1972" sponsored by the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland is concerned with the topic "Man in the Sea", emphasizing the establishment of underwater observation and experimentation as an integral part of marine biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Code of Practice for Offshore Diving
    Code of Practice for Offshore Diving Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Diving) Regulations 2018 Our Vision:: Healthy, safe and productive lives and enterprises Acknowledgments This code of practice is based on the Health and Safety Executive (United Kingdom) approved code of practice and guidance for commercial diving projects offshore. The Authority would like to thank the Health and Safety Executive (UK) and the Irish Maritime Administration within the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport for their assistance in the development of this code of practice. Contents Foreword ......................................................................................02 1 Introduction ...............................................................................03 2 Definitions ................................................................................05 3 Application . 07 4 Duties of Persons ..........................................................................09 5 Duties of Clients ...........................................................................11 6 Duties of Diving Contractors ...............................................................13 7 Diving Project Plan and Risk Assessment ...................................................15 8 Diving Methods............................................................................17 9 Hazards Associated with Diving ............................................................21 10 Dive Teams and Associated Working Practices ..............................................27
    [Show full text]