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Bericht Zur Wissenschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung Umfangreicher Forschungsinfrastruktur- Vorhaben Für Die Nationale Roadmap

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Bericht Zur Wissenschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung Umfangreicher Forschungsinfrastruktur- Vorhaben Für Die Nationale Roadmap wissenschaftsrat wr 2017 Bericht zur wissenschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung umfangreicher Forschungsinfrastruktur- vorhaben für die Nationale Roadmap inhalt Vorbemerkung 5 A. Der Nationale Roadmap-Prozess für Forschungsinfrastrukturen 7 A.I Forschungsinfrastrukturen im Roadmap-Prozess 7 A.II Etablierung des Roadmap-Prozesses 9 A.III Eingang in das aktuelle Roadmap-Verfahren 11 A.IV Konzepte im Kontext ihrer Wissenschaftsgebiete 12 IV.1 Natur- und Technikwissenschaften 13 IV.2 Umwelt- und Erdsystemwissenschaften 13 IV.3 Biowissenschaften und Medizin 14 A.V Wissenschaftsgeleitete Bewertung durch den Wissenschaftsrat 15 B. Ergebnisse der vergleichenden wissenschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung 18 B.I Ergebnis der dimensionsbezogenen vergleichenden Bewertung 18 B.II Zusammenfassende Bewertungen in den Natur- und Technikwissenschaften 20 II.1 Ernst Ruska-Centrum 2.0 (ER-C 2.0) 20 II.2 European Solar Telescope (EST) 22 II.3 National Photonics Labs (NPL) 24 B.III Zusammenfassende Bewertungen in den Umwelt- und Erdsystemwissenschaften 27 III.1 Aerosole, Wolken und Spurengase Forschungsinfrastruktur – Deutscher Beitrag (ACTRIS-D) 27 III.2 AtmoSat 29 III.3 Deutsche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen als integrierte Forschungsinfrastruktur (DCOLL) 31 III.4 Tandem-L (TDL) 34 B.IV Zusammenfassende Bewertungen in den Biowissenschaften und der Medizin 36 IV.1 German BioImaging Forschungsinfrastruktur (GerBI-FIS) 36 IV.2 Leibniz-Zentrum für Photonik in der Infektionsforschung (LPI) 38 IV.3 Nationale Biomedizinische Bildgebungseinrichtung (NIF) 40 IV.4 National Imaging Science Center (NISC) 42 C. Bilanz und Ausblick 45 C.I Wissenschaftspolitischer Kontext 46 I.1 Nationale Entwicklungen 46 4 I.2 Europäische Entwicklungen 48 C.II Verfahrensreflexion 51 II.1 Beteiligung am Roadmapverfahren 51 II.2 Herausforderungen für die Bewertung 53 C.III Fazit 56 Anhang 59 D. Ausführliche Konzeptbeschreibungen und-bewertungen 63 D.I Natur- und Technikwissenschaften 63 I.1 Wissenschaftsgebiet Natur- und Technikwissenschaften 63 I.2 Ernst Ruska-Centrum 2.0 (ER-C 2.0) – Die Nationale Forschungsinfrastruktur für höchstauflösende Elektronenmikroskopie 68 I.3 European Solar Telescope (EST) 90 I.4 National Photonics Labs (NPL) 106 D.II Umwelt- und Erdsystemwissenschaften 122 II.1 Wissenschaftsgebiet Umwelt- und Erdsystemwissenschaften 122 II.2 Aerosole, Wolken und Spurengase Forschungsinfrastruktur – Deutscher Beitrag (ACTRIS-D) 126 II.3 AtmoSat 139 II.4 Deutsches Zentrum für Biodiversitätsmonitoring (BioM-D) 157 II.5 Deutsche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen als integrierte Forschungsinfrastruktur (DCOLL) 167 II.6 Tandem-L (TDL) 195 D.III Biowissenschaften und Medizin 211 III.1 Wissenschaftsgebiet Biowissenschaften und Medizin 211 III.2 German BioImaging Forschungsinfrastruktur (GerBI-FIS) 218 III.3 Leibniz-Zentrum für Photonik in der Infektionsforschung (LPI) 230 III.4 Nationale Biomedizinische Bildgebungseinrichtung (NIF) 246 III.5 National Imaging Science Center (NISC) 261 Abkürzungs- und Namensverzeichnis 279 5 Vorbemerkung Der Nationale Roadmap-Prozess ist in Deutschland als strategisches Instrument zur forschungspolitischen Priorisierung künftiger Investitionen des Bundes im Feld umfangreicher Forschungsinfrastrukturen (FIS) etabliert worden. Die weitreichende Bedeutung von Forschungsinfrastrukturen für das Wissen- schaftssystem, ihr wachsender Ressourcenbedarf und ihre steigende Komplexi- tät verlangen nach einer strategischen Investitionsplanung in diesem für For- schung, Lehre, Nachwuchsförderung und Transfer wichtigen Feld. Vor diesem Hintergrund und nach erfolgreicher Durchführung einer Pilotphase 2011– 2013 hat das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) den Wis- senschaftsrat erneut gebeten, die wissenschaftsgeleitete Bewertung von dies- mal zwölf Forschungsinfrastrukturvorhaben vorzunehmen. Anfang 2015 hat der Wissenschaftsrat einen mandatierten Ausschuss „Bewer- tung umfangreicher Forschungsinfrastrukturvorhaben für eine Nationale Roadmap“ eingesetzt, der die wissenschaftsgeleitete Bewertung auf der Grund- lage des in der Pilotphase erprobten Verfahrens und der daraus gewonnenen Erfahrungen durchgeführt hat. Das BMBF verbindet mit der Aufnahme auf die Roadmap eine grundsätzliche Förderabsicht – im Unterschied zur Mehrzahl nationaler Roadmaps für Forschungsinfrastrukturen anderer europäischer Staaten. Daher spielt neben der wissenschaftlichen Qualität eine wirtschaftlich belastbare Planung eine wichtige Rolle, so dass alle Konzepte parallel zur wis- senschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung einer wirtschaftlichen Bewertung unterzogen werden. Auf der Grundlage der wissenschaftsgeleiteten und der wirtschaftli- chen Bewertung entscheidet das BMBF unter Berücksichtigung der gesell- schaftlichen Bedeutung der geplanten Forschungsinfrastrukturen über die Aufnahme eines Vorhabens auf die Roadmap. Im Ausschuss haben viele – auch internationale – Sachverständige mitgearbei- tet, die nicht Mitglieder des Wissenschaftsrates sind. Ihnen ist der Wissen- schaftsrat zu außerordentlichem Dank verpflichtet. Ein besonderer Dank gilt auch den zahlreichen Gutachterinnen und Gutachtern, die an den differenzier- ten Einzelbewertungen der Vorhaben mitgewirkt haben. Der vorliegende Bewertungsbericht richtet sich primär an das BMBF, mit kon- kreten Empfehlungen zur Weiterentwicklung der Konzepte auch an die Trä- gereinrichtungen der Forschungsinfrastrukturvorhaben, die mehrheitlich von 6 Bund und Ländern auf Basis des Artikels 91 b des Grundgesetzes gemeinsam finanziert werden. Darüber hinaus werden die wissenschaftlichen Gemein- schaften, die Wissenschaftsorganisationen sowie politische Akteure im natio- nalen, europäischen und internationalen Rahmen adressiert. Der Ausschuss hat den Bewertungsbericht am 14.06.2017 verabschiedet und dem Wissenschaftsrat während seiner Sitzung vom 12.07.2017 bis 14.07.2017 vorgelegt. 7 A. Der Nationale Roadmap-Prozess für Forschungsinfrastrukturen Nach erfolgreicher Durchführung einer Pilotphase 2011–2013 hat das Bun- desministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) zu Beginn des Jahres 2015 einen weiteren Nationalen Roadmap-Prozess gestartet und den Wissenschafts- rat erneut gebeten, als maßgeblicher Akteur in eigener Verantwortung die wissenschaftsgeleitete Bewertung vorzunehmen. |1 Im Folgenden werden zu- nächst die Anforderungen an Forschungsinfrastrukturen im Roadmap-Prozess dargestellt, bevor in den Kapiteln A.II bis A.V der Roadmap-Prozess und das Verfahren der wissenschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung durch den Wissenschaftsrat erläutert werden. A.I FORSCHUNGSINFRASTRUKTUREN IM ROADMAP -PROZESS Forschungsinfrastrukturen sind mittlerweile in allen Disziplinen unverzicht- bar geworden. Erst mit dieser Entwicklung hat sich in den letzten 15–20 Jah- ren der übergeordnete Begriff der Forschungsinfrastruktur herausgebildet und den des Großgerätes abgelöst. Diese Entwicklung ist vor allem auf europäischer Ebene durch das Strategieforum für Forschungsinfrastrukturen – European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) – vorangetrieben worden. In der ersten ESFRI-Roadmap aus dem Jahr 2006 wurden Forschungsinfrastrukturen als einzigartige Instrumente, Ressourcen und Dienstleistungen beschrieben |2, | 1 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung: Der Nationale Roadmap-Prozess für Forschungsinfra- strukturen. Investitionen in die Forschung von morgen. Januar 2016, S. 3. https://www.bmbf.de/ pub/Nationaler_Roadmap_Prozess_fuer_Forschungsinfrastrukturen.pdf, zuletzt abgerufen am 09.02.2017. | 2 ESFRI: European Roadmap for Research Infrastructures, Report 2006, Luxemburg 2006, S. 16. Ähnlich weit gefasste FIS-Definitionen werden bis heute in unterschiedlichen nationalen und europäischen Kontex- ten verwandt. Vgl. Wissenschaftsrat: Bericht zur wissenschaftsgeleiteten Bewertung umfangreicher For- schungsinfrastrukturvorhaben für die Nationale Roadmap (Pilotphase), Köln 2013, S. 11; vgl. auch Rat für Informationsinfrastrukturen: Leistung aus Vielfalt 2016, A-14; ESFRI: Public Roadmap 2018 Guide, S. 6. Ne- ben dem BMBF-Pilotprojekt für die Nationale Roadmap in Deutschland (BMBF (Hrsg.): Roadmap für For- schungsinfrastrukturen. Pilotprojekt des BMBF, Bonn 2013, S. 2) sind weitere Beispiele hierfür Frankreich 8 die die Forschung ganzer Wissenschaftsgemeinschaften in Europa ermöglichen und erleichtern. Dieser breiten ESFRI-Definition schloss sich der Wissen- schaftsrat zunächst mit Blick auf die naturwissenschaftliche Forschung an |3 und entwickelte anschließend den Begriff deutlich weiter. Forschungsinfra- strukturen stellen demnach Instrumente, Ressourcen und Dienstleistungen zur Verfügung, „die speziell für wissenschaftliche Zwecke errichtet, mittelfris- tig bis tendenziell permanent bereitgestellt werden und für deren sachgerechte Errichtung, Betrieb und Nutzung in der Regel spezifische fachwissenschaftli- che oder interdisziplinäre (Methoden-) Kompetenzen erforderlich sind. Ihre Funktion ist es, Forschung, Lehre und Nachwuchsförderung zu ermöglichen oder zu erleichtern. Sie sind örtlich fixiert, auf mehrere Standorte verteilt oder werden ohne definierte physische Anlaufstelle ausschließlich virtuell bereitge- stellt. Sie werden nicht ausschließlich von einzelnen Personen oder Gruppen genutzt, sondern stehen prinzipiell einer internationalen Fachgemeinschaft 4 oder mehreren Fachgemeinschaften offen.“ | Der Wissenschaftsrat hat auf dieser Grundlage vier Idealtypen von Forschungs- infrastrukturen unterschieden. Um insbesondere den Belangen der Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften gerecht zu werden, hat er sowohl den Blick auf die Informationsinfrastrukturen erweitert
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