Work-Related Stress Unite Guide to Work-Related Stress August 2012
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Work-related stress Unite Guide to Work-related Stress August 2012 Published by Unite the union Len McCluskey, General Secretary Unite House 128 Theobald’s Road Holborn London WC1X 8TN Tel: 020 7611 2500 www.unitetheunion.org This guide book is downloadable in PDF format from www.unitetheunion.org/healthandsafety e-mail [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction 5 Definition 6 The symptoms of stress 6 Causes and consequences of stress 7 Stress and the Law 8 Tackling the problem – 10 The HSE Management Standards for Work-related Stress The Practicalities – 14 What you and your employer need to do The Process – 15 Risk Assessment Rehabilitation and support for stressed workers 18 Check list for Safety representatives 18 Other Information 19 3 INTRODUCTION In the UK today about a third of all new as an individual problem, in spite of the instances of work-related ill health can be fact that stress affects everyone to a attributed to stress. According to the HSE, greater, or lesser, extent. over 10 million working days are lost each year. On average each person suffering Employers will often use the excuse that from this condition takes 27 days off work. stress is an individual problem that is In successive TUC surveys since 1996, by caused by factors outside of work, normal far the most common problem for safety day-to-day pressures, domestic and family reps to deal with is overwork or stress. problems, difficulties with transport, health, noisy neighbours etc. Stress can cause misery, both at work and at home for the individuals affected. But it Work is still one of the main causes of can also affect the whole workplace. Low stress and can intensify problems which morale and productivity, increased levels of result from stress caused by personal absenteeism, high staff turnover, lack of factors. innovation and poor safety performance Unite safety reps have a major part to play are a few of the ‘workplace’ symptoms in ensuring that the employer takes their that stress can give rise to. responsibilities to tackle work-related stress Stress affects people in different ways. A seriously. Dealing with stress highlights the level of pressure which one person might fact that health and safety is not divorced find stimulating may cause a serious from the rest of a union’s industrial problem to another. What is of concern are activity. Unions and employers working not so much the particular reactions a together to invest in health and safety can person may have to a cause of stress, but result in a vast improvement in other rather the extent of that reaction, and aspects of industrial relations and a whether or not the person concerned can working environment in which stress is cope with it. As a result of the differences managed properly. in individuals’ reactions, stress is often seen DEFINITION The Health & Safety Executive (HSE) our perceptions to produce good results defines stress as ‘the adverse reaction in the workplace, and the destructive people have to excessive pressures or other nature of stress where lives are dominated types of demands placed on them’ by sleepless nights, anxiety, dread, depression and physical ill health, reactions to demands A distinction is made between the level of and unacceptable pressures that an pressure that is an acceptable challenge individual perceives they cannot cope with. which speeds our reactions and sharpens 4 THE SYMPTOMS OF STRESS Symptoms of stress are evident from These lists are not definitive and because a physical, mental or behavioural changes. symptom does not appear on them it does Effects of work- related stress on the body not mean that the particular illness is NOT can be divided into two categories. caused by stress. On the other hand, many of the symptoms shown are indicative of Short term problems other than stress. Some might be Anxiety, boredom problems for which medical attention Headaches, fatigue should be sought as soon as possible, Indigestion, heartburn others might be problems caused by the Dry mouth, lump in throat physical properties of the work environment, Irritability, depression e.g. photocopier fumes etc. Muscular tension, pain, difficulty sleeping Dry skin and rashes Once the symptom(s) has made itself apparent, it can then be treated but this is Long term not the end of the story. If the symptom Neurosis only is treated and nothing is done about Insomnia the underlying causes the problem will not Hypertension and chest pains go away, it will just be hidden from view, Cough and asthma possibly to reappear in another form at a Gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers later date. Impotence in men and menstrual disorders in women 5 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS Causes prolonged conflict between individuals, In order to reduce stress at work it is customer/clients complaints, impersonal necessary to find the causes of the treatment of work, lack of communication problems. Listed below are some of the and listening skills within organisation, more common known causes of stress. no recognition or reward for good job performance, lean production, total quality Poor work practices management systems. Lack of control or influence over demands placed upon individuals, low pay, shift Poor working environment work, Long hours culture, job security, Noise, heat, cold, poor lighting, poor venti - unsociable hours, lack of promotion lation, badly designed layout of workplace opportunities, rigid supervision, lack of and equipment, unpleasant and hazardous clear job description, performance related working conditions, overcrowding. pay, inadequate time to complete tasks. Poor job design Lack of social support and poor Technology controlling pace of work, too management techniques much or too little work, repetitive work, Bad relationships with supervisors/ boredom, lack of job satisfaction, working colleagues, harassment and discrimination, alone. CONSEQUENCES While stress itself is not an illness, if an to society is around £3.7 billion per year individual is exposed to it for any length of (based on1995/96 prices). time, it can lead to mental and/or physical Even where problems outside of work may ill health, and may be recognised by one or be the cause of stress, employers still any combination of different symptoms. need to ensure that the workplace does There can often be an increase of unhealthy not make the situation worse. It is in the behaviours excessive drinking, heavy employer’s interest to be sympathetic as smoking and poor diet. the employee may be more vulnerable to Workplace stress is a serious issue that workplace stress, and may have difficulty in affects business productivity and carrying out their role. performance as well as the health and well If stress is successfully tackled in the being of the individual. workplace the organisation can enjoy a The HSE estimate that stress related sick healthier workforce, lower absence due to leave cost industry £7.1 million every sickness, improved performance and week, without taking into account the service, lower accident rates and better hidden cost of lost production, social and internal and external relationships. medical support. Overall the estimated cost 6 STRESS AND THE LAW Trade Unions have been campaigning for Safety representatives and Safety specific legislation to make risk assessment Committees Regulations 1977 (SRSCR for stress a legal duty on employers but to 1977) date that has not happened. However the This set of regulations along with the HSE agrees with the TUC and Unite that Management of Health & Safety at Work work-related stress should be treated as any Regs 1999 give safety representatives’ other workplace hazard. It also emphasises strong legal rights. that it is subject to risk assessment as All employers must consult any such safety required by the Management of Health and reps to make and maintain arrangements so Safety Regulations 1999. To assist with this that employees can co-operate effectively to process, HSE has developed Management promote health and safety measures in the Standards to assist in carrying out this duty. workplace and check the effectiveness of (Covered in next chapter) those measures. A number of laws and regulations may Safety reps are entitled to; apply when dealing with the many causes and outcomes of work-related stress, • Investigate potential hazards and dangerous occurrences and examine the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 causes of accidents at the workplace. Section 2 of the Act places a general duty upon all employers to ensure, so far as is • Carry out inspections as part of an reasonably practicable, the health, safety active approach to identifying and and welfare at work of all employees. preventing potential danger and harm in the workplace. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 • Consultation with members ( there are Section 3 of the regulation places a duty on also rights to facilities, a private room to all employers to make (and record if they talk to members, internal and external have more than 5 employees) a suitable mail and telephone systems) and sufficient assessment of the risks to the health and safety of their employees, to • Consult with management in good which they are exposed at work. Employers time, well in advance of changes taking must ensure that there are proper control place. measures in place to avoid these risks wher - • Request information about any changes ever possible. Where it is not possible to planned which may affect the future avoid risk, steps must be taken to reduce health and safety of those represented. them so far, as is reasonably practicable. • Information and knowledge over and above employees generally where it is necessary to allow them to play an informed part in health and safety issues in the workplace; anonymous stress surveys, consultants reports, sickness records.