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Ecology and Management of Forest Soils of Forest Soils Fourth Edition Dan Binkley Colorado State University, USA Richard F RED BOX RULES ARE FOR PROOF STAGE ONLY. DELETE BEFORE FINAL PRINTING. Binkley Fisher Ecology and Management Soils of Forest Management and Ecology of Forest Soils Fourth edition Dan Binkley Colorado State University, USA Richard F. Fisher Forest soils are the foundation of the entire forest ecosystem and complex, long-term interactions between trees, soil animals, and the microbial • A completely revised and community shape soils in ways that are very distinct from agricultural soils. updated fourth edition of this The composition, structure, and processes in forest soils at any given time classic textbook in the fi eld refl ect current conditions, as well as the legacies of decades (and even millennia) of interactions that shape each forest soil. Reciprocal interactions • A coherent overview of the Ecology and are fundamental; vegetation alters soil physical properties, which infl uence major issues surrounding the soil biology and chemistry, which in turn infl uence the growth and success of ecology and management of plants. These dynamic systems may be strongly infl uenced by intentional and forest soils unintentional management, ranging from fi re to fertilization. Sustaining the • Global in scope with coverage long-term fertility of forest soils depends on insights about a diverse array of of soil types ranging from the Management of soil features and changes over space and time. tropical rainforest soils of Latin Since the third edition of this successful book, many new interests in forest America to the boreal forest soils and their management have arisen, including the role of forest soils soils of Siberia in sequestering carbon, and how management infl uences rates of carbon • New chapters on Management: Forest Soils accumulation. This edition also expands the consideration of how soils are Carbon sequestration; sampled and characterized, and how tree species differ in their infl uence on Evidence-based approaches and soil development. applications of geostatistics, GIS Clearly structured throughout, the book opens with the origins of forest and taxonomies Fourth edition soil science and ends with the application of soil science principles to land • A clear overview of each topic, management. informative examples/case This coherent overview of the major issues surrounding the ecology and studies, and an overall context management of forest soils will be particularly useful to students taking for helping readers think clearly courses in soil science, forestry, agronomy, ecology, natural resource about forest soils management, environmental management and conservation, as well • An introduction to the literature as professionals in forestry dealing with the productivity of forests and of forest soil science and to the functioning of watersheds. philosophy of forest soil science Dan Binkley | Richard F. Fisher research Fourth edition Cover design by Sandra Heath ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST SOILS ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST SOILS FOURTH EDITION Dan Binkley Colorado State University, USA Richard F. Fisher This edition first published 2013 # 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley &Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Binkley, Dan. Ecology and management of forest soils / Dan Binkley, Richard F. Fisher. – 4th ed. p. cm. Authors’ names in reverse order on previous edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-97947-1 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-97946-4 (pbk.) 1. Forest soils. 2. Soil ecology. 3. Soil management. 4. Forest management. I. Fisher, Richard F. II. Title. SD390.F56 2012 577.507–dc23 2012020078 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Photo by Cristian Montes. Cover design by Sandra Heath Set in 9/12pt, Meridien-Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India. First Impression 2013 Dedication We dedicate this book to Earl Stone, a great integrative forest soil scientist and a wonderful educator about soils and about life. We also dedicate the book to its readers, past and future, who will continue to advance our understanding of forest ecosystems and the vital, fascinating roles of soils. Contents Preface, ix PART IV MEASURING FOREST SOILS, 157 Acknowledgments, xi 9 Sampling Soils Across Space and Time, 159 In Memoriam, xiii 10 Common Approaches to Measuring Soils, 175 PART I INTRODUCTION TO FOREST SOILS, 1 PART V DYNAMICS OF FOREST SOILS, 189 1 History of Forest Soil Science and 11 Influence of Tree Species, 191 Management, 3 12 Soil Management – Harvesting, Site 2 Global Patterns in Forest Soils, 8 Preparation, Conversion, and Drainage, 213 13 Fire Influences, 235 PART II COMPOSITION OF FOREST SOILS, 21 14 Nutrition Management, 254 3 Soil Formation and Minerals, 23 15 Managing Forest Soils for Carbon 4 Soil Organic Matter, 39 Sequestration, 276 5 Water, Pore Space, and Soil Structure, 58 PART VI THINKING PRODUCTIVELY ABOUT PART III LIFE AND CHEMISTRY IN FOREST SOILS, 289 FOREST SOILS, 75 16 Evidence-Based Approaches, 291 6 Life in Forest Soils, 77 7 Forest Biogeochemistry, 99 References, 305 8 Chemistry of Soil Surfaces and Solutions, 138 Index, 343 vii Preface The sheer volume of information on forest soils has two decades tend to be hidden from online Internet probably increased by ten-fold since the previous sites (particularly for studies not published in jour- edition of this book was drafted. Much of the infor- nals). Many historical studies have a great deal to mation added new numbers to our understanding offer, not just on a particular topic, but for the of the typical rates of soil processes. Other changes background value of gaining insights on how our have been more fundamental, such as the shift in understanding of forest soils developed from our the conceptualization of humified soil organic community of inquisitive colleagues over long matter: long-lasting soil organic matter may not spans of time. We’re sorry that we couldn’t include depend so much on chemical recalcitrance as on more of the great examples of new forest soil studies intricate soil environments and ecological interac- from all our colleagues. tions (including aggregate formation). Forests and soils are whole systems, so it’s very A textbook cannot provide a systematic review arbitrary to pull out any single feature, such as soil for all the important topics addressed; authors need chemistry, to examine in a single chapter when it’s to pick and choose examples that have strong edu- actually relevant to every other chapter. For this cational value. Compiling examples into represent- reason, we consider chapter topics to be general ative tables and histograms is more powerful than themes, with diverse soil subjects entering each any single example, but these compilations are chapter, and with each topic arising in more than intended to illustrate commonly observed situations one chapter. For example, a chapter on soil organic rather than provide reliable conclusions about the matter relies, in part, on the subjects of soil chem- population of all forest soils. istry and soil biota, but it also overlaps somewhat This edition retains many of the examples that with a chapter on carbon sequestration. We hope illustrated important ideas in the earlier editions, for readers will find the weaving of topics within and two reasons: many studies that are older than a among the chapters to be helpful in stitching decade still have as much educational value as more together a coherent, holistic understanding of recent cases, and many studies that are older than forest soils. Dan Binkley and Richard F Fisher ix Acknowledgments This book was made possible by the career-long curi- only thing better than learning by reading has been osity and work of scientists and land managers who learning directly from our students, colleagues, and have been drawn to the study of soils, developing friends – in meetings, in the field, and in soil pits. For techniques that shed light below ground. Throughout help with various parts of these chapters, we espe- our careers, we’ve been delighted, too, each time we cially thank Peter Attiwill, Charles Davey, Laurence opened up a new journal article or a time-worn book Morris, Bob Powers, Cindy Prescott, Chuck Rhoades, and learned new things about soils and forests; the Dan Richter, Jose Stape, and Victor Timmer.
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