Safety Vests for Jockeys: a Case Study of Primary and Dependent-Secondary Users Affecting the Evolution of Vest Design in the Australian Horse-Racing Industry
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SAFETY VESTS FOR JOCKEYS: A CASE STUDY OF PRIMARY AND DEPENDENT-SECONDARY USERS AFFECTING THE EVOLUTION OF VEST DESIGN IN THE AUSTRALIAN HORSE-RACING INDUSTRY Lisa Giusti Gestri 2019 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Australia 2 This page intentionally left blank 3 “Riding in a race is a feeling like no other. Riding is of the mind, of the body and of the soul. Physically, it fills you with adrenaline and puts you in a heightened state – a zone. It also elevates your spirit, takes you to places that ordinary life is less likely to.” (Michelle Payne in Payne & Harms, 2016, p.85) 4 Abstract Using a case study method, this thesis presents new insights into key contemporary pressures that are restricting the update of the design of Australian jockeys’ safety vests. The number of female jockeys has grown considerably and there has also been a consistent rate of serious injuries to jockeys; yet, despite the rapid and successful development of smart wearable technologies in the sports and health sectors, safety vests still need improvement. The Australian standards in use (ARB 1.1998 and the European Standard EN 13158) have not been significantly updated since early 2000s. The study compares the participants’ perspectives and the emerging development of smart wearable technologies in order to consider the adequacy of current design standards to accommodate the next generation of safety clothing and equipment in the Australian racing context. A qualitative research approach was adopted, which involved ethnographic methods of participant observations, a focus group and semi-structured interviews which informed the study and were compared with the relevant research literature in the field. There is extensive scientific research into factors such as health, wellbeing, physiological and cognitive function and performance whilst there is a dearth of scientific literature specifically related to safety factors such as helmet and vest design. A user-experience (UX) framework guided the present study, which differs from the existing studies by investigating the user perspectives of male and female jockeys, as well as the role of the medical staff, on whose input future smart-vest design may be increasingly dependent. Australian male and female jockeys’ thoughts, along with perceptions from medical staff, have suggested future designs, generating original and significant findings that inform areas of change particularly needed in future standards. The main original contribution of the thesis was identifying the medical staff on the racing track could not be clearly classified within a common UX framework. They were neither secondary nor tertiary users of the vests, nor could they be classified unambiguously as stakeholders, since their role was to attend to the medical needs of the jockeys. Theirs is a highly-specialised role in respect of use, especially considering the potential for a new generation of 5 smart wearables to enhance vest design in its medical dimension. Accordingly, the thesis recommends a revised UX framework to accommodate design dependencies more clearly in terms of a suggested Dependency-Based User- Experience (D-UX) design. The evidence generated through this research provides a framework to assist the safety vests manufactures, those who take care of the standards and those who practice user centred /user experience design to better understand and articulate these products. In addition, it provides a foundation for further research in this field to explore the critical role of design-led innovation. 6 Acknowledgements There are many people I wish to thank as, without their support, completing this thesis would not have been possible. Foremost, I would like to express my utmost appreciation to my principal supervisor, Associate Professor Kurt Seemann, for his patience, intellect, guidance and dedication to my work. His guidance, encouragement and enduring support throughout my research study pushed me to strive for the best and to find appropriate research ideas to accomplish my scopes. He has been a great mentor for my professional career. In addition, I am extremely grateful to my associate supervisor, Associate Professor Carolyn Barnes, who has provided assistance, valued advice, guidance and support throughout the production of this thesis. My sincere thank goes to Dr Nicole Aimers, as a supervisor at the beginning of this project, for the support received. I am very thankful to this team for sharing their expertise in their respective fields to support this job. I wish to thank Swinburne University of Technology for my Swinburne University Postgraduate Research Award (SUPRA) scholarship, as well as for providing such a sociable and clever academic environment in which to work. Additionally, I wish to acknowledge the support received from Racing Victoria, Racing Australia (previously the National Office of Australian Racing and then the Australian Racing Board) and the Australian Jockeys’ Association with the National Jockeys’ Trust. Their help throughout will never be forgotten and, without the support of the racing industry, this project would not have been successful. A special thanks goes to all the jockeys and related medical staff who participated voluntarily in this study. Hence, this thesis is dedicated to all those people who work insanely to pursue their dreams, particularly to those who often are just simply called “jockeys”. In the end, thank you especially to Mr Kevin Ring (National Occupational Health and Safety Officer, Australian Jockeys’ Association) and to Mr Ron Hall (Jockey Wellbeing and Safety Officer, Racing Victoria) for their help, time, support and stories shared during this investigation. 7 Last but certainly not least, a sincere and heartfelt thank you to my beloved husband, Mr Damiano Gestri, for his encouragement and immense support throughout these years. Your continued and immeasurable love is the strength and reason of my life, along with our beautiful son, Dino. I wish to thank my family who are still in Italy, with their infinite amount of endorsement and love received during the duration of the candidature, for without it, this result would not have been possible. A special thought goes to my grandparents, Edda and Dino, who have made me the person I am: without them, this thesis would not have come about. 8 Publications associated with this research Giusti Gestri, L. (November 2016). Safety vests for jockeys: An intrinsic case study in the role of product design. Paper presented at the Engaging Publics Conference, Melbourne, Australia. Aimers, N. & Giusti Gestri, L. (November 2017). Safety vests for jockeys: An investigation of why product innovation is needed. Paper presented at the International Conference for the Health, Safety and Welfare of Jockeys, Dubai, UAE. Giusti Gestri, L. (December 2017). Safety standards in horse racing: Safety rules for whom? Paper presented at the Design 4 Health Conference, Melbourne, Australia. Giusti Gestri, L. (October 2018). Jockeys’ safety vests: who ought to be included in the definition of “the user” of these products? Paper presented at the Building Bridges Conference, Melbourne, Australia. 9 Declaration I declare that this dissertation does not contain without acknowledgement any material which has been accepted for the award to the candidate of any other degree or diploma, and to the best of my knowledge it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. The thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, excluding the appendices and references. I further declare that the ethical principles and procedures specified in the Human Research Ethics Committee document have been adhered to in the preparation of this dissertation. Name: Lisa Giusti Gestri Signed: Date: 8th October 2019 10 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 6 Publications associated with this research ..................................................... 8 Declaration ........................................................................................................ 9 Table of Contents ............................................................................................ 10 List of Figures ................................................................................................. 14 List of Tables ................................................................................................... 16 Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 17 The Riders in the Stand (1903) ...................................................................... 18 Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................ 20 1.1 Scope of the study ..................................................................... 20 1.1.1 History of horse racing ................................................................. 22 1.1.2 Risks to jockeys ............................................................................ 23 1.1.3 Safety vests ................................................................................... 25 1.1.4 Medical professionals at the race track