Carte Du Ciel Project
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A History of Star Catalogues
A History of Star Catalogues © Rick Thurmond 2003 Abstract Throughout the history of astronomy there have been a large number of catalogues of stars. The different catalogues reflect different interests in the sky throughout history, as well as changes in technology. A star catalogue is a major undertaking, and likely needs strong justification as well as the latest instrumentation. In this paper I will describe a representative sample of star catalogues through history and try to explain the reasons for conducting them and the technology used. Along the way I explain some relevent terms in italicized sections. While the story of any one catalogue can be the subject of a whole book (and several are) it is interesting to survey the history and note the trends in star catalogues. 1 Contents Abstract 1 1. Origin of Star Names 4 2. Hipparchus 4 • Precession 4 3. Almagest 5 4. Ulugh Beg 6 5. Brahe and Kepler 8 6. Bayer 9 7. Hevelius 9 • Coordinate Systems 14 8. Flamsteed 15 • Mural Arc 17 9. Lacaille 18 10. Piazzi 18 11. Baily 19 12. Fundamental Catalogues 19 12.1. FK3-FK5 20 13. Berliner Durchmusterung 20 • Meridian Telescopes 21 13.1. Sudlich Durchmusterung 21 13.2. Cordoba Durchmusterung 22 13.3. Cape Photographic Durchmusterung 22 14. Carte du Ciel 23 2 15. Greenwich Catalogues 24 16. AGK 25 16.1. AGK3 26 17. Yale Bright Star Catalog 27 18. Preliminary General Catalogue 28 18.1. Albany Zone Catalogues 30 18.2. San Luis Catalogue 31 18.3. Albany Catalogue 33 19. Henry Draper Catalogue 33 19.1. -
COMMISSIONS 27 and 42 of the I.A.U. INFORMATION BULLETIN on VARIABLE STARS Nos. 4101{4200 1994 October { 1995 May EDITORS: L. SZ
COMMISSIONS AND OF THE IAU INFORMATION BULLETIN ON VARIABLE STARS Nos Octob er May EDITORS L SZABADOS and K OLAH TECHNICAL EDITOR A HOLL TYPESETTING K ORI KONKOLY OBSERVATORY H BUDAPEST PO Box HUNGARY IBVSogyallakonkolyhu URL httpwwwkonkolyhuIBVSIBVShtml HU ISSN 2 CONTENTS 1994 No page E F GUINAN J J MARSHALL F P MALONEY A New Apsidal Motion Determination For DI Herculis ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: D TERRELL D H KAISER D B WILLIAMS A Photometric Campaign on OW Geminorum :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: B GUROL Photo electric Photometry of OO Aql :::::::::::::::::::::::: LIU QUINGYAO GU SHENGHONG YANG YULAN WANG BI New Photo electric Light Curves of BL Eridani :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: S Yu MELNIKOV V S SHEVCHENKO K N GRANKIN Eclipsing Binary V CygS Former InsaType Variable :::::::::::::::::::: J A BELMONTE E MICHEL M ALVAREZ S Y JIANG Is Praesep e KW Actually a Delta Scuti Star ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: V L TOTH Ch M WALMSLEY Water Masers in L :::::::::::::: R L HAWKINS K F DOWNEY Times of Minimum Light for Four Eclipsing of Four Binary Systems :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: B GUROL S SELAN Photo electric Photometry of the ShortPeriod Eclipsing Binary HW Virginis :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: M P SCHEIBLE E F GUINAN The Sp otted Young Sun HD EK Dra ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::: M BOS Photo electric Observations of AB Doradus ::::::::::::::::::::: YULIAN GUO A New VR Cyclic Change of H in Tau :::::::::::::: -
Astrometry with Carte Du Ciel Plates, San Fernando Zone I
A&A 471, 1077–1089 (2007) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20066843 & c ESO 2007 Astrophysics Astrometry with Carte du Ciel plates, San Fernando zone I. Digitization and measurement using a flatbed scanner B. Vicente1,2,C.Abad2, and F. Garzón1,3 1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife) 38200, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 2 Centro de Investigaciones de Astronomía (CIDA), Apdo. 264, Mérida, 3101-A, Venezuela 3 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna (S/C de Tenerife) 38200, Spain Received 29 November 2006 / Accepted 16 May 2007 ABSTRACT Context. The historic plates of the Carte du Ciel, an international cooperative project launched in 1887, offers valuable first-epoch material for determining of absolute proper motions. Aims. We present an original method of digitizing and astrometrically reducing Carte du Ciel plate material using an inexpensive flatbed scanner, to demonstrate that for this material there is an alternative to more specialized measuring machines that are very few in number and thus not readily available. The sample of plates chosen to develop this method are original Carte du Ciel plates of the San Fernando zone, photographic material with a mean epoch 1903.6, and a limiting photographic magnitude ∼14.5, covering the declination range of −10◦ ≤ δ ≤−2◦. Methods. Digitization has been made using a commercial flatbed scanner, demonstrating the internal precision that can be attained with such a device. A variety of post-scan corrections are shown to be necessary. In particular, the large distortion introduced by the non-uniform action of the scanner is modelled using multiple scans of each plate. -
Biennial Inhalt RZ
www.aip.de Biennial Report 2004–2005 ASTROPHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT POTSDAM · Biennial Report 2004 –2005 ASTROPHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT POTSDAM Optische Aufnahme eines Himmelsauschnitts, in dem der Röntgensatellit XMM-Newton 90 neue Röntgenquellen entdeckt hat. Das optische Bild wurde mit dem "Wide Field Imager" des MPG/ESO 2,2m Teleskops aufgenommen und in mehreren Farbfiltern insgesamt über 7 Stunden belichtet. Imprint Zweijahresbericht des Astrophysikalischen Instituts Potsdam 2004-2005 Herausgeber Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam An der Sternwarte 16 · 14482 Potsdam · Germany Telefon +49(0)331 7499 0 · Telefon +49(0)331 7499 209 · www.aip.de Inhaltliche Verantwortung Matthias Steinmetz Redaktion Dierck-Ekkehard Liebscher Design und Layout Dirk Biermann, Stefan Pigur Druck Druckhaus Mitte Berlin Potsdam, Mai 2006 ISBN: XXX 4 Vorwort Preface Astronomie gilt gemeinhin als die Astronomy is usually considered to be the oldest of the sci- älteste Wissenschaft. Astrophysik ist ences. Astrophysics, however, is modern fundamental re- modernste Grundlagenforschung und search that drives many high-tech developments in the areas wesentlicher Treiber für die Entwicklung von Hochtechnologie of optics as well as sensors and information technology. The im Bereich der Optik, der Sensorik und der Informationstech- Astrophysical Institute Potsdam (AIP) is uniquely positioned nologie. An wohl keinem Ort kommen diese beiden Aspekte at this confluence of the history of science on the one hand der Himmelskunde so zusammen wie am Astrophysikalischen side and large international projects on the other hand. In par- Institut Potsdam (AIP), wo die Bewahrung traditionsreicher ticular, the past two years, 2004 and 2005 (the world year of Wissenschaftsgeschichte einhergeht mit der Teilhabe an inter- physics), covered by this biennial report prove the point. -
Carte Du Ciel – Mapping the Sky in 18
Photographing the Sky in 1887 - Australia’s Contribution to the Carte du Ciel Project Joanne Tatarynowicz Abstract In 1887 the Paris Observatory initiated a project to map the entire sky using the newly developed dry photography techniques. The ambitious project was an international venture and included eighteen observatories from around the world. Each observatory was designated a section of the sky to systematically photograph with the results eventually being collated into the Astrographic Catalogue (AC). In Australia, the Sydney, Melbourne and Perth Observatories took part. Introduction In 1838, the director of the Paris Observatory, Francois Arago, produced a photograph of the Moon with the photographic pioneer, Louis Daguerre. In January the following year, on Daguerre’s request, Arago formally presented the invention of the daguerrotype to a meeting of the French Academy of Science. From that point, as with photography in general, astronomical photography developed at a fast pace and in 1885 a photograph taken of the Pleiades star cluster by the Henry brothers, Paul and Prosper, inspired the then director of the Paris Observatory, Admiral Ernest Barthelemy Mouchez, to propose that the entire sky should be photographed in the manner the Henry brothers had developed. Sir David Gill, a Scot at the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, himself a pioneer in astrophotography, joined with Mouchez in espousing the idea, as did Otto Struve, the Russo- German director of the Poulkovo Observatory. Together, Mouchez, Gill and Struve arranged the “Congrès International de la Carte du Ciel” which took place in Paris in 1887. The result was the launch of the first major international scientific project – the Carte du Ciel, which was to produce the first photographic record of the sky. -
Cartes Du Ciel / Skychart
Cartes du Ciel / Skychart English documentation Edited: October 17 2019 Last version is available from the wiki at http://www.ap-i.net/skychart/en/documentation/start 1 Documentation You can contribute to these pages 1). Download the PDF [http://www.ap-i.net/pub/skychart/doc/doc_en.pdf] version of this document. Tutorial Quick Start Guide Installation Installation on Windows Installation on Mac OS X Installation on Debian GNU/Linux Installation on Ubuntu Installation on Fedora Installation on Mageia Installation of extra catalogs Make a portable installation Reference Manual The menu bar and pop up windows from the chart You can choose from the following menu items: File Edit Setup View Chart Telescope Window Update Help Pop-up windows from the chart The tool bars Since the version 3.11beta of May 2014 you can configure the tool bar button as you want by using the Tool bar editor. The “Standard” layout is described in the following pages. Main Bar Object Bar Left Bar Right Bar Left Tool box Tool bar editor The Information Areas Status Bar Detailed Information Object List Information about the planets The astronomical calendar Input Area Twilight Solar System Comet Asteroid Solar Eclipses Lunar Eclipses Artificial satellites Settings 2 Date, Time Observatory Chart, Coordinates Catalog Solar System Display Pictures General Internet Tools Labels Advanced Search Position and Field of Vision Observing list Observing Tour SAMP Virtual observatory interface CatGen The Tool Box editor Miscellaneous Add orbital elements manually Display of NEOs -
Figure 7.1: Observatoire De Paris (Photo: Gudrun Wolfschmidt)
Figure 7.1: Observatoire de Paris (Photo: Gudrun Wolfschmidt) 76 7. Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Observatoire de Paris in the Belle Epoque Suzanne Débarbat (Paris, France) Abstract field of celestial mechanics in the world including uses for space research. The Belle Epoque considered at the Paris Observatory lies Such was the man to whom Admiral Ernest Mouchez from about two decades before 1900 up to the beginning of had to succeed. At the death of Le Verrier, in 1877, World War I. Four directors were at its head during those Mouchez was a man of experience, fiftysix years old years: Admiral Ernest Barthélémy Mouchez (1821–1892) being an officer from the French Navy, who had made from 1878 up to 1892, François-Félix Tisserand (1845–1896) hydrographic campaigns in South America, Asia, Africa. during only four years between 1892 and 1896, Maurice Mouchez was also an astronomical observer of the 1874 Lœwy (1833–1907) from 1897 to 1907 and Benjamin Baillaud transit of Venus, in view of a new determination of the (1848–1934) from 1908 up to 1926, a long mandate which solar parallax. He was just called to be contre-amiral in ended seven years after the end of World War I. All of them 1878 when asked to be director of the Paris Observatory have marked the Observatory and its activities in different the same year. fields. 7.2 Admiral Mouchez’s Program and Realizations 7.1 Admiral Mouchez, a Difficult Succession at the Head of the In 1847, when attending a meeting of the British Asso- ciation for Advancement of Science in Oxford, Le Ver- Observatory rier had a lodging close to F. -
1Before Use of the Euro in 1999, ESA Used First an Accounting Unit And
Notes 1Before use of the Euro in 1999, ESA used first an Accounting Unit and later the European Currency Unit to simulate the basket of currencies of its member states. To simplify num- bers, and ignoring inflation over the intervening period, I label amounts simply in Euros 2Accepted practice in astronomy capitalises the word Galaxy when it refers to our own 3Billion is used throughout to signify one thousand million, or equivalently 1 000 000 000, or 109 in scientific notation 4The Impact of Science on Society by Bertrand Russell (Routledge, 1985) 5A similar analogy was used by Martin Rees in his Oort Lecture at Leiden University in 1999, but it may have been used by others before him 6BCE, or Before the Common Era, is synonymous with BC. CE, or Common Era, is synony- mous with AD, and is dropped where confusion is unlikely 7The Expanding Universe by Arthur Eddington (Penguin, 1932) 8To commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of Galileo’s first recorded observations of the night sky using a telescope, the United Nations scheduled 2009 to be the Interna- tional Year of Astronomy 9The names of the fifty or so brightest stars carry a mix of Greek (e.g. Procyon), Latin (e.g. Polaris), or Arabic (e.g. Deneb) etymology. Extending the naming to more stars, Johan Bayer’s 1603 Uranometria comprised forty nine constellation maps, and a new ordering of star names in which Greek letters, and thereafter Roman letters, along with the Latin possessive form of the constellation name, were assigned depending on magnitude and location. -
Publications by and About J.C. Kapteyn, His Honors and Academic Genealogy
Appendix A Publications by and About J.C. Kapteyn, His Honors and Academic Genealogy The compulsion to write should be distrusted, unlike the urge to formulate. Godfried Bomans (1913–1971).1 A.1 Publications by J.C. Kapteyn Below I present a list of all known publications by Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn. As director he must have been involved in supervising all activities, and therefore I have included all papers in the Publications of the Astronomical Laboratory at Gro- ningen during Kapteyn’s lifetime, with the exception of Willem de Sitter’s papers on the Galilean satellites of Jupiter. I have also included papers that are directly re- lated to projects Kapteyn was involved in personally, such as those based on PhD theses written under his supervision. PhD theses that have not been published sep- arately in astronomical periodicals or observatory annals, etc., are included in the list as well. Many, but far from all, of these publications have been listed by the NASA Astronomy Data System ADS [1] and usually scanned copies are available there. I have indicated the ADS code at the end of the full reference between square brackets. The publications by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) are made available on the Digital Library – Dutch History of science web centre [2]. The papers Kapteyn (1883) and Kapteyn (1884) are available electron- ically by downloading a pdf-file of the full volume 3 of Copernicus [3]. The table of contents at the end of that file lists the papers with their dates of publication; for these papers the dates are Febr. -
Completion of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute
COMPLETION OF THE STERNBERG ASTRONOMICAL INSTITUTE ASTROGRAPHIC CATALOGUE PROJECT V. NESTEROV1, A. GULYAEV1, K. KUIMOV1, A. KUZMIN1, V. SEMENTSOV1, U. BASTIAN2 AND S. RÖSER2 1 Sternberg Astronomical Institute,Russia 2Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Germany 1. Introduction The first astronomical photographic survey, the Carte du Ciel was initiated in 1887 by a group of French astronomers. The observational campaign was started in 1891, while the last of more than 22,000 total plates were pho- tographed in 1950; most of observations (more than 90%) were performed prior to 1920. Detailed description of the Carte du Ciel development can be found elsewhere (Kolchinsky 1989, Eichhorn 1974, Debarbat et al 1987). The main outcome of the project was the Astrographic Catalogue(AC) (or, more correctly, Carte du Ciel Astrographic Catalogues to emphasize zonal arrangement). It comprises close to 8.5 million measurements of rectangular coordinates and brightness estimates. The majority of stars were photographed on two plates; therefore, the total number of catalogue stars is circa 4.5 million. Due to the early epoch (around 1905) and high positional accuracy (0.25" may be expected after performing global block adjustment and tying AC to HIPPARCOS reference frame), the AC constitutes an excellent first epoch for massive derivation of proper motions. Given a modern epoch with at least the same level accuracy of positions, resulting proper motions will have unprecedented quality of 3-4 mas/year. In 1987, within the framework of the preparation of the input catalogue for the LOMONOSOV space astrometry mission, the Sternberg Astronomi- cal Institute (SAI) AC project was initiated. The main stages of the project are described in the following sections. -
ASTRONOMY and ASTROPHYSICS Astrometric Radial Velocities
A&A manuscript no. (will be inserted by hand later) ASTRONOMY Your thesaurus codes are: AND 11(03.13.2; 03.20.7; 05.01.1; 08.04.1; 08.11.1; 10.15.1) ASTROPHYSICS Astrometric radial velocities I. Non-spectroscopic methods for measuring stellar radial velocity ⋆ Dainis Dravins, Lennart Lindegren, and Søren Madsen Lund Observatory, Box 43, SE–22100 Lund, Sweden (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]) Received 11 February 1999; accepted 26 May 1999 Abstract. High-accuracy astrometry permits the determina- only recently that such methods have reached an accuracy level tion of not only stellar tangential motion, but also the compo- permitting non-trivial comparison with spectroscopic measure- nent along the line-of-sight. Such non-spectroscopic (i.e. astro- ments. metric) radial velocities are independent of stellar atmospheric We have analysed three methods by which astrometric ra- dynamics, spectral complexity and variability, as well as of dial velocities can be determined (Fig. 1). Two of them are ap- gravitational redshift. Three methods are analysed: (1) chang- plicable to individual, nearby stars and are based on the well ing annual parallax, (2) changing proper motion and (3) chang- understood secular changes in the stellar trigonometricparallax ing angular extent of a moving group of stars. All three have and proper motion. The third method uses the apparentchanges significant potential in planned astrometric projects. Current in the geometry of a star cluster or association to derive its kine- accuracies are still inadequate for the first method, while the matic parameters, assuming that the member stars share, in the second is marginally feasible and is here applied to 16 stars. -
JSR 2014 1/9 David Gill
©JSR 2014 David Gill - Magnificent and Desirable Astronomer John Reid, Department of Physics, Meston Building, The University, Aberdeen AB9 2UE, UK Abstract This paper was presented at the International Conference on the History of Physics held at Trinity College, Cambridge, in September 2014. It was given to mark the centenary of the death of David Gill, the foremost British astronomer in the last quarter of the 19th century and into the 20th century. The story of Gill’s conversion from a successful career as a clock and watchmaker to one of the most respected astronomers in the world is fascinating in itself. Gill’s speciality was in astrometry, an area of astronomy of both practical and scientific importance that tended to be eclipsed in the 20th century by the rise of astrophysics. As Her Majesty’s Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope for 27 years, David Gill was admired for his prolific contribution of highly accurate and trustworthy results. David Gill’s collaboration was desired by leading astronomers of the day and he was the only southern hemisphere representative on the hugely important Conférence Internationale des Étoiles Fondamentales of 1896. He created with Jacobus Kapteyn the first extensive star catalogue derived from photographic plates (the CPD), including over 450,000 stars. He was an initiator of the biggest multi-national and multi-observatory project of the century, taking on the rôle of President of the International Commission overseeing the Carte du Ciel project. David Gill raised the Cape of Good Hope observatory from a rather run-down jobbing observatory of the Admiralty to the best observatory in the Southern hemisphere.