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Modeling and Optimization of a Hydroelectric Power Plant for a National Grid Power System Supply. Case Study: Stratos Hydroelectric Dam | Diploma Thesis |

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Modeling and Optimization of a Hydroelectric Power Plant for a National Grid Power System Supply. Case Study: Stratos Hydroelectric Dam | Diploma Thesis | Technical University of Crete School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chania Modeling and Optimization of a Hydroelectric Power Plant for a National Grid Power System Supply. Case Study: Stratos Hydroelectric Dam | Diploma Thesis | Panagiotis Margonis Presentation Date: 24 March 2017 Supervisor: Prof. George Stavrakakis Committee members Prof. George Stavrakakis Prof. Kostas Kalaitzakis Dr. Eleftheria Sergaki [i] Preface This diploma thesis has been carried out at the Department of Electrical & Computer engineering at the Technical University of Crete (TUC) during the fall of 2016. I would like to thank my two supervisors Professor George Stavrakakis and Doctor Eleftheria Sergaki, for their guidance and readiness to help, whenever it was needed, despite always being busy with their heavy schedule, and doing so with good spirits. I would also like to thank the member of the selection committee, Professor Kostas Kalaitzakis for the precious knowledge he has given me all the years of my studies at the Technical University of Crete. The extent of the thesis would not be possible without an accurate numerical model, and great thanks are expressed towards Mr. George Lappas who did not only provide with data and knowledge about the Kastraki dam and the Stratos I dam, but has taken the time to answer questions and help with his understanding of some results. A special thanks goes out to Mr. Dimitrios Papakammenos manager (PPC S.A) of Achelous dams for allowing a very interesting and educational visit to the Kastraki & Stratos I Hydroelectric Plants. Still, I always thank my parents for their confidence in me over the years and to support me in my effort to give courage and strength to go on. Writing this thesis has yielded much factual knowledge, but also experience in prioritizing. It has been rewarding to study an actual problem, which may be of interest beyond the academic. Panagiotis Margonis Chania, March 10, 2017 [ii] [iii] Abstract Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are defined as energy sources, which are in abundance in the natural environment and are practically inexhaustible. More specific Hydroelectricity (HE) is an important component of world renewable energy supply and hydropower remains a major source of electricity generation due to its environmental friendly nature. In Greece the total installed capacity exceeds 3 GW. In this diploma thesis I am focusing in the Modeling and the Optimization of a Hydroelectric Power Plant. As numerical models I use the Kastraki HPP (320 MW) and Stratos I HPP (150 MW) because I had my internship in those two stations during the summer of 2015 and I had access to special parameters of the units after communication with the supervisor engineers of my internship. Modeling is the analysis of the non-linear models that can represent the basic components of a HPP (governor, turbine, servomotor). This thesis studies accurate and detailed hydro turbine and governor models, and the implementation of these models in Matlab/Simulink combined with the Simscape Power Systems (SPS). The way of their implementation and the construction of the two stations in Matlab/Simulink is explained analytically using basic function blocks or modifications of them. For the purpose of the Optimization I tried the heuristic Ziegler–Nichols tuning method in order to specify the coefficients of governor (PID-PI) under different percentages of electricity production of the unit. Also Matlab/Simuling gave me the opportunity to record and compare the figures of the two station with PID & PI controllers through simulation tests in the most common cases (three-phase fault, load demand change, change in the production level of each unit) with a view of studying the efficiency and the stability of these two generating stations. [iv] [v] Contents Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Electric current & Electric power .......................................................................................... 1 Electric Power Systems (EPS) .............................................................................................. 1 Renewable Energy Sources (RES) ........................................................................................ 3 1.3.1 Types of Renewable Energy Sources ............................................................................. 4 1.3.2 Advantages of RES ........................................................................................................ 6 1.3.3 The situation of RES in Greece ...................................................................................... 6 Hydrologic Cycle .................................................................................................................. 7 Hydropower ........................................................................................................................... 9 Classification of hydropower plants .................................................................................... 10 Hydropower in Greece ........................................................................................................ 11 Thesis objectives ................................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 15 Achelous river: Kastraki Dam and Stratos I Dam .............................................................................. 15 Achelous River .................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 The Achelous estuary and its ecological importance ................................................... 15 2.1.2 The river Achelous water resource system .................................................................. 16 Kastraki HPP ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Main features of Kastraki project ................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 Useful figures Kastraki HPP ........................................................................................ 24 Stratos I HPP ....................................................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Power House-Stratos I HES ......................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Main features of Stratos I project ................................................................................. 27 2.3.3 Useful figures Stratos I HPP ........................................................................................ 28 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Hydraulic Energy ................................................................................................................ 31 Water balance Description .................................................................................................. 32 General Description of Hydroelectric Plants....................................................................... 34 Flow Rate ............................................................................................................................ 36 Capacity Factor.................................................................................................................... 36 Penstocks ............................................................................................................................. 36 3.6.1 Water Hammer ............................................................................................................. 37 [vi] Reservoirs, Wicket Gate ...................................................................................................... 38 Generators ........................................................................................................................... 38 Synchronous generators ...................................................................................................... 39 3.9.1 Generator Control ........................................................................................................ 43 Hydroturbines .................................................................................................................. 43 3.10.1 Francis Turbine (Reaction Turbine) ............................................................................. 45 3.10.2 Spiral casing ................................................................................................................. 47 3.10.3 Stay Vanes and Wicket Gates ...................................................................................... 47 3.10.4 Runner .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.10.5 Power and Efficiency Expressions ..............................................................................
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